crypto/internal/fips140/rsa: requires a panic if self-tests fail [1.25 backport]

[gopherbot]

@FiloSottile requested issue #74947 to be considered for backport to the next 1.25 minor release.

@gopherbot please open backport issues for Go 1.24 and Go 1.25.

Backporting a change to the FIPS 140-3 module is an exception we discussed with the lab.

It will involve:

1. landing the change on master
2. preparing release-branch.go1.24 by reverting a small post-module seal change
3. preparing release-branch.go1.24 by backporting a couple internal fips140 tooling changes
4. backporting to release-branch.go1.24
5. re-sealing the fips140 zip file on master based on the new release-branch.go1.24
6. backporting the zip file to Go 1.24 and Go 1.25

Note that we'll have some builders failures in the middle of the process, because the tests will fail with the non-backported v1.0.0 zip'd module. They will resolve at the end of the process.