Administración

de sistemas
GNU/Linux
Josep Jorba Esteve
Remo Suppi Boldrito
PID_00157330
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

Josep Jorba Esteve Remo Suppi Boldrito

Ingeniero Superior en Informática. Ingeniero en Telecomunicaciones.

Doctor ingeniero en Informática por Doctor en Informática por la UAB.
la UAB. Profesor de los Estudios de Profesor del Departamento de Ar-
Informática, Multimedia y Teleco- quitectura de Computadores y Sis-
municaciones de la UOC, Barcelona. temas Operativos en la Universidad
Autónoma de Barcelona.

Primera edición: septiembre 2010

© Josep Jorba Esteve, Remo Suppi Boldrito
Todos los derechos reservados
© de esta edición, FUOC, 2010
Av. Tibidabo, 39-43, 08035 Barcelona
Diseño: Manel Andreu
Realización editorial: Eureca Media, SL
ISBN: 978-84-693-6360-7
Depósito legal: B-33.177-2010

© 2010, FUOC. Se garantiza permiso para copiar, distribuir y modificar este documento según los términos de la GNU Free
Documentation License, Version 1.2 o cualquiera posterior publicada por la Free Software Foundation, sin secciones invariantes ni
textos de cubierta delantera o trasera. Se dispone de una copia de la licencia en el apartado "GNU Free Documentation License" de
este documento.
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

Los autores agradecen a la Fundación para la Universitat

Oberta de Catalunya la financiación de la primera edición
de esta obra, enmarcada en el máster internacional de
Software libre ofrecido por la citada institución.
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 5 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

Introducción

Los sistemas GNU/Linux han alcanzado un grado de madurez significativa,

que los hacen perfectamente válidos para su integración en cualquier ambien-
te de trabajo, ya sea desde el escritorio del PC personal, hasta el servidor de
una gran organización.

El objetivo principal que nos proponemos en este curso es nuestra introduc-

ción al mundo de la administración de los sistemas GNU/Linux.

Aprenderemos cómo proporcionar desde GNU/Linux los servicios necesarios

a diferentes ambientes de usuarios y máquinas. El campo de estudio de la ad-
ministración de sistemas es de dimensiones muy amplias y variado en cono-
cimientos necesarios. Existen muchas tareas diferentes a realizar, amplios pro-
blemas por tratar, y debemos disponer de grandes conocimientos de hardwa-
re y software, asimismo, tampoco estaría de más un poco de psicología para
tratar con los usuarios finales de los sistemas.

El curso no pretende abordar una distribución GNU/Linux particular, pero se

han escogido un par de ellas significativas, por su amplio uso, para tratar los
ejemplos de tareas: Debian y Fedora.

Respecto al campo de la administración, ésta se intentará gestionar desde el

nivel más bajo posible, normalmente desde la línea de comandos y los fiche-
ros de configuración. Se comentarán, en su caso, herramientas de más alto
nivel, pero hay que tener cuidado con estas últimas, ya que suelen ser fuerte-
mente dependientes de la distribución utilizada e incluso de la versión de ésta;
además, estas herramientas suelen variar funcionalidades entre versiones. La
administración de bajo nivel suele ser mucho más dura, pero conocemos con
qué estamos operando y dónde podemos obtener los resultados, además de
que nos aporta muchos más conocimientos extra, y control preciso sobre las
diferentes tecnologías utilizadas.

Las distribuciones escogidas han sido las ultimas disponibles de: Debian (o
compatibles como las variantes de Ubuntu), y Fedora (o compatibles como
diferentes versiones comerciales de Red Hat, o de comunidad como CentOS),
siendo estas (Debian y Fedora) las más utilizadas en el momento de confeccio-
nar estos materiales. La distribución Debian es un paradigma dentro del mo-
vimiento Open Source, por no pertenecer a ninguna empresa y estar confec-
cionada básicamente por las aportaciones de los voluntarios distribuidos por
todo el mundo. Debian, además, integra casi exclusivamente software libre
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 6 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

(pueden añadirse otros aparte). Además, gran número de distribuciones con

éxito importante (como las variantes de Ubuntu, que de hecho han superado
a Debian como uso en escritorio) tienen a Debian como distribución base.

Nota

Principales distribuciones y empresas comentadas en el texto:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Red Hat, por otra parte, es una de las empresas más solventes en el panorama
comercial, y por eso sea quizás la que otorgue más soporte a nivel empresa-
rial (mediante servicios de pago), mediante sus distribuciones comerciales de
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (tambien existen variantes libres alternativas como
CentOS). Por otra parte, su entrada como patrocinador ha permitido ampliar
los resultados del proyecto Fedora (y la consecuente distribución GNU/Linux),
como conjunto de test para sus distribuciones posteriores, y un desarrollo de
una amplia comunidad que ha crecido a su alrededor. Este caso forma una
interesante experiencia combinada de comunidad y empresa en el desarrollo
de la distribución (como después se ha visto con la ampliación a otros casos
como Novell, con su versión comercial SUSE Linux y su proyecto de comuni-
dad OpenSUSE). Por el contrario, en Debian el soporte depende de los volun-
tarios y del conocimiento compartido de los usuarios, centrándose en su co-
munidad, aunque en los últimos tiempos también ha recibido el soporte (no
sin ciertos problemas en el proceso) de Canonical, desarrollador de Ubuntu.

Siendo la administración de sistemas un campo tan amplio, este manual sólo

pretende introducirnos en este apasionante (y cómo no, también a veces frus-
trante) mundo. Veremos algunas de las tareas típicas, y cómo tratar las proble-
máticas que nos aparecen. Pero la administración es un campo que se aprende
día a día, con el trabajo diario. Y desde aquí advertimos que este manual es un
trabajo abierto, que con sus aciertos y los más que probables errores se puede
ver complementado con los comentarios de sus (sufridores) usuarios. De modo
que son bienvenidos, por parte de los autores, cualquier tipo de comentarios
y sugerencias de mejora de los presentes materiales.

Comentamos, por último, que el contenido refleja el estado de las distribucio-

nes y de las herramientas de administración en el momento de su confección,
o de las correspondientes revisiones o reediciones.
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 7 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

Contenidos

Módulo didáctico 1
Introducción al sistema operativo GNU/Linux
Josep Jorba Esteve
1. Software Libre y Open Source
2. UNIX. Un poco de historia
3. Sistemas GNU/Linux
4. El perfil del administrador de sistemas
5. Tareas del administrador
6. Distribuciones de GNU/Linux
7. Qué veremos...

Módulo didáctico 2
Nivel usuario
Remo Suppi Boldrito
1. Introducción al sistema GNU/Linux
2. Conceptos y órdenes básicas
3. Instalación y arranque de GNU/Linux (conceptos básicos)
4. Configuraciones básicas
5. El entorno gráfico

Módulo didáctico 3
Programación de comandos combinados (shell scripts)
Remo Suppi Boldrito
1. Introducción: el shell
2. Elementos básicos de un shell script

Módulo didáctico 4
Migración y coexistencia con sistemas no Linux
Josep Jorba Esteve
1. Sistemas informáticos: ambientes
2. Servicios en GNU/Linux
3. Tipologías de uso
4. Migrar o coexistir
5. Taller de migración: análisis de casos de estudio

Módulo didáctico 5
Administración local
Josep Jorba Esteve
1. Herramientas básicas para el administrador
2. Distribuciones: particularidades
3. Niveles de arranque y servicios
4. Observar el estado del sistema
5. Sistema de ficheros
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 8 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

6. Usuarios y grupos
7. Servidores de impresión
8. Discos y gestión filesystems
9. Software: actualización
10. Trabajos no interactivos
11. Taller: prácticas combinadas de los apartados

Módulo didáctico 6
Administración de red
Remo Suppi Boldrito
1. Introducción a TCP/IP (TCP/IP suite)
2. Conceptos en TCP/IP
3. ¿Cómo se asigna una dirección Internet?
4. ¿Cómo se debe configurar la red?
5. Configuración del DHCP
6. IP Aliasing
7. IP Masquerade
8. NAT con el kernel 2.2 o superiores
9. ¿Cómo configurar una conexión DialUP y PPP?
10. Configuración de la red mediante hotplug
11. Virtual private network (VPN)
12. Configuraciones avanzadas y herramientas
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 9 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 10 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 11 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 12 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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this requirement.
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 13 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

• C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Ver-
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included in the Modified Version.

• N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to

conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
GNUFDL • PID_00157330 14 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

• O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 15 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
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6.�COLLECTIONS�OF�DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 16 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclai-
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If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",

or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
typically require changing the actual title.

9.�TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
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prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

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10.�FUTURE�REVISIONS�OF�THIS�LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 17 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World
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"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 licen-

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"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part,

as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if

all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than
this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC,
(1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated
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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 18 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 19 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 21 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 22 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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GNUFDL • PID_00157330 24 Administración de sistemas GNU/Linux

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