{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389769078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.06940","title":"Benchmarking Deep Learning Classifiers for SAR Automatic Target Recognition","display_name":"Benchmarking Deep Learning Classifiers for SAR Automatic Target Recognition","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389769078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.06940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.06940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06940","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06940","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093497334","display_name":"Jacob Fein-Ashley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7580-100X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fein-Ashley, Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100534943","display_name":"Ye Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-4098"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye, Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042560222","display_name":"Rajgopal Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-3012"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kannan, Rajgopal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033166029","display_name":"Viktor K. Prasanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8589"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanna, Viktor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011446483","display_name":"Carl Busart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-1068"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Busart, Carl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9671000242233276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.8997774124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8013541102409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7536572217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7466800212860107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6866350173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5815411806106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.572679340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5366273522377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5276509523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5134790539741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4547698497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4139363169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20328012108802795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.8997774124145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8013541102409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7536572217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7466800212860107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6866350173950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5815411806106567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.572679340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5366273522377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5276509523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5134790539741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4547698497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4139363169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20328012108802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.06940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06940","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.06940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.06940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2312.06940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06940","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337807","display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389769078.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W2521772843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"Aperture":[1],"Radar":[2],"SAR":[3,28,58,74,106,111,120,233],"Automatic":[4],"Target":[5],"Recognition":[6],"ATR":[7,29,59,75,107,234],"is":[8,52,78,205,227],"a":[9,65,73,221],"key":[10],"technique":[11],"of":[12,27,36,47,57,84,168,176,178,181,187,216,232],"remote-sensing":[13],"image":[14,121],"recognition":[15,39],"which":[16,51],"can":[17],"be":[18],"supported":[19],"by":[20],"deep":[21,67,87,102],"neural":[22],"networks":[23],"The":[24],"existing":[25],"works":[26],"mostly":[30],"focus":[31],"on":[32,124],"improving":[33],"the":[34,37,42,82,92,157,193,230],"accuracy":[35,163],"target":[38],"while":[40],"ignoring":[41],"systems":[43],"performance":[44,83,165,173],"in":[45,72,166,174,229],"terms":[46,167,175],"speed":[48],"and":[49,90,117,135,148,155,171,185,201,220],"storage":[50],"critical":[53],"to":[54,63,70,80,199],"real-world":[55],"applications":[56],"For":[60],"decision-makers":[61],"aiming":[62],"identify":[64],"proper":[66],"learning":[68,88,103],"model":[69,94,183,211,223],"deploy":[71],"system":[76],"it":[77,204],"important":[79],"understand":[81],"different":[85],"candidate":[86],"models":[89,104],"determine":[91],"best":[93],"accordingly":[95],"This":[96],"paper":[97],"comprehensively":[98],"benchmarks":[99],"several":[100],"advanced":[101],"for":[105,138],"with":[108,197],"multiple":[109],"distinct":[110],"imagery":[112],"datasets":[113,145],"Specifically":[114],"we":[115],"train":[116],"test":[118],"five":[119,158],"classifiers":[122,159],"based":[123],"Residual":[125],"Neural":[126,132],"Networks":[127],"ResNet18":[128],"ResNet34":[129],"ResNet50":[130],"Graph":[131],"Network":[133],"GNN":[134,194],"Vision":[136],"Transformer":[137],"Small-Sized":[139],"Datasets":[140],"(SS-ViT)":[141],"We":[142,153],"select":[143],"three":[144],"MSTAR":[146],"GBSAR":[147],"SynthWakeSAR":[149],"that":[150,192,208],"offer":[151],"heterogeneity":[152],"evaluate":[154],"compare":[156],"concerning":[160],"their":[161],"classification":[162],"runtime":[164],"inference":[169],"throughput":[170,200],"analytical":[172],"number":[177,180,186],"parameters":[179],"layers":[182],"size":[184],"operations":[188],"Experimental":[189],"results":[190],"show":[191],"classifier":[195],"outperforms":[196],"respect":[198],"latency":[202],"However":[203],"also":[206],"shown":[207],"no":[209],"clear":[210],"winner":[212],"emerges":[213],"from":[214],"all":[215,225],"our":[217],"chosen":[218],"metrics":[219],"one":[222],"rules":[224],"case":[226],"doubtful":[228],"domain":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
