{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388481772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.02205","title":"An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Techniques and Framework for Clinical Implementation in Radiation Oncology","display_name":"An Introduction to Natural Language Processing Techniques and Framework for Clinical Implementation in Radiation Oncology","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388481772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.02205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.02205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.02205","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.02205","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.02205","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026888891","display_name":"Reza Khanmohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6484-6983"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khanmohammadi, Reza","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076266282","display_name":"Mohammad M. Ghassemi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassemi, Mohammad M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007618026","display_name":"Kyle Verdecchia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verdecchia, Kyle","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011360727","display_name":"A.I. Ghanem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-6763"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghanem, Ahmed I.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100512836","display_name":"Bing Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing, Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075401316","display_name":"Indrin J. Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-7053"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chetty, Indrin J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084457245","display_name":"Hassan Bagher\u2010Ebadian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4835-9237"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bagher-Ebadian, Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032295905","display_name":"Farzan Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1547-835X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddiqui, Farzan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042690121","display_name":"Mohamed A. Elshaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-8897"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elshaikh, Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004625690","display_name":"Benjamin Movsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-9776"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Movsas, Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001502708","display_name":"Kundan Thind","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-6655"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thind, Kundan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6701159477233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5894678235054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.5492933392524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5465630292892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5001811981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.4190019369125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4033079743385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11406952142715454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6701159477233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5894678235054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.5492933392524719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5465630292892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5001811981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.4190019369125366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4033079743385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11406952142715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.02205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.02205","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.02205","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.02205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.02205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.02205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.02205","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.02205","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388481772.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3200093942","https://openalex.org/W3005759282","https://openalex.org/W2078793151","https://openalex.org/W3128216712","https://openalex.org/W3017222382","https://openalex.org/W3136915866","https://openalex.org/W4390279576","https://openalex.org/W2886890203","https://openalex.org/W4313535650","https://openalex.org/W2287770975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"Language":[1],"Processing":[2],"(NLP)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,135],"key":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8,64,138,177],"developing":[9,185],"Medical":[10],"Artificial":[11],"Intelligence":[12],"(AI)":[13],"systems":[14],"that":[15,39,90,100],"leverage":[16],"Electronic":[17],"Health":[18],"Record":[19],"(EHR)":[20],"data":[21,38],"to":[22,59,112,163,172],"build":[23],"diagnostic":[24],"and":[25,52,78,95,119,126,147,153,156,159,175,179,186],"prognostic":[26],"models.":[27],"NLP":[28,63,93,98,141,188],"enables":[29],"the":[30,49,86,140],"conversion":[31],"of":[32,48],"unstructured":[33],"clinical":[34,129,148,166,191],"text":[35,76],"into":[36,43],"structured":[37],"can":[40],"be":[41],"fed":[42],"AI":[44],"algorithms.":[45],"The":[46],"emergence":[47],"transformer":[50],"architecture":[51],"large":[53],"language":[54],"models":[55,94,142,189],"(LLMs)":[56],"has":[57],"led":[58],"remarkable":[60],"advances":[61],"in":[62,103,165,184,190],"various":[65],"healthcare":[66],"tasks,":[67],"such":[68,115],"as":[69,116],"entity":[70],"recognition,":[71],"relation":[72],"extraction,":[73],"sentence":[74],"similarity,":[75],"summarization,":[77],"question":[79],"answering.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"article,":[83],"we":[84,133],"review":[85],"major":[87],"technical":[88,150],"innovations":[89],"underpin":[91],"modern":[92],"present":[96],"state-of-the-art":[97],"applications":[99],"employ":[101],"LLMs":[102,109],"radiation":[104,167,192],"oncology":[105],"research.":[106],"However,":[107],"these":[108],"are":[110,182],"prone":[111],"many":[113],"errors":[114],"hallucinations,":[117],"biases,":[118],"ethical":[120,157],"violations,":[121],"which":[122],"necessitate":[123],"rigorous":[124],"evaluation":[125],"validation":[127],"before":[128],"deployment.":[130],"As":[131],"such,":[132],"propose":[134],"comprehensive":[136],"framework":[137],"assessing":[139],"based":[143],"on":[144],"their":[145],"purpose":[146],"fit,":[149],"performance,":[151],"bias":[152],"trust,":[154],"legal":[155],"implications,":[158],"quality":[160],"assurance,":[161],"prior":[162],"implementation":[164],"oncology.":[168,193],"Our":[169],"article":[170],"aims":[171],"provide":[173],"guidance":[174],"insights":[176],"researchers":[178],"clinicians":[180],"who":[181],"interested":[183],"using":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}