{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4324106979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.06018","title":"Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesis","display_name":"Hierarchical Neural Program Synthesis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4324106979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.06018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.06018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06018","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.06018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.06018","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027712560","display_name":"Linghan Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Linghan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005652404","display_name":"Ryan Lindeborg","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindeborg, Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011123850","display_name":"Jesse Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jesse","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110492675","display_name":"Joseph J. Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lim, Joseph J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101181948","display_name":"Shao-Hua Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6667-4841"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun, Shao-Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9347000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8499200940132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6675435304641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.6440500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"Program synthesis","score":0.6371375322341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5917227864265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5860921144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.4990861415863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.474725604057312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4643094539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4434872269630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.41659313440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34685778617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25019001960754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11026212573051453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8499200940132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6675435304641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6440500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.6371375322341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5917227864265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5860921144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.4990861415863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.474725604057312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4643094539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4434872269630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.41659313440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34685778617858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25019001960754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11026212573051453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.06018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06018","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.06018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.06018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.06018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.06018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06018","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.06018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4324106979.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700","https://openalex.org/W2997152889","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2597983927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Program":[0],"synthesis":[1,45,88,200],"aims":[2],"to":[3,49,71,126,156],"automatically":[4],"construct":[5],"human-readable":[6],"programs":[7,51,73,138,185,195],"that":[8,74,90,111,179,186],"satisfy":[9],"given":[10],"task":[11,104,115,129,144],"specifications,":[12],"such":[13,30],"as":[14,31],"input/output":[15,132,173],"pairs":[16,133],"or":[17,77,134],"demonstrations.":[18],"Recent":[19],"works":[20],"have":[21],"demonstrated":[22],"encouraging":[23],"results":[24,177],"in":[25,167,197],"a":[26,55,85,93,103,108,114,118,123,141,168],"variety":[27],"of":[28,39,143],"domains,":[29],"string":[32,169],"transformation,":[33],"tensor":[34],"manipulation,":[35],"and":[36,107,139,154,190],"describing":[37],"behaviors":[38],"embodied":[40],"agents.":[41],"Most":[42],"existing":[43],"program":[44,56,87,94,109,152,199],"methods":[46,67],"are":[47,75,147,187],"designed":[48],"synthesize":[50,72,184],"from":[52,68,136],"scratch,":[53],"generating":[54],"token":[57],"by":[58,61,95,150],"token,":[59],"line":[60],"line.":[62],"This":[63],"fundamentally":[64],"prevents":[65],"these":[66],"scaling":[69],"up":[70],"longer":[76,189],"more":[78,191],"complex.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"work,":[82],"we":[83,100,121],"present":[84],"scalable":[86],"framework":[89,166,182],"instead":[91],"synthesizes":[92],"hierarchically":[96],"composing":[97],"programs.":[98],"Specifically,":[99],"first":[101],"learn":[102],"embedding":[105,116],"space":[106],"decoder":[110,153],"can":[112,183],"decode":[113],"into":[117],"program.":[119,160],"Then,":[120],"train":[122],"high-level":[124],"module":[125],"comprehend":[127],"the":[128,151,158,180,194],"specification":[130],"(e.g.,":[131],"demonstrations)":[135],"long":[137],"produce":[140],"sequence":[142],"embeddings,":[145],"which":[146],"then":[148],"decoded":[149],"composed":[155],"yield":[157],"synthesized":[159],"We":[161],"extensively":[162],"evaluate":[163],"our":[164],"proposed":[165,181],"transformation":[170],"domain":[171],"with":[172],"pairs.":[174],"The":[175],"experimental":[176],"demonstrate":[178],"significantly":[188],"complex":[192],"than":[193],"considered":[196],"prior":[198],"works.":[201],"Website":[202],"at":[203],"https://thoughtp0lice.github.io/hnps_web/":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}