{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131388174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","title":"Counterfactual Simulation Training for Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness","display_name":"Counterfactual Simulation Training for Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131388174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092574633","display_name":"Peter Hase","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hase, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042601761","display_name":"Christopher Potts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-6055"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Potts, Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.2904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.2904999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.04190000146627426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9437000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.7709000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-conditional","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","score":0.7633000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.34130001068115234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9437000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7709000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.7633000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6438000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"publisher-specific-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/publisher-specific-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inspecting":[0],"Chain-of-Thought":[1],"reasoning":[2,109],"is":[3,161,226],"among":[4],"the":[5,111,194],"most":[6],"common":[7],"means":[8],"of":[9,193],"understanding":[10],"why":[11],"an":[12,159],"LLM":[13,160],"produced":[14],"its":[15],"output.":[16],"But":[17],"well-known":[18],"problems":[19],"with":[20,77,114,158,214],"CoT":[21,50,75,191,210,218],"faithfulness":[22,51,169,211],"severely":[23],"limit":[24],"what":[25],"insights":[26],"can":[27,123,208],"be":[28],"gained":[29],"from":[30,201],"this":[31,34,224],"practice.":[32],"In":[33],"paper,":[35],"we":[36],"introduce":[37],"a":[38,57,62],"training":[39],"method":[40],"called":[41],"Counterfactual":[42],"Simulation":[43],"Training":[44],"(CST),":[45],"which":[46],"aims":[47],"to":[48,59,80,101,104,117,174,179],"improve":[49,125,209],"by":[52],"rewarding":[53],"CoTs":[54,157],"that":[55,121,206],"enable":[56],"simulator":[58],"accurately":[60],"predict":[61],"model's":[63],"outputs":[64],"over":[65,97,139],"counterfactual":[66,95],"inputs.":[67],"We":[68,145],"apply":[69],"CST":[70,122,150,207],"in":[71,110,212,223],"two":[72],"settings:":[73],"(1)":[74,149],"monitoring":[76],"cue-based":[78,129],"counterfactuals,":[79,100],"detect":[81],"when":[82],"models":[83,103,115,185],"rely":[84],"on":[85,128],"spurious":[86],"features,":[87],"reward":[88],"hack,":[89],"or":[90],"are":[91],"sycophantic,":[92],"and":[93,182],"(2)":[94,154],"simulation":[96],"generic":[98,140],"model-based":[99],"encourage":[102],"produce":[105],"more":[106,163,189,200],"faithful,":[107],"generalizable":[108],"CoT.":[112],"Experiments":[113],"up":[116],"235B":[118],"parameters":[119],"show":[120,147,188],"substantially":[124],"monitor":[126],"accuracy":[127,133],"counterfactuals":[130,141],"(by":[131,142],"35":[132],"points)":[134],"as":[135,137],"well":[136],"simulatability":[138],"2":[143],"points).":[144],"further":[146],"that:":[148],"outperforms":[151],"prompting":[152],"baselines,":[153],"rewriting":[155],"unfaithful":[156],"5x":[162],"efficient":[164],"than":[165],"RL":[166],"alone,":[167],"(3)":[168],"improvements":[170],"do":[171,186,198],"not":[172,187],"generalize":[173],"dissuading":[175],"cues":[176],"(as":[177],"opposed":[178],"persuading":[180],"cues),":[181],"(4)":[183],"larger":[184],"faithful":[190],"out":[192],"box,":[195],"but":[196],"they":[197],"benefit":[199],"CST.":[202],"These":[203],"results":[204],"suggest":[205],"general,":[213],"promising":[215],"applications":[216],"for":[217,221],"monitoring.":[219],"Code":[220],"experiments":[222],"paper":[225],"available":[227],"at":[228],"https://github.com/peterbhase/counterfactual-simulation-training":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}
