{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7090801376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","title":"A Framework for Low-Effort Training Data Generation for Urban Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"A Framework for Low-Effort Training Data Generation for Urban Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7090801376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zavadski, Denis","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zavadski, Denis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kal\u0161an, Damjan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kal\u0161an, Damjan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K\u00fcchler, Tim","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K\u00fcchler, Tim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lee, Haebom","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee, Haebom","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roth, Stefan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roth, Stefan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rother, Carsten","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rother, Carsten","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.02810000069439411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.02810000069439411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13664","display_name":"Genome Rearrangement Algorithms","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10591","display_name":"Theoretical and Computational Physics","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closing","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-gap","display_name":"Semantic gap","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4530999958515167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8062000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6101999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86034646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474311","display_name":"Semantic gap","level":4,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779757391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002292","display_name":"Image translation","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.11567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8309027552604675,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"datasets":[1,144,149,166,173],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"for":[5,199],"training":[6,138,196],"urban":[7,200],"scene":[8,64,201],"recognition":[9],"models,":[10,192],"but":[11],"even":[12],"highly":[13],"realistic":[14],"renderings":[15],"show":[16,150],"a":[17,31,78,88,181],"noticeable":[18],"gap":[19,24,53],"to":[20,30,87,155],"real":[21,147],"imagery.":[22],"This":[23,178],"is":[25],"particularly":[26],"pronounced":[27],"when":[28],"adapting":[29],"specific":[32],"target":[33,89,148],"domain,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36,167,169],"Cityscapes,":[37],"where":[38,185],"differences":[39],"in":[40,113],"architecture,":[41],"vegetation,":[42],"object":[43],"appearance,":[44],"and":[45,63,126,145],"camera":[46],"characteristics":[47],"limit":[48],"downstream":[49],"performance.":[50],"Closing":[51],"this":[52],"with":[54,190],"more":[55],"detailed":[56],"3D":[57],"modelling":[58],"would":[59],"require":[60],"expensive":[61],"asset":[62],"design,":[65],"defeating":[66],"the":[67],"purpose":[68],"of":[69,105,153],"low-cost":[70],"labelled":[71],"data.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"this,":[75],"we":[76],"present":[77],"new":[79],"framework":[80],"that":[81],"adapts":[82],"an":[83],"off-the-shelf":[84],"diffusion":[85],"model":[86],"domain":[90],"using":[91],"only":[92],"imperfect":[93],"pseudo-labels.":[94],"Once":[95],"trained,":[96],"it":[97],"generates":[98],"high-fidelity,":[99],"target-aligned":[100],"images":[101],"from":[102],"semantic":[103,187],"maps":[104],"any":[106],"synthetic":[107,133,143,165,172],"dataset,":[108],"including":[109],"low-effort":[110],"sources":[111],"created":[112],"hours":[114],"rather":[115],"than":[116],"months.":[117],"The":[118],"method":[119],"filters":[120],"suboptimal":[121],"generations,":[122],"rectifies":[123],"image-label":[124],"misalignments,":[125],"standardises":[127],"semantics":[128],"across":[129],"datasets,":[130],"transforming":[131],"weak":[132],"data":[134,197],"into":[135],"competitive":[136],"real-domain":[137],"sets.":[139],"Experiments":[140],"on":[141],"five":[142],"two":[146],"segmentation":[151],"gains":[152],"up":[154],"+8.0%pt.":[156],"mIoU":[157],"over":[158],"state-of-the-art":[159],"translation":[160],"methods,":[161],"making":[162],"rapidly":[163],"constructed":[164],"effective":[168],"high-effort,":[170],"time-intensive":[171],"requiring":[174],"extensive":[175],"manual":[176],"design.":[177],"work":[179],"highlights":[180],"valuable":[182],"collaborative":[183],"paradigm":[184],"fast":[186],"prototyping,":[188],"combined":[189],"generative":[191],"enables":[193],"scalable,":[194],"high-quality":[195],"creation":[198],"understanding.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}