{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139012533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","title":"From Words to Worlds: Benchmarking Cross-Cultural Cultural Understanding in Machine Translation","display_name":"From Words to Worlds: Benchmarking Cross-Cultural Cultural Understanding in Machine Translation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139012533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101418359","display_name":"Bo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-7661"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han, Bangju","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130167024","display_name":"Yingqi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang, Yingqi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129764089","display_name":"Huang Qing","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing, Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046729014","display_name":"Tiyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-7118"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Tiyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024987539","display_name":"Fengyi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Fengyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092501202","display_name":"Ahtamjan Ahmat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmat, Ahtamjan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023854182","display_name":"Abibulla Atawulla","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atawulla, Abibulla","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang, Yating","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Yating","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130067264","display_name":"Xi Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5482000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.5482000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.08209999650716782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"Grounded theory","score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6682000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777761643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191837","display_name":"Literal translation","level":3,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986862884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553","display_name":"Language translation","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.17303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8332829475402832}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Culture-expressions,":[0],"such":[1,25],"as":[2],"idioms,":[3],"slang,":[4],"and":[5,14,39,104,110,153,158,167],"culture-specific":[6],"items":[7],"(CSIs),":[8],"are":[9,115,169],"pervasive":[10],"in":[11],"natural":[12],"language":[13,102],"encode":[15],"meanings":[16],"that":[17,114,130,144],"go":[18],"beyond":[19],"literal":[20],"linguistic":[21],"form.":[22],"Accurately":[23],"translating":[24],"expressions":[26],"remains":[27],"challenging":[28],"for":[29,46,162],"machine":[30],"translation":[31,48],"systems.":[32],"Despite":[33],"this,":[34],"existing":[35,120],"benchmarks":[36],"remain":[37],"fragmented":[38],"do":[40],"not":[41,116],"provide":[42],"a":[43,60,89,126],"systematic":[44,111],"framework":[45],"evaluating":[47],"performance":[49],"on":[50],"culture-loaded":[51],"expressions.":[52,73,96],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this":[55],"gap,":[56],"we":[57,107,124],"introduce":[58],"CulT-Eval,":[59],"benchmark":[61,166],"designed":[62],"to":[63,148,154],"evaluate":[64],"how":[65],"models":[66,103,146],"handle":[67],"different":[68],"types":[69,83],"of":[70,84,100],"culturally":[71,85,94,132,150],"grounded":[72,86,95,151],"CulT-Eval":[74],"comprises":[75],"over":[76],"7,959":[77],"carefully":[78],"curated":[79],"instances":[80],"spanning":[81],"multiple":[82],"expressions,":[87],"with":[88],"comprehensive":[90],"error":[91],"taxonomy":[92],"covering":[93],"Through":[97],"extensive":[98],"evaluation":[99,128],"large":[101],"detailed":[105],"analysis,":[106],"identify":[108],"recurring":[109],"failure":[112],"modes":[113],"adequately":[117],"captured":[118],"by":[119,137],"automatic":[121],"metrics.":[122,140],"Accordingly,":[123],"propose":[125],"complementary":[127],"metric":[129],"targets":[131],"induced":[133],"meaning":[134,152],"deviations":[135],"overlooked":[136],"standard":[138],"MT":[139],"The":[141],"results":[142],"indicate":[143],"current":[145],"struggle":[147],"preserve":[149],"capture":[155],"the":[156],"cultural":[157],"contextual":[159],"nuances":[160],"essential":[161],"accurate":[163],"translation.":[164],"Our":[165],"code":[168],"available":[170],"at":[171],"https://anonymous.4open.science/r/CulT-Eval-E75D/.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T06:00:48.157686","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}