{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387800089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.11430","title":"An Empirical Study of Translation Hypothesis Ensembling with Large Language Models","display_name":"An Empirical Study of Translation Hypothesis Ensembling with Large Language Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387800089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.11430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.11430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11430","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.11430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.11430","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061670390","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Farinhas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farinhas, Ant\u00f3nio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103075338","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 G. C. de Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-7633"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"de Souza, Jos\u00e9 G. C.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051693368","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-625X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martins, Andr\u00e9 F. T.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061670390"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9480999708175659,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6711924076080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6094256639480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5884538292884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayes-theorem","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","score":0.5873503684997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5550948977470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5544633865356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5369787812232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4617730379104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.4413950443267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3826998174190521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3585013151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.18893611431121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16120979189872742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6711924076080322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6094256639480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5884538292884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.5873503684997559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5550948977470398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5544633865356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5369787812232971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4617730379104614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.4413950443267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3826998174190521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3585013151168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.18893611431121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16120979189872742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.11430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11430","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.11430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.11430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.11430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2310.11430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11430","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.11430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387800089.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W3203142394","https://openalex.org/W2161474341","https://openalex.org/W4302615923","https://openalex.org/W1974101135","https://openalex.org/W2351061015","https://openalex.org/W3151736118","https://openalex.org/W2017509870","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"becoming":[5],"a":[6,60,103,114,124],"one-fits-many":[7],"solution,":[8],"but":[9],"they":[10],"sometimes":[11],"hallucinate":[12],"or":[13],"produce":[14,83],"unreliable":[15],"output.":[16],"In":[17],"this":[18],"paper,":[19],"we":[20],"investigate":[21],"how":[22],"hypothesis":[23],"ensembling":[24,47],"can":[25,110],"improve":[26],"the":[27,30,34,67,80,84,128,131,134,137],"quality":[28,109],"of":[29,37,117,133],"generated":[31],"text":[32],"for":[33,46],"specific":[35],"problem":[36],"LLM-based":[38],"machine":[39],"translation.":[40],"We":[41,58],"experiment":[42],"with":[43],"several":[44],"techniques":[45],"hypotheses":[48,71,135],"produced":[49],"by":[50],"LLMs":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"ChatGPT,":[54],"LLaMA,":[55],"and":[56,76,79,90,119,136],"Alpaca.":[57],"provide":[59],"comprehensive":[61],"study":[62],"along":[63],"multiple":[64],"dimensions,":[65],"including":[66],"method":[68],"to":[69,82],"generate":[70],"(multiple":[72],"prompts,":[73],"temperature-based":[74],"sampling,":[75],"beam":[77],"search)":[78],"strategy":[81],"final":[85],"translation":[86,108],"(instruction-based,":[87],"quality-based":[88],"reranking,":[89],"minimum":[91],"Bayes":[92],"risk":[93],"(MBR)":[94],"decoding).":[95],"Our":[96],"results":[97],"show":[98],"that":[99,107,120],"MBR":[100],"decoding":[101],"is":[102],"very":[104],"effective":[105],"method,":[106],"be":[111],"improved":[112],"using":[113],"small":[115],"number":[116],"samples,":[118],"instruction":[121],"tuning":[122],"has":[123],"strong":[125],"impact":[126],"on":[127],"relation":[129],"between":[130],"diversity":[132],"sampling":[138],"temperature.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
