{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309589433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.10193","title":"Layer-Stack Temperature Scaling","display_name":"Layer-Stack Temperature Scaling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309589433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.10193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.10193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10193","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10193","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khalifa, Amr","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalifa, Amr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047726287","display_name":"Michael C. Mozer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-0575"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mozer, Michael C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045805879","display_name":"Hanie Sedghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-5009"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sedghi, Hanie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035369215","display_name":"Behnam Neyshabur","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neyshabur, Behnam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029133361","display_name":"Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-5820"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alabdulmohsin, Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.8077832460403442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6069685816764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6021609306335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lates","display_name":"Lates","score":0.5852150321006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.5757200717926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5614780187606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.5454708337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4842393100261688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.46250292658805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4305305480957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42613059282302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41814297437667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3794938325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2519993484020233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22078576683998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21008086204528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.10120970010757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.05933946371078491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.8077832460403442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6069685816764832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6021609306335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778937986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787185","display_name":"Lates","level":3,"score":0.5852150321006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.5757200717926025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5614780187606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5454708337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4842393100261688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.46250292658805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4305305480957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42613059282302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41814297437667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3794938325881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2519993484020233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22078576683998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21008086204528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.10120970010757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.05933946371078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.10193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10193","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.10193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.10193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2211.10193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10193","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.10193","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3167647361","https://openalex.org/W3048071807","https://openalex.org/W2297737344","https://openalex.org/W2979029601","https://openalex.org/W2944488491","https://openalex.org/W2407203887","https://openalex.org/W2500842445","https://openalex.org/W56306001","https://openalex.org/W3211228610","https://openalex.org/W2474785915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"works":[1],"demonstrate":[2],"that":[3,20,117],"early":[4],"layers":[5,26],"in":[6,72,111],"a":[7,45,66],"neural":[8,57],"network":[9,58],"contain":[10],"useful":[11],"information":[12],"for":[13],"prediction.":[14],"Inspired":[15],"by":[16,83],"this,":[17],"we":[18,115],"show":[19,116],"extending":[21],"temperature":[22,37,70,112],"scaling":[23,71],"across":[24],"all":[25],"improves":[27],"both":[28,60],"calibration":[29],"and":[30,62,64,77],"accuracy.":[31],"We":[32,50],"call":[33],"this":[34],"procedure":[35],"\"layer-stack":[36],"scaling\"":[38],"(LATES).":[39],"Informally,":[40],"LATES":[41,88,119],"grants":[42],"each":[43],"layer":[44],"weighted":[46],"vote":[47],"during":[48],"inference.":[49],"evaluate":[51],"it":[52],"on":[53,127],"five":[54],"popular":[55],"convolutional":[56],"architectures":[59],"in-":[61],"out-of-distribution":[63],"observe":[65],"consistent":[67],"improvement":[68],"over":[69],"terms":[73],"of":[74],"accuracy,":[75],"calibration,":[76],"AUC.":[78],"All":[79],"conclusions":[80],"are":[81],"supported":[82],"comprehensive":[84],"statistical":[85],"analyses.":[86],"Since":[87],"neither":[89],"retrains":[90],"the":[91],"architecture":[92],"nor":[93],"introduces":[94],"many":[95],"more":[96],"parameters,":[97],"its":[98],"advantages":[99],"can":[100],"be":[101],"reaped":[102],"without":[103],"requiring":[104],"additional":[105],"data":[106],"beyond":[107],"what":[108],"is":[109],"used":[110],"scaling.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"combining":[118],"with":[120],"Monte":[121],"Carlo":[122],"Dropout":[123],"matches":[124],"state-of-the-art":[125],"results":[126],"CIFAR10/100.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
