Zero-shot detection of LLM-generated text via dual-network preference divergence.

Zheng Chen 0022 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China https://sise.uestc.edu.cn/info/1036/5727.htm https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=35E6YdgAAAAJ Zheng Chen Zheng Chen 0001 Zoom, Bellevue, WA, USA Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China Tsinghua University, Beijing, China https://www.linkedin.com/in/zheng-chen-b4096023b/ https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AyZ7A7MAAAAJ Zheng Chen 0023 Zheng Chen 0002 Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sweden CentraleSupélec-CNRS-Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5621-2860 Zheng Chen 0003 University of Science and Technology of China, Key Laboratory of Wireless-Optical Communications, Hefei, China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2834-7455 Zheng Chen 0004 Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Hangzhou, China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-8758 Zheng Chen 0005 University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth, MA, USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Computer Science and Mathematics Division, TN, USA Iowa State University, Department of Mathematics, Ames, IA, USA http://www.math.umassd.edu/~zchen/ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7032-4826 Zheng Chen 0006 University of Houston, Department of Mechanical Engineering, TX, USA Wichita State University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KS, USA Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-7596 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-4066 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q89700886 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37085888133 Zheng Chen 0007 Beijing Normal University, Faculty of Geographical Science, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-1822 Zheng Chen 0008 Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Transportation Engineering, China University of Michigan Dearborn, MI, USA Northwestern Polytechnical University, School of Automation, Xi'an, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-7231 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q96177168 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37833800100 Zheng Chen 0009 University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, Orsay, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-1546 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q102517585 Zheng Chen 0010 Drexel University, College of Computing and Informatics, Philadelphia, PA, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4406-2193 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130882232 Zheng Chen 0011 University of Southampton, UK Zheng Chen 0012 Osaka University, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6776-7159 Zheng Chen 0013 Ningbo University of Technology, Faculty of Science, China Tsinghua University, China Shanghai University of Science and Technology, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6822-1032 Zheng Chen 0014 陈铮 Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zssRkBAAAAAJ Zheng Chen 0015 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Computer Science Department, NY, USA City University of New York, Computer Science Department and Linguistics Department, NY, USA Zheng Chen 0016 Indiana University, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Bloomington, IN, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2439-9282 Zheng Chen 0017 Minzu University of China, School of Information and Engineering, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-0997 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130812762 Zheng Chen 0018 Shandong Technology and Business University, School of Computer Science and Technology, Yantai, China Dalian University of Technology, Departmnet of Signal and Information Processing, China https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6843-8711 Zheng Chen 0019 Communication University of China, State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Computer NIC, Computer and Network Center, Beijing, China Zheng Chen 0020 PCI Technology Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China University of Virginia, Link Lab, Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, Charlottesville, VA, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2344-5892 Zheng Chen 0021 Xidian University, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an, China Zheng Chen 0023 陈政 Tsinghua University, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing, China Renmin University of China, School of Information, Beijing, China https://zhengchencs.github.io/ https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8342-9504 https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YUFRrGAAAAAJ Zheng Chen 0001 Zheng Chen 0024 Southern Medical University, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3201-2666

Zheng Chen 0022 Huming Liu Jianxiao Tang Zero-shot detection of LLM-generated text via dual-network preference divergence. 2026 131212 309 Expert Syst. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2026.131212 db/journals/eswa/eswa309.html#ChenLT26a streams/journals/eswa

Rui Chen Tailai Peng Xinran Xie Dekun Lin Zheng Chen 0022 Zhe Cui Can self-statements modulate AI? investigating pseudo-cognitive autosuggestions in large language models. 2026 133792 692 Neurocomputing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133792 db/journals/ijon/ijon692.html#ChenPXLCC26 streams/journals/ijon

Zheng Chen 0022 Kefan Chen Automated Book Drawing for Audiobook Production: A Benchmark and Comparative Study from Heuristics to LLMs. 169-183 2025 ICONIP (1) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-4367-0_12 conf/iconip/2025-1 db/conf/iconip/iconip2025-1.html#ChenC25 streams/conf/iconip Dengkang Qin Zheng Chen 0022 EntiFA: Entity-Based Fine-Grained Adaptation for Knowledge Enhancement in Large Language Models. 287-299 2025 KSEM (2) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-3052-6_22 conf/ksem/2025-2 db/conf/ksem/ksem2025-2.html#QinC25 streams/conf/ksem Chupeng Wei Zheng Chen 0022 Jie Zhang Jia Liu RoleplayLLM: Enhancing Role-Playing Abilities in Large Language Models via Multidimensional Fine-Tuning and Preference Optimization. 42-54 2025 NLPCC (3) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-3349-7_4 conf/nlpcc/2025-3 db/conf/nlpcc/nlpcc2025-3.html#WeiCZL25 streams/conf/nlpcc Zheng Chen 0022 Yijie Cheng Yuxin Gao Detecting and Correcting Hallucinations in LLMs via Substantive Uncertainty and Iterative Validation. 172-184 2025 NLPCC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-3352-7_14 conf/nlpcc/2025-4 db/conf/nlpcc/nlpcc2025-4.html#ChenCG25 streams/conf/nlpcc

Rui Chen Tailai Peng Xinran Xie Dekun Lin Zhe Cui Zheng Chen 0022 Boosting Self-Efficacy and Performance of Large Language Models via Verbal Efficacy Stimulations. 2025 February abs/2502.06669 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.06669 db/journals/corr/corr2502.html#abs-2502-06669 streams/journals/corr

Zheng Chen 0022 Zhejun Liu Sentence-level heuristic tree search for long text generation. 2024 3153-3167 10 Complex Intell. Syst. 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-023-01244-8 db/journals/comintsys/comintsys10.html#ChenL24 streams/journals/comintsys

Rui Chen Tailai Peng Xinran Xie Dekun Lin Zhe Cui Zheng Chen 0022 An Evaluation Dataset for Targeted Sentiment Analysis in Long-Form Chinese News Articles. 97-115 2024 ICANN (7) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72350-6_7 conf/icann/2024-7 db/conf/icann/icann2024-7.html#ChenPXLCC24 streams/conf/icann Zheng Chen 0022 Jiachen Zhu 0003 Anlong Chen Eliciting Offensive Responses from Large Language Models: A Genetic Algorithm Approach. 456-467 2024 ICIC (3) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5588-2_38 conf/icic/2024-3 db/conf/icic/icic2024-3.html#ChenZC24 streams/conf/icic Rui Chen Tailai Peng Xinran Xie Dekun Lin Zhe Cui Zheng Chen 0022 Boosting Self-efficacy and Performance of Large Language Models via Verbal Efficacy Stimulations. 438-453 2024 ICONIP (9) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-6599-0_30 conf/iconip/2024-9 db/conf/iconip/iconip2024-9.html#ChenPXLCC24 streams/conf/iconip

Zheng Chen 0022 Buhui Yao Pseudo-Conversation Injection for LLM Goal Hijacking. 2024 abs/2410.23678 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.23678 db/journals/corr/corr2410.html#abs-2410-23678 streams/journals/corr

Zheng Chen 0022 Zhejun Liu Fixed global memory for controllable long text generation. 13993-14007 2023 June 53 Appl. Intell. 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-04197-6 db/journals/apin/apin53.html#ChenL23b

Zheng Chen 0022 Hu Yuan Jiankun Ren Zero-shot domain paraphrase with unaligned pre-trained language models. 2023 1097-1110 9 Complex Intell. Syst. 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-022-00820-8 db/journals/comintsys/comintsys9.html#ChenYR23 streams/journals/comintsys

Zheng Chen 0022 Hongyu Lin Improving named entity correctness of abstractive summarization by generative negative sampling. 101504 2023 June 81 Comput. Speech Lang. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2023.101504 db/journals/csl/csl81.html#ChenL23

Dengkang Qin Mengxue Liu Zheng Chen 0022 Qian Lei Optimizing Cardiac Surgery Risk Prediction: An Machine Learning Approach with Counterfactual Explanations. 221-232 2023 ICIC (3) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4749-2_19 conf/icic/2023-3 db/conf/icic/icic2023-3.html#QinLCL23 Zheng Chen 0022 Yifan Wang Terminology-Enriched Meta-curriculum Learning for Domain Neural Machine Translation. 379-390 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_32 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#ChenW23 Tailai Peng Rui Chen Zhe Cui Zheng Chen 0022 Simple but Effective: Keyword-Based Metric Learning for Event Sentence Coreference Identification. 536-550 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_44 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#PengCCC23 Zheng Chen 0022 Ruiwen Tao Yifan Wang Nucleus Beam Search for Machine Translation Decoding. 597-608 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_49 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#ChenTW23 Xinran Xie Rui Chen Tailai Peng Zhe Cui Zheng Chen 0022 Leveraging Inter-class Differences and Label Semantics for Few-Shot Text Classification. 694-706 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_57 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#XieCPCC23 Zheng Chen 0022 Huming Liu STADEE: STAtistics-Based DEEp Detection of Machine Generated Text. 732-743 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_60 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#ChenL23 Zheng Chen 0022 Yaxin Wen Exploiting Query Knowledge Embedding and Trilinear Joint Embedding for Visual Question Answering. 780-791 2023 ICIC (4) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4752-2_64 conf/icic/2023-4 db/conf/icic/icic2023-4.html#ChenW23a

Zheng Chen 0022 Huming Liu STADEE: STAtistics-based DEEp Detection of Machine Generated Text. 2023 abs/2312.01672 CoRR https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.01672 db/journals/corr/corr2312.html#abs-2312-01672

Zheng Chen 0022 Changyu Guo A pattern-first pipeline approach for entity and relation extraction. 182-191 2022 494 Neurocomputing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2022.04.059 db/journals/ijon/ijon494.html#ChenG22

Zheng Chen 0022 Xuliang Zhang A Reinforcement Learning-based Sequence Generation Algorithm for Password Guessing. 4891-4896 2022 GLOBECOM https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000814 conf/globecom/2022 db/conf/globecom/globecom2022.html#ChenZ22a Zheng Chen 0022 Hongyu Lin CATAMARAN: A Cross-lingual Long Text Abstractive Summarization Dataset. 6932-6937 2022 LREC https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.749 conf/lrec/2022 db/conf/lrec/lrec2022.html#ChenL22 Zheng Chen 0022 Yifan Wang Civil Unrest Event Forecasting Using Graphical and Sequential Neural Networks. 192-203 2021 ICANN (3) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86365-4_16 conf/icann/2021-3 db/conf/icann/icann2021-3.html#ChenW21 Zheng Chen 0022 Yunchen Zhang Better Few-Shot Text Classification with Pre-trained Language Model. 537-548 2021 ICANN (2) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86340-1_43 conf/icann/2021-2 db/conf/icann/icann2021-2.html#ChenZ21 Zheng Chen 0022 Kangjian Wu ForceReader: a BERT-based Interactive Machine Reading Comprehension Model with Attention Separation. 2676-2686 2020 COLING https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.241 https://aclanthology.org/2020.coling-main.241/ conf/coling/2020 db/conf/coling/coling2020.html#ChenW20 Zheng Chen 0022 Zhengping Yong Low-Dose CT Image Denoising and Pulmonary Nodule Identification. 40-44 2019 SSIP https://doi.org/10.1145/3365245.3365252 https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q130990478 conf/ssip/2019 db/conf/ssip/ssip2019.html#ChenY19 Zheng Chen 0022 Keqi Hu Radical Enhanced Chinese Word Embedding. 3-11 2018 CCL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01716-3_1 conf/cncl/2018 db/conf/cncl/ccl2018.html#ChenH18

Yang Xu 0003 Shuai Wu Ruochen Tan Zheng Chen 0022 Min Zha Tina Tsou Architecture and Routing Protocols for Smart Wireless Home Sensor Networks. 2013 9 Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/958061 db/journals/ijdsn/ijdsn9.html#XuWTCZT13

Zheng Chen 0022 Lei Wu Jiansong Zhang Xuemei Hu Yang Xu 0003 Heuristic Resource Discovery in P2P Network. 333-342 2012 IEA/AIE https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31087-4_35 conf/ieaaie/2012 db/conf/ieaaie/ieaaie2012.html#ChenWZHX12 Yang Xu 0003 Lei Wu Liying Guo Zheng Chen 0022 Lai Yang Zhongzhi Shi An Intelligent Load Balancing Algorithm Towards Efficient Cloud Computing. 2011 AI for Data Center Management and Cloud Computing http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW11/paper/view/3877 conf/aaai/2011cloud db/conf/aaai/cloud2011.html#XuWGCYS11 Anlong Chen Kefan Chen Rui Chen Yijie Cheng Zhe Cui Yuxin Gao Changyu Guo Liying Guo Keqi Hu Xuemei Hu Qian Lei Dekun Lin Hongyu Lin Huming Liu Jia Liu Mengxue Liu Zhejun Liu Tailai Peng Dengkang Qin Jiankun Ren Zhongzhi Shi Ruochen Tan Jianxiao Tang Ruiwen Tao Tina Tsou Yifan Wang Chupeng Wei Yaxin Wen Kangjian Wu Lei Wu Shuai Wu Xinran Xie Yang Xu 0003 Lai Yang Buhui Yao Zhengping Yong Hu Yuan Min Zha Jiansong Zhang Jie Zhang Xuliang Zhang Yunchen Zhang Jiachen Zhu 0003