{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380993518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.08564","title":"The Universal Law of Generalization Holds for Naturalistic Stimuli","display_name":"The Universal Law of Generalization Holds for Naturalistic Stimuli","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380993518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.08564"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.08564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08564","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.08564","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.08564","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019723604","display_name":"Raja Marjieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-1333"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marjieh, Raja","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021757437","display_name":"Nori Jacoby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0100"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacoby, Nori","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047380888","display_name":"Joshua C. Peterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6713-1353"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peterson, Joshua C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077079119","display_name":"Thomas L. Griffiths","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-7255"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Griffiths, Thomas L.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019723604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.8112999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12261","display_name":"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy","score":0.8112999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.7996000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.7839000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.7015936970710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6447053551673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.6376806497573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-law","display_name":"Universal law","score":0.5587373375892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","score":0.5151787996292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulus-generalization","display_name":"Stimulus generalization","score":0.4533017873764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3984469175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.388824462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3559703230857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34570926427841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.283888578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.2765510678291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.2378382682800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08156678080558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06190824508666992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.7015936970710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6447053551673889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.6376806497573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1014953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894135","display_name":"Universal law","level":2,"score":0.5587373375892639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5151787996292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018514133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1473723","display_name":"Stimulus generalization","level":3,"score":0.4533017873764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3984469175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.388824462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3559703230857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34570926427841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.283888578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.2765510678291321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2378382682800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08156678080558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06190824508666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.08564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08564","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.08564","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.08564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.08564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2306.08564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08564","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.08564","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380993518.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2807634898","https://openalex.org/W1692008701","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2597588799","https://openalex.org/W4360593462","https://openalex.org/W2097059263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Shepard's":[0],"universal":[1,21,59,104],"law":[2,22,60,105],"of":[3,27,33,41,57,96,116,126,137],"generalization":[4,129],"is":[5,79],"a":[6,31,38,107,122],"remarkable":[7],"hypothesis":[8],"about":[9],"how":[10],"intelligent":[11],"organisms":[12],"should":[13,35],"perceive":[14],"similarity.":[15],"In":[16],"its":[17],"broadest":[18],"form,":[19],"the":[20,25,58,94,103],"states":[23],"that":[24,70],"level":[26],"perceived":[28],"similarity":[29,88,119],"between":[30],"pair":[32],"stimuli":[34,65],"decay":[36],"as":[37,85],"concave":[39],"function":[40],"their":[42,75],"distance":[43],"when":[44],"embedded":[45],"in":[46,55,93,106],"an":[47,113],"appropriate":[48],"psychological":[49],"space.":[50],"While":[51],"extensively":[52],"studied,":[53],"evidence":[54,101],"support":[56],"has":[61],"relied":[62],"on":[63],"low-dimensional":[64],"and":[66,121],"small":[67],"stimulus":[68],"sets":[69,136],"are":[71],"very":[72],"different":[73],"from":[74],"real-world":[76],"counterparts.":[77],"This":[78],"largely":[80],"because":[81],"pairwise":[82],"comparisons":[83],"--":[84,90],"required":[86],"for":[87,102],"judgments":[89,120,130],"scale":[91],"quadratically":[92],"number":[95],"stimuli.":[97],"We":[98],"provide":[99],"direct":[100],"naturalistic":[108],"high-dimensional":[109],"regime":[110],"by":[111],"analyzing":[112],"existing":[114],"dataset":[115,125],"214,200":[117],"human":[118,128],"newly":[123],"collected":[124],"390,819":[127],"(N=2406":[131],"US":[132],"participants)":[133],"across":[134],"three":[135],"natural":[138],"images.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}