Geoturismo y Desenvolvimiento Local
Geoturismo y Desenvolvimiento Local
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ApRESENTAO / INTRODUCTION
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1. o que o Geoturismo
What Geotourism is
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Geoturismo e Museologia
liliana pvoas & csar lopes
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A integrao do territrio Naturtejo na European and Global Geoparks Network assistida pela
UNESCO
carlos neto de carvalho
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The meaning of Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional: the first portuguese geopark in the
European and Global Geoparks Network under the auspices of UNESCO
carlos neto de carvalho
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Turkey offers a new geopark to the world: Katakekaumene - Burnt Fires Geopark project
Cneyt Akal, Soniz Bulut, T. Tanju Kaya, M. Ylmaz Savan, Ender F. Svari & Altan Tare
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The Ichnological park of penha Garcia: bringing back to Nature and sustainable enjoyment
carlos neto de carvalho, andrea Baucon, maria catana & Joana de castro rodrigues
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Rotas Culturais e Identidades
minom Grupo de trabalho (concluses)
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A ameaa de abertura de uma mina de urnio em Nisa: o direito das populaces integridade
ambiental e scio-cultural da paisagem
carlos neto de carvalho
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. comunicar a GeoDiversiDaDe
communicatinG GeoDiversity
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apresentao/introDuction
O Geoturismo um segmento do turismo que se tem desenvolvido nos ltimos anos por todo
o mundo. Na realidade, j h muito tempo que as pessoas se deslocam para visitar maravilhas
geolgicas, como grutas, desfiladeiros e montanhas. Contudo, s nos ltimos tempos que
se verifica uma real aposta neste sector, tendo vindo a desenvolver um mercado prprio com
caractersticas especficas.
Um Turismo de Natureza de excelncia suportado pelo uso sustentvel do patrimnio natural,
promovendo a consciencializao para a Natureza, atravs da interpretao. Este tipo de turismo
tem crescido rapidamente nos ltimos anos e os turistas de natureza procuram destinos certificados,
como o que queremos desenvolver atravs das Redes Europeia e Global de Geoparques, sob os
auspcios da UNESCO.
O Geoturismo um segmento emergente cujo objectivo se centra na Geodiversidade. Foi criado um
novo nicho com novas especificidades e contingncias que acompanha no s as tendncias gerais
do turismo mas que tambm impe as suas prprias tendncias. Os Geoparques so pioneiros
em Geoturismo e exemplos no desenvolvimento local sustentvel. O Geoturismo implica uma
consciencializao para o patrimnio Geolgico, para que haja uma compreenso do meio. Neste
caso, os processos geolgicos com elevado interesse cientfico e/ou cultural podem ser associados
beleza cnica tornando-se locais de interesse geolgico com potencial turstico. Sob a alada
dos Geoparques pretende-se estimular o conhecimento da Geodiversidade, a Geoconservao e o
desenvolvimento de novas sinergias para diversificar racionamente a economia local.
essencial que o geoturismo tenha outras valncias para alm da Geodiversidade, de modo a
diversificar a oferta: um local com relevante patrimnio Geolgico deve ter igualmente abordagens
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histria, Cultura e Natureza (no seu todo). Mas tambm importante que exista uma boa
interpretao do territrio e infraestruturas para receber e para responder s mais elevadas
exigncias de qualidade dos geoturistas.
Geoturismo e Desenvolvimento Local foi o tema de discusso durante as XVIII Jornadas do
MINOM sobre a Funo Social do Museu, em Idanha-a-Nova, entre 25 e 28 de Setembro de 2008,
onde mais de 50 profissionais de (geo)turismo, polticos, gestores locais, ambientalistas e gelogos
discutiram turismo, desenvolviemento local, geoconservao, estratgias de marketing, projectos
de geoparques, investigao cientfica, boas e ms prticas e novos projectos.
Este livro resulta do aceso debate sobre os principais temas, Geoturismo & Desenvolvimento Local
e Rotas Culturais & Identidades, que uniu pessoas de diversas reas do conhecimento para discutir
vrios exemplos do Terrrio-Museu Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional, nos fruns de reflexo
e durante as agradveis excurses realizadas. Vrios outros especialistas de diferentes partes
do mundo quiseram contribuir para este livro, com a sua experincia, e em portugus, Ingls ou
Castelhano, para a discusso e reforo do Geoturismo como uma forma de divulgar o nosso papel
consciente na Terra.
No primeiro captulo explicado o que o Geoturismo, com diversos exemplos de todo o mundo
apresentados por Ross Dowling e centrados na nova realidade portuguesa e no Geopark Naturtejo,
por Joana Rodrigues. O modo como se estabelece a ligao entre o Geoturismo e as realidades
locais resulta da reflexo do grupo de trabalho do MINOM. O captulo segundo mostra a relao
fundamental entre os geoparques, o Geoturismo e a musealizao do territrio. Elizabeth Silva
demonstra a importncia da UNESCO na certificao de geoparques e consolidao de redes
continentais, assim como do alcance do Ano Internacional do planeta Terra. Liliana povoas e Csar
Lopes mostram o desafio que o patrimnio Geolgico representa para a Museologia. Carlos Neto
de Carvalho apresenta os propsitos da criao do Geopark Naturtejo e os desafios que se prendem
com o seu desenvolvimento turstico so clarificados por Armindo Jacinto. No quadro das parcerias
estratgicas entre o Geopark Naturtejo e novos geoparques, Roigar Lpez e colaboradores discutem
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Geotourism is a segment of tourism that has been developed around the world in recent years. In
fact since long ago people come to visit geological wonders, such as mountains, canyons or caves.
however, only in recent times there is a real challenge in this sector and it has been developing a
market with very specific characteristics.
Excellence in Nature Tourism is supported by the sustainable use of natural heritage, promoting
Nature awareness through interpretation. This niche has been also growing in the last years all
around the world and nature tourists look for destinations with Excellence brand, as we want to
develop through the European and Global Geoparks networks under the auspices of UNESCO.
Geotourism is an emerging segment in which the objective focuses on Geodiversity. It has been
created a new niche with new specificities and new contingencies that accompanies not only the
general trends of tourism but also imposes its own trends. Geoparks are pioneers in Geotourism
and examples of sustainable local development.
Geotourism needs awareness for Geological heritage. Geological processes with high scientific and/
or cultural interest can be associated to aesthetics and become geosites with tourist potential. On
the frame of Geoparks it is intended to stimulate the knowledge of Geodiversity, Geoconservation
to develop new synergies to improve rationally local business.
It is crucial that Geotourism has other benefits than geodiversity to diversify the offer: one site with
rich geological heritage should have cultural, historical and natural (bio and geo) approaches. But
it is also important to have good interpretation and infrastructures to receive and fulfil the highquality requests of geotourists.
Geotourism & Local Development was the main topic of discussion during the 18th MINOM Meeting
on the Social Role of Museum, held in Idanha-a-Nova between 25th and 28th September 2008 where
more than 50 (geo)tourism professionals, politicians, local managers, nature conservationists and
geologists discussed tourism, local development, geoconservation, marketing strategies, geopark
projects, scientific research, good and bad practices and new projects. This book is the result of
hotly debated major subjects of Geotourism & Local Development and Cultural Routes & Identities
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that brought people to discuss several examples of the Territory-Museum Geopark Naturtejo
Meseta Meridional during the pleasant fieldtrips. Some other experts from different parts of the
world wanted to contribute for this book, with their own experience, both in portuguese, English
and Spanish, for the discussion and strenghting of Geotourism as way for raising awareness of our
sense of place on Earth.
In the first chapter Geotourism is introduced, with several examples all over the world presented
by Ross Dowling and centered in the new portuguese context and Naturtejo Geopark, by Joana
Rodrigues. The ways of establishing Geotourism among local priorities results from the discussion
of MINOM working group. The second chapter shows the fulcral relation between geoparks,
Geotourism and musealization of the territory. Elizabeth Silva demonstrates the importance of
UNESCO for certification of geoparks and strenghting the bonds of continental networks, as well as
the range of International Year of planet Earth. Liliana povoas and Csar Lopes show the challenge
of Geological heritage for Museology. Carlos Neto de Carvalho presents the main objectivres with
the creation of Naturtejo Geopark and the challenges concerning its tourism development are
defined by Armindo Jacinto. In the scope of the strategic partnerships between Naturtejo Geopark
and new geoparks, Roigar Lpez and collaborators discuss the importance of geoparks for local
development, in the frame of Venezuela. Armindo Jacinto resumes his observations on the same
issue about Araripe Geopark, in Brazil. Bojan Reun and colleagues show the importance of mining
heritage for the development of the first Slovenian geopark, in Idrija. Cneyt Akal and colleagues
argue with an unusual geological and cultural heritage for the definition of the first geopark in
Turkey. Eva Lima and collaborators present the main arguments which may allow to dream with
a third geopark in portugal, this time all the Autonomic Region of Azores. At last, Carlos Neto de
Carvalho and colleagues show the necessity to establish new visiting approaches to bring Man back
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to Nature, as in the Ichnological park of penha Garcia or the project for the Mountain Museum in
Oleiros. The chapter Cultural Routes and Identities starts with the conclusion from the MINOM
working group. Alfredo Tinoco brings heritage and its protection to public through Tourism. Judite
primo establishes the social role of heritage. Adolf Seilacher resumes the importance of penha
Garcias fossils as World heritage and Carlos Neto de Carvalho adds on the ex-libris of Naturtejo
Geopark. On the other hand, the author emphasizes, on diverse approaches, the threat of the
possible opening of an uranium ore mining in the protected territory of Naturtejo Geopark. For
closing, Alfredo Tinoco and colleagues, as well as Clia pilo reveal the need to save cultural heritage
in different contexts, through the Marble Route and the health heritage Route. The last chapter,
Communicating Geodiversity, begins with a comprehensive study of Andrea Baucon on the impact
of Geology upon Art, from the antiquity of the classics to contemporarity. Carlos Neto de Carvalho
accounts for the stories of Naturtejo Geopark for a film and a photo exhibition, by prose and poem.
Manuela Catana teach us how to learn with the rocks of Naturtejo Geopark.
Os editores/The editors
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and museography. Communication through the simplest and most direct methods. Sharing of
enthusiasm among members.
Como participar no MINOM? How to take part of MINOM?
O MINOM um frum de aco e de reflexo que pretende dar a conhecer a nova museologia no
mundo. Conta com um envolvimento activo e a interveno regular dos seus membros no seio do
organismo. O MINOM um instrumento que os membros devem recriar constantemente com as
suas prprias iniciativas atravs das actividades que favorecem a sua participao.
MINOM is a forum for action and reflexion that pretends to show a new museology in the world. It
lives from active envolvement and regular intervention of their members. MINOM is an instrument
that members must constantly recreate with their own initiatives through activities leading to their
participation.
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1. O que o Geoturismo
What Geotourism is
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Ross Dowling
Foundation professor and head of Tourism, School of Marketing, Tourism & Leisure, Faculty of Business &
Law, EDITh COWAN UNIVERSITY, Joondalup WA 6027, AUSTRALIA. Email: [email protected].
Introduction
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Geotourism is a synergistic form of tourism in which the elements of the landscape and
landforms together create a tourist experience that is richer than the sum of its parts,
appealing to visitors with diverse interests. It also involves the community when a
combination of local businesses and civic groups work together to promote and provide
distinctive, authentic visitor experiences. Geotourism may also provide economic and other
benefits to local residents such as job creation and income generation as well as added
services, products and supplies. When the community understands the beneficial role of
geotourism it becomes an incentive for wise destination stewardship.
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Fig. 2. The Nature and Scope of Geotourism (Dowling & Newsome, 2006).
Geotourism is also about creating a place in which both locals and tourists are free to
enjoy the areas local geological landscapes (Dowling & Newsome, 2008). It generates an
experience which brings together the local landscape, the local community and its visitors all
of whom have different interests in the earths formations. Local businesses and community
groups work together to promote and provide a distinctive, authentic visitor experience.
Geotourism places a major focus on informing tourists and local communities about the
earth through geological interpretation and education. Geotourism businesses are usually
operated by local communities and may include interpretation, tours, accommodation
and food outlets. These in turn generate business for the local residents creating a larger
workforce and economic aid.
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Geotourisms Stakeholders
In the development of geotourism it is important that tourism should more equitably
balance the costs and benefits of conservation, which are often borne by local communities.
This balance can be achieved through the creation of mutually beneficial, self-sustaining
mechanisms that support tourism, geoheritage, institutions and communities. Ensuring
the long-term success of geotourism depends on creating local incentives to conserve
and protect environmental amenities. The local host community and wider community
groups are both included in a wider group again, that of the stakeholder. In geotourism
this group includes the tourism industry; planners and investors; protected area managers;
conservation non government organisations; the local communities; and finally, the
tourists themselves. While tourists who are on geotours are primarily interested in viewing
landforms and other geological features, they are generally also interested in interacting
with local communities in a sustainable manner. This can occur when visitors view geoattractions with local guides, visit villages, sample local food and drink, or watch crafts
being made, music played or dances. Local guides are often especially highly valued by
geotourists as they can provide deeper understanding of the surrounding geological and
biotic environment.
Ashley & Roe (1998) state that in recent years community involvement in natural area
tourism has increased due to its perceived local economic, social and conservation
benefits. The development of geotourism offers local residents income generation, jobs
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and skill development. It also
is a way in which they can gain benefits from geoheritage
which in the past may have only brought them costs. In addition most conservationists
now recognise the crucial role played by local people in managing geological features. Thus
geotourism is viewed as a way in which geology can be conserved and managed. In addition
the tourism industry recognises the importance of local people because of their central
role in maintaining natural and cultural heritage. Both government and non government
organisations may fund geotourism development as a way of fostering the integration of
development and conservation. Thus in geotourism development there can be a number of
stakeholders involved but with each holding a different perspective on the development.
For example, community based geoheritage management projects may combine both the
development and conservation perspectives to varying degrees.
Stakeholder Engagement
Geotourism development represents a partnership between local people, the private
sector and government and it is gaining acceptance because it makes good economic
sense and can benefits all partners. Stakeholder involvement in geotourism is varied. The
actual and perceived impacts of geotourism influence the attitudes of the host community
and ultimately have an effect on sustainability. Geotourism will only be sustainable where
there are benefits for the host community, and these may be social and/or cultural, and
environmental and will not necessarily be confined to economic benefits.
A tourism development planning framework, which includes stakeholder engagement, has
been applied to the North West Cape region of Western Australia (Dowling, 1999). It is an
area of outstanding natural beauty with unique marine and terrestrial landforms protected
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within both national and marine parks. Tourism, especially geotourism, is the fastest growing
industry in the region and growing concern is held for the ongoing conservation of the
regions environment. The planning approach to the study stemmed from its commitment
to balance the competing needs of profitable development, tourism values, community
lifestyles and environmental protection (Fig. 3). Its underlying philosophy derived from
the need to find options and solutions by the application of an open methodology. This
was based on understanding the inputs, letting land assets and natural resources speak,
gaining expert and public input, and formulating recommendations that emanated clearly
from the information base.
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By applying this methodology, it was considered that a long term tourism development
strategy could be implemented that is sustainable:
politically - because the various viewpoints are properly and objectively analysed;
Commercially - because the development models are tested for long-term
profitability;
Ecologically - because the impacts of the development models are examined in relation
to known resource data;
Socially - because the economic, demographic and cultural impacts are established in
consultation with local people; and
Technically - because the scope of the use of appropriate technologies are demonstrated
in the evaluation process.
This philosophical base was translated into practical application through a methodology
incorporating three phases - analysis, formulation and reporting (Fig. 4). The analysis phase
included site visits and local consultations, the formulation phase included an evaluation of
options, and the reporting phase included a review with local decision makers. Key elements
of the consulting process included distributing information well before discussion took
place in a range of individual and public meetings. Issues were discussed in an iterative
manner in order to ensure that all stakeholders had a chance to input fairly into the process.
The focus was on the formulation stream of action in the centre of the diagram, where
the information was brought together after analyses. Each information source was tested
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for relevance and processed as necessary to operate the methodology. The resulting
stakeholder discussions and inputs has led to a workable development plan.
case stuDies
There are a number of examples around the world where geotourism is being used as a
primary tool for the development of local and regional communities. Examples are now
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presented of selected geotourism
developments in Australia, Iceland, Malaysia, Oman and
the USA.
Australia
Australias tourism is largely based on its geotourism attractions with its iconic drawcard
being Uluru, the worlds largest monolith in the centre of the continent. In addition to Uluru,
Kanawinka, Australias first Global Geopark, has recently been established in southeastern
South Australia and western Victoria.
Uluru Australias icon geotourism site
Australias has a large number of natural landforms with the most well known being Uluru
(formerly known as Ayers Rock and often simply referred to as The Rock), in the centre
of the country (Fig. 5). It is not only Uluru that has tourists travelling to the red centre of
Australia but also nearby Kata Tjuta which together form Uluru - Kata Tjuta National park,
a World heritage Region. Uluru is a monolith and Kata Tjuta comprises 36 rocky domes.
Together they cover 35 square kilometres.
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The geology of Uluru and Kata Tjuta provides insight into the heritage of the Earth and also
the age of the rocks which is what draws people to visit it. however, the park has to manage
this increased visitation to ensure that the landforms are not damaged and are preserved
for future generations. The park has a Cultural Centre which provides interpretation about
the areas geology and landforms. It plays a large role in helping the tourists to understand
the culture of the local traditional owners, the Anangu people, and how Uluru and Kata
Tjuta are central to their way of life.
The first tourists visited the area in 1936 and today the landforms are visited by over 400
000 people each year from Australia and overseas. Guided tours are led by elders of the
Anangu people who provide
insight into what Uluru and Kata Tjuta means to them through
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the sharing of stories about their relation to the land and formation of the rock. One of
the major attractions to Uluru is being able to climb to the top which many tourists do,
even though it is not a leisure walk. Even though many tourists climb Uluru, the Anangu
people feel that it is disrespectful to do so but they do not prevent tourists from making
the climb (pyers, 2002). So instead of climbing the rock the Anangu people have put a
sign at the base which says Anangu naganana tatintja wiya which means Anangu never
climb. Displaying this sign shows the tourists the importance of Uluru to the traditional
owners and the pride that they take in making sure that it last. One solution that has been
suggested is for tourists to circumnavigate the rock (that is to walk around its 9km base)
rather than climb it (Dowling,1996).
Kanawinka Australias First Geopark
Australias first geopark, the Kanawinka Geopark meaning the land of tomorrow by
the local Buandik people, became a UNESCO Geopark in 2008. The volcanic area of the
Kanawinka Geopark covers some 26,910 square kilometres extending some 400 kilometres
from Colac in Victoria to Mount Gambier in South Australia, and is 120 kilometres wide
(McKnight, 2008). The park includes six sites of international significance, fourteen sites of
national significance, eight sites of state significance and 25 sites of regional significance.
The park is promoted into four distinct region precincts, which are lakes and wetlands,
cones and falls, coast and caves and craters and limestone (Fig. 6).
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Fig. 6. The Blue Lake, Kanawinka Geopark, Australia (source: Kanawinka Geopark).
The lakes and wetlands encompasses the eastern section of the volcanic region and contains
a good proportion of the more significant volcanic features as well as the vast majority of the
regions water bodies formed by volcanic activity. Cones and falls include a series of volcanic
systems that link a number of major cones with the ocean via extensive lava flows. This includes
Byaduk caves which are the most extensive and accessible set of lava caves in Australia and
because they are only 8,000 years old they are largely unweathered and in their natural state.
Cape Bridgewater is the main attraction in the coast and caves precinct as it was once a
volcanic island created when rising sea levels built a bridge of sand dunes. Finally the craters
and limestone precinct includes
a volcanic crater lake complex and mountain range.
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Through the creation of the geopark a number of local enterprises and small businesses
have been established as well as training programs and new jobs by generating new source
of revenue while also protecting the geo-resources. The park has also fostered an education
regime which includes a number of tools and activities which communicate geoscientific
knowledge and the environmental concepts to the public. This includes museums, trails,
literature maps and an interpretive centre, the penshurst Volcanoes Discovery Centre which
displays geological history and the nature of volcanoes in the region (Fig. 7). In addition
there are a number of extensive education programs for schools.
Fig. 7. Brochure of the penshurst Volcanoes Discovery Centre at Kanawinka Global Geopark (Australia).
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The park offers a number of activities which reflect tourism development at a local level.
They include walking tracks, interpretative signage, viewing platforms, and boat tours
of caves. The park also provides school, university and visiting geological groups to be
better educated on Australias geology. This knowledge is conveyed largely by volunteers
who have a passion for its geology and includes information on the need for geoheritage
conservation and protection.
Iceland
Iceland is synonymous with rugged landscapes, glaciers, volcanoes and geothermal activity.
Lonely planet (6th edition 2007: 44) states Its difficult to remain unmoved by the amazing
diversity of the Icelandic landscape noting that fissures rip the ground apart, volcanoes
erupt, lava spills, and steam, mud and boiling water come spurting from the earth (p. 182).
Sitting astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Icelands geology is a work in progress as it is the
youngest country in Europe. It has 22 active volcanoes, 250 geothermal areas, 780 hot
springs, and the worlds third largest icecap. It is one of the worlds most active hot-spots
with one-third of all the lava to surface on earth in the last 1000 years being of Icelandic
origin. The country has two World heritage Regions, four national parks and 80 nature
reserves, but as yet has no geoparks. Yet Iceland is a geotourists dream destination and
with appropriate development and smart marketing it is already capitalising on the rising
interest of geotourism in general, and geoparks in particular (Dowling, 2008b).
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Iceland is geologically young and is located sitting astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is
geologically active with many volcanoes, geysers and earthquakes. Nowhere on Earth is
such a showcase of volcanic features found (harlow, 2008). The volcanoes include hekla,
Eldgj, and Eldfell and the eruption of Laki in 17831784 caused dust clouds and haze to
appear over most of Europe and parts of Asia and Africa for months after the eruption.
Recent eruptions have included the new island of Surtsey, which rose above the ocean in
a series of volcanic eruptions between 1963 and 1968. A second occurred on the island of
heimaey in 1973 which produced the new red cinder cone Eldfell, and a third is hekla which
produced a series of powerful earthquakes which shook the country in 2000. The geysers
include Geysir, from which the English word is derived. This is now inactive but the nearby
geyser of Strokkur is a major tourist drawcard. Iceland is composed primarily of basalt,
similar to hawaii, but it also has various kinds of volcanoes, many of which produce more
evolved lavas such as rhyolite and andesite.
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Fig. 8. Strokkur Geyser (Iceland).
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The number of tourists in Iceland has grown rapidly in the recent years. Over the past decade
the number of travellers to Iceland has increased at an average annual rate of 11% and in
2004, Iceland had more than 360 000 visitors. The tourism sector is expanding with recent
trends incorporating geotourism. Geysir is Icelands most famous tourist attraction. It is the
original hot water spout from which all others are named. It has had a history of intermittent
eruptions and in recent times earthquakes have tended to revive its activity. however, the
neighbouring geyser Strokkur erupts to heights of up to 30 metres approximately every five
minutes (Fig. 8). Both Geysir and Strokkur are surrounded by thirty much smaller geysers
and hot pools in the area, including one called Litli Geysir (Little Geysir). At the geyser site
there is a tourist complex which contains a Geoscience Centre, an audiovisual exhibition on
geysers and volcanoes with an earthquake simulator (Fig. 9).
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Geotourism also fosters education as an important part of its appeal to tourists and this
is an excellent place to learn and gain knowledge on some simply extraordinary geology.
This exhibition explains the basics of geology and allows visitors to understand and make
meaning of the research and knowledge geologists have gained. Not only is the geology
of the area explained but so is how and why they have used the area to produce heat and
electricity for houses and buildings. The exhibition uses the finest technology, visual aids
and documentaries, computer graphics and professionals to help describe and detail on
the geological processes so that all visitors can learn something new and see just how it
works. This power plant is not only an educational base but its important to understand by
using the active volcanic peninsula they benefit the entire community and the planet Earth
in an eco-friendly manner.
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Fig. 11. The Bridge Between Two Continents, Iceland: left North America; right Europe.
Also on the Reykjanes peninsula lies the Bridge Between Two Continents, a remarkable
geotourism attraction (Fig. 11). It is situated on the lava-scarred peninsula where two of the
Earths tectonic plates split. The bridge spans the two continents and is situated in the Alfagja
rift valley, a chasm marking the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental
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tectonic plates. Crossing the bridge takes you from North America to Europe (Fig. 12).
Fig. 12. The Bridge Between Two Continents (Iceland): midpoint interpretive signage.
Fig. 13. Eldfell Fire Mountain which erupted in 1973, heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar Islands, Iceland.
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are exposed. Interpretive signs have been erected and it is already attracting many visitors.
The excavation project has been called The pompeii of the North.
Iceland is abundant with volcanic activity, mountains, rock outcrops and peninsulas and
is one of the most impressive geological destinations in the world. here geotourism will
continue to grow and expand as an iconic tourist destination which not only leaves tourists
with a unique geological experience but also benefits the local economy and community.
Malaysia
Malaysia is a land of magnificent geosites and its first geopark, the island of Langkawi,
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was proclaimed in 2007. Other
key geosites are the World heritage Listed Mt Kinabalu
in Sabah and Gunung Mulu in Sarawak. Gunung Mulu National park is one of the largest
tourist attractions in East Malaysia encompassing spectacular caves and karst formations
in a mountainous equatorial rainforest setting. Mulu is dominated by three mountains Gunung Mulu (2376 m), Gunung Api (1750 m) and Gunung Benarat (1585 m). It is renowned
for its high biodiversity and some of the largest and most unique limestone features in
the world (UNESCO 2008). Thus, many of Mulus greatest attractions lie deep below the
surface. hidden underneath the forested slopes of these mountains is one of the largest
limestone cave systems in the world. The park was established in 1974 and is situated 100 km
southeast of the town of Miri, close to the Brunei border. The geology of the area consists of
a combination of alluvial clays, sandstone and limestone formations. The majestic Gunung
Mulu rise over a mass of sandstone covering 52,865 hectares of old primary rainforest
crossed by a number of fast flowing rivers.
Gunung Mulu National park incorporates the largest cave in the world, the longest cave
passage with underground clear water constantly flowing, and the largest rock chamber in
the world. Sixty to seventy percent of the caves in the region have not yet been explored.
The park is extremely rich in cave resources, as a result of geological uplift in the karst
formation 2-5 million years ago followed by the erosion of the karst landscape by rivers
in the area. The caves that have been created are some of the largest found anywhere in
the world and are superb examples of tropical river caves with flood incursions, extensive
classic sediment deposits and elliptical tubes linking different cave levels.
Sarawak Chamber is the largest natural rock chamber in the world (Fig. 15) and is three
times the size of the Big Room in Carlsbad Caverns National park, New Mexico. It is 700 m
long, 400 m wide and approximately 70 m high. Api Chamber is a chamber in Whiterock
Cave in Gunung Api. It is the eighth largest cave chamber by area in the world. Its height
]
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is over 100 m and its plan area is 58,000 square meters. Over 200 km of cave passages
have been explored but this is thought to represent just 30-40% of the actual total. It is the
second largest chamber in Malaysia after Sarawak Chamber.
Fig. 15. Sarawak Cave Chamber, Gunung Mulu National park, Sarawak,
Malaysia (Source: www.mulupark.com/Image/Caveactivities/adventure-cave-Sarawak-Cham.jpg).
As well as caves, razor-edged pinnacles are a feature of the area, particularly on the
north-east side of Gunung Api (McGinley, 2008). The pinnacles are a collection of 45 m high
limestone needles that cling to the side of the mountains. As water has continued to erode
and dissolve the rock the formations have taken on a razor-like appearance (Fig. 16). They
are formed in a forest of silver-grey stone encircled by thick green vegetation. A trekking
trail to the area, the pinnacles Summit Trek, is one of the most popular hikes in the park.
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Located in the Jebel Shams is the village Misfat Al Abryeen. It is one of many small villages
established in the mountains near the source of a natural spring, and from this it shows that
their lifestyle are blends a lot with the landscape and the surroundings. hence with these
natural springs, the system of water channels is a sophisticated method of sharing the
precious water and diverting it to homes and crops. The Ministry of Tourism is developing
a geotourism project here in partnership from the local community with plans to refurbish
some of the abandoned houses to maintain their traditional character, but with added
facilities adequate for tourist accommodations. It was intended to conserve and sustain the
villages architecture heritage and at the same time to provide employment opportunities
for the local community around the Jebel Shams through guiding, hospitality services and
local information.
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The Cave has quickly become a popular tourist attraction and receives up to 750 tourists
per day. Tour operators now feature Al hoota Cave as part of their inbound packages and
the cave is well utilized by educational groups, the government sector, and geologists.
United States of America
probably the worlds premier geotourism attraction is the Grand Canyon, one of the worlds
natural wonders, located in Arizona, USA (Fig. 20). people from all over the world come to
view the spectacular site and experience what this location has to offer. The Grand Canyon
]
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National park covers over 1.2 million acres, and in 1979 UNESCO designated the Canyon as
a World heritage Site. In the park there are many touristic attractions and activities. These
include hiking through the different areas of the national park and camping at the various
grounds. There are also museums and visitor centres so visitors can learn about the history
and geology of the area.
Fig. 20. Grand Canyon, USA one of the worlds geological wonders (Source: Juan, 2002).
Geotourism in the Grand Canyon began after the construction of the railroad in the canyons
rim in 1901. Visitors came to view the geology of the Canyon carved by the Colorado River
with its vast array of colours showing the geological eras over millions of years. There are
also broad platforms, temple-like buttes and intricate side canyons (Martin, 2008). This is
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the geo in geotourism that
visitors come and see. They want to experience and see firsthand the outworking of the forces of nature which have produced this incredible geosite.
By the 1990s visitation had grown enormously and the park was faced with challenges such
as overcrowding and inadequate park facilities. The Grand Canyon currently attracts near
five million visitors per year and the park has had to expand their facilities. The tourism
in geotourism is prevalent through many visitor facilities, activities and attractions. The
visitor centre is located at the south rim of the national park and has much information
about the canyon and its geology.
The Grand Canyon Sky Walk
The latest structure to be added to the Grand Canyon has been the multi-million dollar
Grand Canyon Sky Walk, which lies in Indian lands outside the National park itself. The
skywalk was created for, and is owned by, the hualapai Tribe, and since its opening in early
2007 it has become one of the biggest attractions at the canyon. The skywalk is a 130 foot
horse-shoe shaped bridge cantilevered over the edge of the Grand Canyon suspended 4000
feet above the canyon floor (Fig. 21). It has a glass bottom and provides 720 degree views
(Gizmag, 2003). Visitors have a birds eye view of what the floor of the canyon actually
looks like as well as viewing the different landforms and geological occurrences that the
canyon has gone through.
]
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Fig. 21. Grand Canyon Skywalk, USA (Source: Lonely planet, 2007).
The bridge allows people to walk out over the canyon and look down through the glass
floor, at the canyon floor some 4000 feet below. It is a unique experience and allows the
visitor to become more interactive with the actual site rather than just viewing it. The
structure is relatively non-intrusive on the landscape as it blends in with the natural colours
and is perched out only over a small expanse of land. It allows people to walk over the
bridge rather than trample on the landscape, thus helping to preserve the sites natural
features and through a sustainable alternative.
The Skywalk is operated by the hualapai Tribe, which owns and protects more than one
million acres of land throughout the Grand Canyons western rim. During construction of
the Skywalk, architects andwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
engineers were concerned not only with safety but also with
creating a structure that would balance well with its natural surroundings and protect
that values held by the hualapai (Viator, 2008). The tribe is hoping to attract visitors to a
high unemployment area. To get experience the Skywalk, the visitors pay US$25 for a 15minute walk (Andy, 2007). The tribe of 2200 people has an unemployment rate of 70 per
cent with more than a third living below the poverty line. Since the opening of the Grand
Canyon Skywalk in March 2007, Grand Canyon West has welcomed more than 200,000
visitors. Operational functions have more than doubled to address the sudden growth
and improvements are being made daily to ensure the satisfaction of each tourist (Grand
Canyon Skywalk, 2008).
The hualapai wish that sharing this land and the breathtaking landscape will provide their
present and future generations with a much-needed economic revitalization (Viator, 2008).
According to a hualapai official the cost of the Skywalk was US$31 million. Future plans for
the Grand Canyon Skywalk complex include a museum, a movie theatre, VIp lounge, gift
shop, and several restaurants and bars including a high-end restaurant called the Skywalk
Cafe where visitors will be able to dine outdoors at the canyons rim (Wikipedia, 2008).
the challenges involved in Developing local Geotourism
Geotourism is often championed as being an effective strategy for diversifying the incomes
of rural and/or remote areas in a sustainable manner as it is said to consume less resources
than other rural development initiatives such as forestry or farming. however, there are a
number of challenges which face local geotourism development including economic, social
and environmental ones. The underlying key is to help the community move from passive to
active and from individual to collective, involvement in tourism. A number of strategies can
]
[ 33
Strategies
Complement livelihoods
Examples
provide training in professional tourism skills
Create linkages through partnerships
Develop sales opportunities
Expand collective income & its equitable distribution
Secure geotourism resource rights
Recognise existing livelihoods
Adapt tourism management to them
Integrate social development skills with business and
conservation expertise
9
10
11
12
with
Fig. 22. Enhancing Community Involvement in Geotourism (after Ashley and Roe 1998).
Geotourism can generate a range of economic benefits for local communities including
revenue creation, job generation, diversification and infrastructure improvement. however,
a number of challenges exist including economic leakage, menial jobs, a compromise of
other livelihood activities and a drain on existing resources. Community involvement in
geotourism can result in increased pride in, and recognition of, the cultural and natural
assets of the area through the development of visitor centres, the renewal of interest in
traditional culture and crafts, and interpretation of the regions geology.
conclusions
Recently, geotourism has emerged as an additional tourism industry, which offers new
development and employment opportunities for local people. Net benefits from tourism
accrue from the balance of economic, social and environmental interactions of tourists
with a destination (Greiner et al., 2004). Any geotourism venture should only be considered
successful if local communities have some measure of control over them and if they share
equitably in the benefits emerging from geotourism opportunities. But geotourism, like
other forms of tourism, can generate both positive and negative impacts. Thus the main aim
]
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It should be noted that communities not only act as a resource for geotourism but they also
receive and generate tourists. Communities can be a potential motivator for geotourists
wanting to experience the way of life and the material products of different communities
either around the world or around the corner (Richards and hall 2000). Thus community
based geotourism development should strengthen institutions which enhance local
participation and promote economic social and cultural well-being for all.
conclusion
This and next year geotourism will again be in the spotlight with one European venue at
Geopark Naturtejo (portugal) and two global conferences being held in Malaysia in April 2010.
They are the 8th European Geoparks Conference New Challenges with Geotourism being held
at Idanha-a-Nova from 14-16 September, the 4th UNESCO Conference on Geoparks Geoheritage
Education for Sustainability being held at Langkawi Geopark on the island of Langkawi from
12-16 April, and the 2nd Global Geotourism Conference being held in Miri, Sarawak, Borneo, from
17-20 April. No doubt these conferences will further advance our knowledge of Geotourism
especially in applied forms. Either or all conferences are not to be missed.
References
Al Musharfi, S. & Lawrence, A. 2008. Geotourism in Oman. In: Geotourism. Proceedings of the Inaugural Global
Geotourism Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet (Coord. R.K. Dowling & D. Newsome). Fremantle,
Western Australia, 17-20 August. promaco Conventions pty, Ltd: 21-28.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Andy, G. 2007. BBC NEWS, March 2007. Grand Canyon Glass Skywalk Opens. Retrieved 15 September 2008
from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6469941.stm
Ashley, C. & Roe, D. 1998. Enhancing Community Development in Wildlife Tourism: Issues and Challenges, IIED
Wildlife and Development Series, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK, 12.
Bryson, J. M. & Crosby, B. C. 1992. Leadership for the Common Good: Tackling Public Problems in a SharedPower World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dowling, R. K. 1996. Ecotourism and Conservation Management. Ranger, A Journal for Conservation Managers,
34: 26-28.
Dowling, R. K. 1999. Developing tourism in the environmentally sensitive North West Cape Region, Western
Australia. In: Tourism Development in Critical Environments (Coord. T. V. Singh, & S. Singh). Cognizant
Communication Corporation, New York: 163-175.
Dowling, R. K. 2008a. The Future of Geotourism. presented at the 3rd International UNESCO Conference of
Geoparks, Osnabrueck, Germany, 22-26 June.
Dowling, R. K. 2008b. Geotourism in Iceland. In: Geotourism - Proceedings of the Inaugural Global Geotourism
Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet, (Coord. R. K. Dowling & D. Newsome).Fremantle, Western
Australia, 17-20 August. promaco Conventions pty, Ltd.: 151-157.
Dowling, R. K. & Dowling, W. E. 2007. Oman Tourism: Recommendations for Sustainable Future Development,
Final Report. Ministry of Tourism, Sultanate of Oman, 26 pp.
Dowling, R. K. & Newsome, D. (eds). 2006. Geotourism. Elsevier - Butterworth heinemann, Oxford.
Dowling, R. K. & Newsome, D. (eds.) 2008. Geotourism. proceedings of the Inaugural Global Geotourism
Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet, Fremantle, Western Australia, 17-20 August. promaco
Conventions pty, Ltd. 478pp.
]
[ 36
Francis, G. 1999. Mulu National Park Walkway in the Sky. Retrieved 5 October 2008 from www.e-borneo.
com/travel/articles/mulu-national-park-canopy-walkway-in-the-sky.html.
Gizmag 2008. hualapai Tribe Building Skywalk 4,000 Feet above Colorado River Retrieved: 19 September
2008 from www.gizmag.com/go/4053/.
Goodwin, h., Kent, I., parker, K. & Walpole, M. 1998. Tourism, Conservation and Sustainable Development:
Case Studies from Asia and Africa. IIED Wildlife and Development Series No. 12. International Institute for
Environment and Development, London, UK.
Grand Canyon Skywalk. 2008. Walk The Skywalk. Retrieved 15 September 2008, from: www.
grandcanyonskywalk.com/mainmenu.html.
Greiner, R., Stoeckl, N. & Schweigert, R. 2004. Estimating community benefits from tourism: The case of
Carpentaria Shire. 48th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society,
Melbourne, 11-13 February.
harlow, C. 2008. Iceland, Landmark publishing, Ashbourne, England.
James, h. C. L. & hose, T. A. 2008. Are We in Danger of Losing the Geo in Geotourism? An assessment of the
geological potential of selected sites in southern-central Britain. In: Geotourism. Proceedings of the Inaugural
Global Geotourism Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet (Coord. R. K. Dowling & D. Newsome).
Fremantle, Western Australia, 17-20 August. promaco Conventions pty, Ltd: 199-208.
Juan, N. 2002. Grand Canyon, North Rim. Retrieved 10 September 2008 from: www.cs.rice.edu/~jnavarro/
pictures/Sample/Grand%20Canyon,%20North%20Rim.html.
Lonely planet 2007. Walking on Air. Retrieved 15 September 2008 from www.lonelyplanet.com/ blogs/travel_
blog/labels/The%20Americas.html.
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Martin, S. 2008. Lessons Learned from 100 Years of Geotourism at Grand Canyon National Park. In: Geotourism.
Proceedings of the Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet (Coord. R. K.
Dowling & D. Newsome). Fremantle, Western Australia, 17-20 August. promaco Conventions pty, Ltd: 41-48.
McGinley, M. 2008. Gunung Mulu National park, Malaysia. Retrieved 30 September 2008 from www.eoearth.
org/article/Gunung_Mulu_National_park,_Malaysia.
McKnight, J. 2008. Development of the Australian Geopark Network. In: Geotourism. Proceedings of the
Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference, Discover the Earth Beneath our Feet (Coord. R. K. Dowling & D.
Newsome). Fremantle, Western Australia, 17-20 August. promaco Conventions pty, Ltd: 57-62.
Medeiros de Araujo, L. & Bramwell, B. 2000. Stakeholder assessment and collaborative tourism planning:
The case of Brazils Costa Dourada project. In: Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and
Sustainability (Coord. B. Bramwell & B. Lane). Channel View publications, Clevedon: 272-294.
Newsome, D., Dowling, R. K. & Moore, S. A. 2005. Wildlife Tourism. Channel View publications, Clevedon,
England.
pyers, G. 2002. World Heritage in Australia: Uluru- Kata Tjuta. heinemann Library, Singapore.
Richards, G. & hall, D. (eds.) 2000. Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Routledge, London.
Telfer, D. J. 2003. Development issues in destination communities. In: Tourism in Destination Communities
(Coord. S. Singh, D. J. Timothy & R. K. Dowling). CABI publishing, Oxford:. 155-180.
UNESCO 2008. Gunung Mulu National park. World Heritage United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO). Retrieved 14 September 2008 from www.whc.unesco.org/en/list/1013.
Viator 2008. Grand Canyon Skywalk. Retrieved 15 September 2008, from www.viator.com/Arizona/GrandCanyon-Skywalk/d271-stheme.
Victorias Geology 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2008 from www.vic.gsa.org.au/ Victorian_Geology/.htm.
]
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Wearing, S. & Neil, J. 1999. Ecotourism Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Melbourne: Butterworth heinemann.
Wikipedia 2008. Grand Canyon Skywalk. Retrieved 15 September 2008 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Grand_
Canyon_Skywalk.
]
ross Dowling is Foundation professor of Tourism, and head of the Tourism program, School of Marketing,
Tourism & Leisure, Faculty of Business & Law, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia. Internationally he
is an Advisor, UNESCO Global Network of National Geoparks (France) as well as an Executive Board Member
of the Indian Ocean Tourism Organization (Oman). In Australia he is Co-founder and Executive Director of
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Ecotourism Australia as well as an Advisor to Cruise Down Under. In Western Australia he is Chair of the
Forum Advocating Cultural and Eco Tourism (FACET) as well as a Council Member of the Royal Automobile
Club and the National Trust.
As a Director of Resolve Global (www.resolveglobal.com.au), he is an international consultant on tourism
providing advice for the industry in a number of countries around the world. In recent years he has established
a Tourism degree for Emirates Airlines, United Arab Emirates; convened a number of International Tourism
and hospitality Conferences in Malaysia; lead an Australian team giving Tourism Industry Development
Workshops for the Vietnam Government; completed an extensive lecture tour for the Chinese Government,
throughout China, hong Kong and Macau; and advised on Tourism Development for the Minister of Tourism,
Sultanate of Oman. In 2008 he convened the Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference in Australia.
he is a prolific author and researcher with over 200 tourism publications. In recent years he has co-authored
or co-edited nine books on tourism. They are Ecotourism, Tourism in Destination Communities, Natural Area
Tourism, Ecotourism Policy and Planning, Wildlife Tourism, Geotourism, Cruise Ship Tourism and Coastal Tourism
Development. Two have been translated into Chinese and others published in India.
Dr Dowlings expertise lies in Tourism Development planning and he has been actively involved in the tourism
industry as a tour guide in Asia, the pacific and the Antarctic. he has been awarded an NZ Conservation
Foundation Citation and a Mobil Environmental Award as well as a perth Tourism & Aviation Scholarship.
]
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Gabinete de Geologia e paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano, Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional
UNESCO European and Global Geopark. Avenida Joaquim Moro, 6060-101, Idanha-a-Nova, portugal.
E-mail: [email protected].
1. Introduo
O Geoturismo um segmento do turismo que se tem desenvolvido por todo o mundo
nos ltimos anos. Na realidade j h muito tempo que as pessoas se deslocam para visitar
maravilhas geolgicas, contudo, s nos ltimos tempos que se verifica uma real aposta
neste sector, tendo-se vindo a desenvolver um mercado prprio com caractersticas
especficas.
Mas antes de chegar ao geoturismo necessrio analisar diversas questes relacionadas com
o patrimnio Geolgico que esto na base deste conceito. sua volta que se desenrolam
as variadas estratgias que conduzem o geoturismo. No nos podemos esquecer de todas
as particularidades deste tipo de patrimnio nem de todas as circunstncias inerentes
sua conservao. So precisamente estes factores que vo ditar o tipo de actividades que
podero e devero ser desenvolvidas.
A par com todas estas condies existe um aspecto no menos importante que a legislao
vigente para cada geosstio que vai no s proteger mas ao mesmo tempo condicionar a
sua potencialidade de uso. www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
De seguida iro ser abordadas diversas questes relativas ao patrimnio Geolgico,
geoconservao e ao geoturismo: as estratgias utilizadas, as ferramentas e o pblico-alvo.
2. Emergncia do Geoturismo
O Ecoturismo ou Turismo de Natureza corresponde a uma utilizao recreativa sustentvel
do patrimnio natural, promovendo a sensibilizao para o Ambiente, atravs da sua
interpretao. Este nicho tem crescido bastante nos ltimos anos por todo o mundo. Na
Europa as viagens internacionais deste tipo de turismo representam cerca de 9% do total
das viagens de lazer realizadas (Turismo de portugal, 2006). Os turistas procuram viver
experincias de grande valor simblico, interagir e usufruir da Natureza, em actividades
desportivas e na simples contemplao da Natureza. Os seus principais objectivos oscilam
entre o descansar e desligar no meio natural, caminhar, descobrir novas paisagens,
tirar fotografias, praticar desportos, aprofundar o conhecimento da Natureza e educao
ambiental (Turismo de portugal, 2006).
O geoturismo j tem sido desenvolvido ao longo dos tempos, inconscientemente (Kum &
Lpez, 2007), no que diz respeito a vulces (por exemplo, nos Aores), guas termais (por
exemplo, S. pedro do Sul, Chaves ou Monfortinho), jazidas minerais (pedras parideiras,
Serra da Freita) ou paleontolgicas (pegadas de dinossauros da Serra dAire.
Neste mbito surge o Geoturismo como uma actividade que se baseia na Geodiversidade
(Brilha, 2005). Etimologicamente o termo Geoturismo provm dos termos geo e turismo.
O primeiro refere-se ao planeta Terra enquanto que o segundo refere o gosto pela realizao
de viagens. Da juno resulta um termo que envolve viagens com o objectivo de compreender
o planeta. Geoturismo foi inicialmente definido por hose (1995) como a proviso de servios e
facilidades interpretativas que possibilitem aos turistas adquirir o conhecimento necessrio para
compreender a Geologia e a Geomorfologia de um local alm da mera apreciao esttica. Mais
]
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vantagens do Geoturismo
No est restrito a variaes sazonais tornando-o atractivo ao longo do ano;
no est dependente de hbitos da fauna;
pode complementar a oferta em zonas tursticas
pode promover o artesanato com motivos ligados Geodiversidade local.
]
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4. Patrimnio Geolgico
O patrimnio natural composto por uma srie de elementos biticos e abiticos que
devem ser protegidos e conservados para as geraes futuras. O patrimnio Geolgico
representa a memria da Terra, sobre a qual os seres vivos desenrolam toda a sua actividade.
A sua considerao no contexto do ordenamento do territrio leva a uma interessante
fonte de actividade econmica, especialmente no mbito turstico que, sem dvida, pode
potenciar a economia das reas rurais economicamente deprimidas (Rodrigues, 2008).
Fig. 1 - O patrimnio Geolgico envolve a investigao cientfica, divulgao e legislao (adaptado de Cacho
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
& Silva, 2004)
Dentro do patrimnio natural, o geolgico o que regista a evoluo da Terra e dos seres
vivos que nela habitaram. Sobre ela assentam e vivem todos os seres vivos, membros do
patrimnio natural, como o homem que responsvel pelo patrimnio histrico-artstico
(Nieto, 2002). Segundo Ferreira et al. (2003) o patrimnio Geolgico o conjunto de
locais e objectos geolgicos que, pela sua favorvel exposio e contedo, constituem
documentos que testemunham a histria da Terra, ou seja, a sua Geodiversidade.
o patrimnio Geolgico no pode ser visto unicamente do ponto de vista do conhecimento
cientfico, necessrio passar a mensagem ao pblico atravs de aces de divulgao de
Geologia. por outro lado no menos importante regular a proteco e utilizao atravs da
aplicao de legislao para a conservao do patrimnio Geolgico. Aps concludas as fases
iniciais de investigao cientfica e proteco legal ento possvel proceder divulgao e
implementao de estratgias geotursticas. Contudo no existe uma sequncia definida
de etapas. necessrio que a investigao cientfica seja feita permanentemente e que a
legislao v sendo actualizada no decorrer da divulgao (Fig.1).
Segundo a Estrategia Andaluza de Gestin Integrada de la Geodiversidad, a Geodiversidade e o
patrimnio Geolgico so recursos cientficos e didcticos, suporte de habitats, ecossistemas
e paisagens, motores scio-econmicos para o desenvolvimento sustentvel de reas rurais
e parte fundamental da cultura do homem e das suas actividades no territrio.
Segundo Ramalho (2002) os locais considerados como geosstios so considerados
testemunhos do passado da histria da Terra, que ocorrem de forma interessante, pouco
frequente ou nica, com interesse cientfico, permitindo o conhecimento aprofundado do
passado da Terra, com interesse pedaggico, oferecendo exemplificaes dos fenmenos
geolgicos e com interesse turstico (no mbito do Turismo de Natureza).
]
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Fig. 2 Exemplos de patrimnio Geolgico no Geopark Naturtejo. Da esquerda para a direita e de cima para
baixo: Morfologias Granticas da Gardunha (Castelo Branco), Cascata da Fraga da gua dAlta (Oleiros),
Mina de Ouro Romana do Conhal do Aneiro (Nisa), Canho Fluvial do Rio Erges (Idanha-a-Nova), portas de
Almouro (proena-a-Nova/Vila Velha de Rdo) e Icnofsseis de penha Garcia (Idanha-a-Nova).
]
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5. Geoconservao
Em 1819 assistiu-se a um dos primeiros casos de Geoconservao conhecidos (Gray, 2004)
quando uma populao se insurgiu contra o grande impacto na paisagem de uma pedreira,
em Sulisburg Crag (Esccia), desencadeando uma aco legal que fechou a extraco. Foi
nos EUA que se criou o primeiro espao natural com legislao especfica para a proteco
de aspecto geolgicos, o parque Nacional de Yellowstone, em 1872.
Contudo, s no fim do sculo XX (incio dos anos 90) que se comea a assistir a um
crescente desenvolvimento da Geoconservao, com o 1 Simpsio Internacional para
o patrimnio Geolgico, em Digne, em 1991, que levou criao, em 1992, da proGeo
Associao Europeia para a Conservao do patrimnio Geolgico.
Segundo Brilha (2005), a Geoconservao tem como objectivo a conservao e gesto
do patrimnio Geolgico e processos naturais a ele associados. para o mesmo autor
a geoconservao tem como objectivo a utilizao e gesto sustentvel de toda a
Geodiversidade, uma vez que sem ela no existem razes que justifiquem as potencialidades
geotursticas. A Geoconservao surge assim no seguimento das diversas ameaas a que
est sujeita a Geodiversidade (Gray, 2004; Brilha, 2005): explorao de recursos geolgicos,
desenvolvimento de obras e estruturas, gesto de bacias hidrogrficas, florestao,
desflorestao e agricultura, actividades militares, actividades recreativas e tursticas,
colheita de amostra geolgicas para fins no cientficos e iliteracia cultural.
Uma vez que a geoconservao uma rea recente pode aprender das abordagens
conservacionistas feitas nas reas dos patrimnios arqueolgico e biolgico (Burek &
prosser, 2008).
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Note-se que antes de implementar
uma estratgia h a necessidade de seleccionar os
locais de interesse geolgico (geosstios) consoante a sua vulnerabilidade, relevncia,
singularidade ou tipo de interesse. Assim necessria uma avaliao inicial que ponha em
evidncia os geosstios que devem ser geoconservados.
para hose (2005) existe um conflito entre a geoconservao e a promoo turstica, tendo
o geoturismo de ser includo numa estratgia de turismo sustentado. Assim, o geoturismo
e a geoconservao apresentam um benefcio mtuo: o geoturismo pode trazer suporte
geoconservao e a geoconservao pode ser um recurso para o geoturista (Larwood
& prosser, 1998). O geoturismo permite promover o patrimnio Geolgico atravs da
sensibilizao e da promoo da geologia que so essenciais para uma estratgia de
geoconservao concertada, e para isso necessrio que a mensagem passe e que haja a
consciencializao. Assim o geoturismo assume um papel importante no desenvolvimento
local sustentvel, onde as actividades de animao envolvem a educao ambiental.
necessrio Educar para Conservar.
O Grupo portugus da proGEO implementou, em 2004, o prmio Geoconservao com o
objectivo de premiar uma autarquia que se distinga na implementao de estratgias de
conservao e valorizao do patrimnio Geolgico do seu concelho. Foram j distinguidos
vrios exemplos de conservao do patrimnio Geolgico promovidos por autarquias
(www.progeo.pt). Destaque-se os prmios recebidos pela Cmara Municipal de Idanha-aNova, em 2004 e pela Associao de Municpios Natureza e Tejo, em 2007, este ltimo em
reconhecimento do trabalho desenvolvido no mbito do Geopark Naturtejo em prol do
patrimnio Geolgico do territrio.
O recente Decreto-Lei 142/2008 de 24 de Julho veio estabelecer o regime jurdico
da conservao da natureza e da biodiversidade. O referido diploma veio introduzir
aspectos relacionados com a conservao do patrimnio Geolgico, nomeadamente os
]
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Quando um geoturista vista uma regio tem tambm necessidade de visitar um castelo,
um pelourinho, um qualquer monumento. Ao mesmo tempo quer conhecer a realidade das
tradies do local que visita, os museus etnogrficos, a gastronomia tpica, os cantares e
as danas ou o artesanato. importante que o patrimnio Geolgico se contextualize, no
patrimnio natural, no esquecendo a biodiversidade e os patrimnios histrico-cultural
(Fig. 4).
Esta articulao entre geodiversidade, biodiversidade, histria e cultura local no s
aumenta o potencial geoturstico como tambm diversifica e complementa a oferta.
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7. Desenvolvimento local
para Lpez & Salazar (2008) o geoturismo uma estratgia com o objectivo de promover
o desenvolvimento sustentvel em comunidades economicamente deprimidas atravs da
utilizao e proteco do seu patrimnio Geolgico como recursos turstico de elevada
qualidade.
O desenvolvimento local de uma regio um objectivo e uma consequncia do geoturismo,
na medida em que este se desenrola intrinsecamente aos locais.
A economia local um sector onde se d um grande investimento quer ao nvel da criao de
empresas de alojamento, restaurao, actividades outdoor ou de comrcio, nomeadamente
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de produtos locais e artesanato, mas tambm muitas vezes de produtos de merchandising
(Fig. 5). Muitas vezes estas empresas nascem da necessidade de dar resposta ao crescente
turismo numa dada regio, outras vezes estas empresas j existem e apenas se adaptam
procura.
para que um destino seja eficaz a combinao de todos estes factores tem de resultar,
porque por exemplo, o facto de um visitante no ficar satisfeito com o alojamento
dificilmente repetir ou aconselhar o destino, mesmo tendo um excelente patrimnio
geolgico, prejudicando o desenvolvimento local.
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Fig. 5 Da esquerda para a direita e de cima para baixo: Artesanato (Nisa). Gastronomia (Oleiros). po
(Idanha-a-Nova). Bordado de Castelo Branco. Aldeia histrica de Monsanto. Aldeia de Xisto de Martim
Branco (Castelo Branco)
O geoturismo deve ser operado por diversos agentes, nomeadamente, entidades pblicas
e privadas, instituies cientficas, associaes locais ou organizaes no governamentais.
Actualmente, no territrio do Geopark Naturtejo, existem j empresas de geoturismo que se
dedicam a actividades de desporto da natureza mais tradicionais, mas tambm a recriaes
e visitas temticas relacionadas com Geologia (Fig. 6). Destaque-se as abordagens, por
exemplo, da empresa de animao Trilobite Aventura, do Geo-Restaurante petiscos e
Granitos ou da Geo-padaria Casa do Forno.
No que diz respeito s empresas de actividades outdoor, estas desenvolvem as suas
actividades em redor do patrimnio Geolgico existente, tirando dela partido e ao mesmo
tempo tentando uma abordagem mais holstica que envolva o desporto de natureza, o
patrimnio natural e histrico-cultural. Destaque-se por exemplo uma actividade de
garimpo num rio. Esta baseada em pressupostos geolgicos mas enquadra-se nas
vertentes histrica e cultural de uma regio. Outro exemplo relaciona-se com um almoo
mineiro, em que as abordagens histrica e cultural so privilegiadas, mas onde a questo
geolgica est como pano de fundo.
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Fig. 6 Da esquerda para a direita: Garimpo no rio Ocreza (Vila Velha de Rdo). passeio temtico em Salvaterra
do Extremo (Idanha-a-Nova) Fotowww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
de Joo Geraldes. Biscoitos Trilobite da Geopadaria Casa do Forno (Salvaterra
do Extremo, Idanha-a-Nova). A aventura na descoberta do patrimnio Geolgico (penha Garcia).
]
[ 9
Fig. 7 Da esquerda para a direita: Ti Maria Ti e Sr. Manuel Canilho (penha Garcia, Idanha-a-Nova).
8. Educao
Na base de uma estratgia de geoturismo tem de estar o valor didctico de um geosstio.
As suas valncias na promoo da Geologia so fundamentais para que se desenvolva um
trabalho de valorizao e divulgao. Duas das responsabilidades de um Geoparque so a
conservao do patrimnio geolgico para as geraes futuras e a educao do pblico em
geral, em temticas geolgicas e ambientais. essencial educar e sensibilizar as crianas e
os jovens para a conservao e respeito pena Natureza. E neste sentido h que fomentar
o contacto com o patrimnio Geolgico para que se reconhea a importncia da sua
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conservao, por serem locais chave que permitem compreender a histria e evoluo da
vida e do prprio planeta Terra (Catana, 2008a,b; Catana & Caetano Alves, 2008).
O Geopark Naturtejo apresenta um conjunto de actividades pedaggicas includas em
10 Sadas de Campo que incluem visitas a geosstios, espaos museolgicos, centros de
cincia, percursos pedestres e passeios de barco. Todas estas ferramentas, aliadas aos
guias especializados, com formao cientfica e pedaggica apropriada e aos materiais
didcticos de apoio, esto ao servio das escolas na formao e sensibilizao para o
patrimnio Geolgico (Fig. 8).
Mas a educao no passa apenas pelos estudantes. A educao a base do geoturismo. Ao
receber a informao o geoturista est a aprender mediante os instrumentos interpretativos
didcticos que lhe so facultados. Quanto mais explcitos forem os fenmenos e mais
apelativa for a interpretao mais eficaz se torna a divulgao da Geologia. por outro lado,
um cidado que tenha tido a possibilidade de ter estudado Geologia, mais consciente e
interessado est para a prtica do geoturismo.
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9. Interpretao da Geodiversidade
A interpretao da Geodiversidade a base para uma estratgia de geoturismo. Destacase, por exemplo, os painis interpretativos, que so colocados nos geosstios, ou no caso
dos miradouros, no local de onde se observam os aspectos geolgicos (Fig. 9). Estes
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Fig. 9 Exemplos de painis no Geopark Naturtejo. Da esquerda para a direita: Rota dos Fsseis de penha
Garcia. Trilhos do Conhal, Conhal do Arneiro.
Fig. 10 Da esquerda para a direita, de cima para baixo: Folheto do percurso pedestre Trilhos do Conhal
(Nisa). Folheto da Rota dos Fsseis (penha Garcia, Idanha-a-Nova). Livro Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta
Meridional. 600 Milhes de Anos em Imagens. Mapa Geoturstico do Geopark Naturtejo
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Fig. 11 Logtipo do AIpT
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10.2 Geoparques
No fim dos anos 90, a Diviso para as Cincias da Terra da UNESCO props o programa
Geoparques para a proteco do patrimnio Geolgico (Eder, 1999). Uma vez que no
houve financiamento para este projecto, a UNESCO apoiou institucionalmente a Rede
Europeia de Geoparques (REG) (Eder & patzak, 2004), criada em Junho de 2000 (Zouros,
2004) em Frana, Alemanha, Espanha e Grcia e que conta actualmente (Setembro de
2009) com 34 geoparques em 13 pases. Em Fevereiro de 2004, foi criada a Rede Global
de Geoparques (RGG) (Zouros, 2004), apoiada formalmente pela UNESCO, actualmente
(Setembro de 2009) com 62www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
geoparques em 19 pases. h, neste momento, candidaturas de
pases como Japo, Vietname, Indonsia, Coreia, Venezuela e Mxico (Katerina Vasileladou,
comunicao oral)
Um geoparque combina o patrimnio Geolgico com desenvolvimento sustentvel da
regio. Segundo Brilha (2005) um geoparque um instrumento para o desenvolvimento
sustentado. para a UNESCO, um geoparque um territrio com limites bem definidos e com
uma rea suficiente alargada de modo a permitir um desenvolvimento scio-econmico,
cultural e ambientalmente sustentvel.
As Redes Europeia e Global de Geoparques, sob os auspcios da UNESCO tm como objectivo
a troca de experincias e ferramentas para a conservao, valorizao e divulgao do
patrimnio Geolgico (Fig. 13).
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Fig. 15 Da esquerda para a direita: Futuro Museu do paleozico (penha Garcia, Idanha-a-Nova). Museu de
Arqueologia do Rdo (Vila Velha de Rdo).
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Fig. 16 Da esquerda para a direita: parque Icnolgico de penha Garcia (Idanha-a-Nova). Miradouro sobre o
Conhal do Arneiro (Nisa).
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Fig. 17 Fotografia ao Inselberg de Monsanto (Idanha-a-Nova). passeio de barco no Tejo (Vila Velha de Rdo).
Rappel australiano (penha Garcia, Idanha-a-Nova). Kayak no Tejo (Vila Velha de Rdo)
]
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pode implicar a perturbao da Bio- e Geodiversidade que poder ser irreversvel levando
perda do potencial geoturstico do local. Segundo Brilha (2005), a monitorizao promove
a criao de estratgias para quantificar a perda de relevncia ao longo do tempo. Assim,
dever ser feita uma nova avaliao de vulnerabilidade repetidamente, com o objectivo de
manuteno da Geodiversidade.
12. Concluses
Antes da aplicao de qualquer estratgia de geoconservao ou de geoturismo
importante que haja uma forte base cientfica que sustente a utilizao de um local de
interesse geolgico. Sem este estudo impossvel determinar o interesse, a vulnerabilidade
e a utilizao de um geosstio. Alm da caracterizao cientfica inicial um geosstio dever
merecer permanentemente um acompanhamento tcnico especializado no s para a
valorizao e divulgao, mas tambm para uma eficaz monitorizao, imprescindvel para
a manuteno do local.
Como foi referido anteriormente, as ferramentas de interpretao so instrumentos
essenciais ao desenvolvimento do geoturismo que complementam todo o tipo de
estratgias utilizadas. Os visitantes sentem a necessidade de aprender ao mesmo tempo
que fazem um uso recreativo do territrio atravs de prticas desportivas e recreativas.
Em qualquer estratgia turstica as infra-estruturas so determinantes para o tipo de
actividade a realizar. As acessibilidades aos locais so importantes, assim como as condies
de segurana de visitao e a informao disponibilizadas. As estruturas de apoio,
nomeadamente, centros interpretativos, centros de acolhimento, sinalizao, caminhos e
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trilhos, servios de hotelaria
e restaurao so muitas vezes diferenciadoras na escolha de
um destino geoturstico
Um local torna-se num geosstio devido s suas caractersticas intrnsecas, culturais,
econmicas, funcionais, cientficas e educacionais, mas do ponto de vista geoturstico
imperativo que um local apresente beleza cnica e paisagens atractivas.
So muitas e diversificadas as estratgias geotursticas, tornando-se fundamental um
estudo prvio que determine qual o tipo de actividades que melhor se aplicam a um
determinado local, a que tipo de visitantes se destinam, qual o tipo de infra-estruturas
de apoio que so necessrias, que tipo de material de divulgao dever ser produzido.
Este um processo complexo que muitas vezes se desenrola ao mesmo tempo que so
desenvolvidas e aplicadas as estratgias.
essencial que no futuro sejam realizadas anlises eficcia da comunicao da Geologia
nas diferentes estratgias de geoturismo, que sejam aferidos os critrios diferenciadores na
escolha dos destinos por parte dos geoturistas e que seja traado um perfil do geoturistas
nas suas variadas dimenses.
Agradecimentos
Fica um agradecimento Alexandra Coelho e ao Carlos Neto de Carvalho pela leitura atenta
deste trabalho.
Referncias Bibliogrficas
Barbosa, B., Ferreira, N. & Barra, A. 1999. Importncia da Geologia na Defesa do patrimnio Geolgico, no
Geoturismo e no Ordenamento do Territrio. Geonovas, 13, 22-33.
Barriga, F. J. A. S. 2005. O Museu Nacional de histria Natural na preservao e Divulgao do patrimnio
Geolgico. In: Patrimnio Paleontolgico: da Descoberta ao Reconhecimento - Cruziana 05. Actas do Encontro
Internacional sobre Patrimnio Paleontolgico, Geoconservao e Geoturismo (Coord. C. Neto de Carvalho).
Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova: 86.
]
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Contributo para o Ordenamento do Territrio. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade dos Aores, 110 pp.
Lpez, R. & Salazar, J. 2008. Geotouristic Resources of Cubagua Island. Referncia digital publicada na Associao
Internacional de Geoturismo (polnia). Disponvel em: http://geotourismonline.com/?articles,6.
Martini, G. 2000. Geological heritage and Geo-tourism. Geological Heritage: its conservation and management
(Coord. D. Barettino, W. A. p. Wimbledon & E. Gallego), Madrid, 147-156.
Melndez, G., Rodrigues, J., Calonge, A., Dermitzakis, M., Fermeli, G. & Lpez-Carrillo, M. D. 2008. Local
museistics: geological and palaeontological museums as an emergent tool in geodidactics. proposed
initiatives for sharing strategies across southern Europe. In: Actas del XV Simposio sobre Enseanza de la
Geologia, (Coord. A. Calonge, L. Rebollo, M.D. Lpez-Carrillo, A. Rodrigo & I. Rbano), Cuadernos del Museo
Geominero, 11, 295-311
Melndez, G. & Rodrigues, J. 2008. Los museos paleontolgicos como componente bsico del Geoturismo y
herramienta Geodidctica: Ejemplos en Aragn (Espaa) y en penha Garcia (portugal). VII Congreso Geolgico
de Espaa, Geotemas, 8
Monro, K. 2004. Landscape, Tourism and Economy. Natural and Cultural Landscapes The Geological Foundation
(Coord. M. A. parks), Royal Irish Academy, 273-276.
de Mulder, E. F. J., Nield , T. & Derbyshire, E. 2004. The International Year of planet Earth (20072009): Earth
Sciences for Society. Episodes, 28(2), 82-86
Nieto, L. M. 2002. patrimonio Geolgico, Cultura y Turismo. Boletn del Inst. de Estdios Giennenses, 182, 109-122.
pereira, p. 2006. Patrimnio geomorfolgico: conceptualizao, avaliao e divulgao. Aplicao ao Parque
Natural de Montesinho. Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade do Minho, Braga, 370 pp.
pvoas, L. & Lopes, C. 1998. Construir uma Memria da Terra para o futuro. Comum. do Inst. Geol. Mineiro, 84
(2), G10-13.
Ramalho, M. M. 2004. patrimnio Geolgico portugus importncia cientfica, pedaggica e scioeconmica. Geonovas, 18, 5-12.
Rodrigues, J. 2008. Patrimnio Geolgico no Parque Natural do Douro Internacional: caracterizao, quantificao da
relevncia e estratgias de valorizao dos geosstios. Tese de Mestrado. Universidade do Minho, Braga, 187 pp.
Ruchkys, U. A. 2007. Patrimnio geolgico e geoconservao no Quadriltero Ferrfero, Minas Gerais: potencial
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
para a criao de um geoparque da UNESCO. Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Geocincias, Universidade Federal
de Minas Gerais, Belo horizonte, 211 pp.
Silva, J. & Gomes, C. 2003. patrimnio geolgico da ilha de porto Santo: proposta para a criao de um
Geoparque. Cincias da Terra, Volume especial V, CD-ROM, 153-155
Steuve, A. M., Cook, S. D. & Drew, D. 2002. The Geotourism Study: phase I Executive Summary. Travel Industry
Association of America, 22 pp.
Turismo de portugal. (2006). Turismo de Natureza. Lisboa, 59 p.
Zouros, N. 2004. The European Geoparks Network. Geological heritage protection and local development.
Episodes, 27(3), 165-171.
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]
Joana rodrigues licenciou-se em Geologia na Universidade do porto, enquanto realizou paralelamente
o curso de piano e estudou teatro, percusso e tcnica vocal. Integrou coros, grupos de teatro, frequentou
cursos de histria de Msica, cursos de dana oriental e de dana africana.
Iniciou a sua carreira profissional como professora em escolas do Ensino Bsico e Secundrio, onde
leccionou durante 4 anos. Em 2005 iniciou o Mestrado na Universidade do Minho em patrimnio Geolgico
e Geoconservao onde desenvolveu a dissertao O patrimnio geolgico no parque Natural do Douro
Internacional: inventariao, quantificao da relevncia e estratgias de valorizao dos geosstios.
Trabalha com divulgao da Geologia ao grande pblico, participando em diversas actividades de difuso
de linguagem cientfica. Actualmente desempenha funes de geloga no Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta
Meridional, pertencente s Redes Europeia e Global de Geoparques, sob os auspcios da UNESCO, dedicandose Geoconservao, ao Geoturismo e sua articulao com o Desenvolvimento Local.
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O trabalho de grupo iniciou-se com uma reflexo sobre alguns aspectos dos contextos
polticos em que o turismo de natureza se desenvolve e que, por vezes, constituem
constrangimentos ao seu desenvolvimento:
a relao entre autarquias e regies de turismo que, quando de conflito e no de
complementaridade, no servem os propsitos de defender o patrimnio atravs
do turismo cultural;
a falta de uma poltica nacional de turismo que inclua a promoo do turismo cultural
e de natureza, donde do geoturismo, e que incentive o encontro entre as iniciativas
locais de qualidade e o patrimnio natural e cultural de regies como as de interior,
dum lado, e o pblico interessado que as procura, do outro. Enfim, que facilite o
acesso informao sobre este tipo de oferta em p de igualdade com a frmula
tradicional do sol e praia.
Debateu-se tambm a relao entre geoparques e reas protegidas a partir de uma
observao sobre ser perceptvel uma diferena de atitude entre aqueles dois tipos de
entidades. Foi referido que enquanto os primeiros tentam incluir e envolver as pessoas,
sejam elas naturais da regio ou turistas, os segundos parecem, por vezes, querer afastlas o que se atribuiu falta de meios.
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Este aspecto das dificuldades na relao entre a populao e reas protegidas foi
amplamente debatido com referncia a factos concretos vivenciados ou apercebidos por
alguns dos participantes tendo, tambm, sido referido que a relao entre parque Natural
e a populao no tinha exactamente os mesmos contornos em todos os parques.
Em relao a este problema foi igualmente debatida a necessidade de haver uma
aproximao a desenvolver em dois sentidos: de um lado procurar promover, de modo
adequado, a formao/sensibilizao das populaes para o patrimnio natural; do outro
procurar aprender com a riqueza cultural das populaes, com o seu conhecimento
especfico do territrio.
Discutiram-se estratgias para atingir estes propsitos:
o trabalho com as crianas e jovens dos vrios nveis de escolaridade e a necessidade
de lhes permitir conhecer no s o seu territrio mas tambm outros para, assim,
melhor compreenderem a natureza e o seu funcionamento (a propsito foram
referidas as dificuldades que actualmente as escolas enfrentam para sarem dos
seus espaos);
actuar com as comunidades em vrias iniciativas, mant-las informadas a partir
da comunicao social local, responder s solicitaes de apoio por parte das
populaes para a realizao de iniciativas vrias;
procurar que da actividade do Geoparque revertam proventos econmicos para a
populao no defraudando, desse modo, as expectativas das comunidades que
vm no Geoparque uma oportunidade para o seu desenvolvimento econmico,
para melhorar as suas condies de vida.
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Elizabeth Silva
Introduo
para se compreender o que so as Redes Global e Europeia de Geoparques apoiadas pela
UNESCO, necessrio primeiro conhecer o conceito de Geoparque.
E o que um Geoparque?
um novo conceito de gesto territorial onde o patrimnio Geolgico a base de uma
estratgia que promove o bem-estar das populaes, mantendo o mximo respeito pelo
ambiente, recorrendo a aces integradas no geoturismo (Zouros, 2004; McKeever &
Zouros, 2005). Esta forma de turismo de natureza permite a compreenso da Geologia
para alm da mera apreciao esttica.
Um Geoparque uma rea com expresso territorial e limites bem definidos, que contem
um nmero significativo de stios de interesse geolgico com particular importncia,
raridade ou relevncia cnica/esttica. Estes stios fazem parte de um conceito integrado
de proteco, educao e desenvolvimento sustentvel.
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O Geoparque procura a preservao
dos geosstios1 de particular importncia, explorando
e desenvolvendo mtodos de excelncia em conservao. A autoridade de gesto
do Geoparque assegura as medidas de proteco adequadas em colaborao com as
universidades, os servios geolgicos e outras instituies relevantes em acordo com as
prticas locais e as obrigaes legislativas.
O Geoparque organiza e dinamiza actividades para o pblico e providencia apoio logstico
na comunicao do conhecimento geocientfico e de conceitos ambientais. Este apoio
realiza-se atravs da identificao e proteco de geosstios, desenvolvimento de museus,
centros de informao, percursos pedestres, visitas guiadas, visitas de estudo, materiais de
divulgao, painis, mapas, material educativo, seminrios, entre outros.
O Geoparque dever, ainda, apoiar a investigao cientfica em cooperao com as
universidades e instituies de investigao, estimulando o dilogo entre os geocientistas
e as populaes locais.
pretende-se, igualmente, que o Geoparque estimule a actividade econmica e o
desenvolvimento sustentvel atravs do Turismo de Natureza. Com efeito, existe o
estmulo ao desenvolvimento scio-econmico local atravs da promoo de uma imagem
de excelncia intrinsecamente relacionada com um reconhecido patrimnio natural de
importncia internacional, que atrai um nmero crescente de turistas de todo o mundo.
Este facto tende a encorajar a criao de empresas locais ligadas ao sector do Turismo de
Natureza, com produtos de qualidade certificada.
1
Ocorrncia de um ou mais elementos da geodiversidade, bem delimitada geograficamente, com
valor singular do ponto de vista cientfico, pedaggico, cultural e turstico (Pereira et al., 2008).
]
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2
Variedade de ambientes geolgicos, fenmenos e processos activos que do origem a paisagens,
rochas, minerais, fsseis, solos e outros depsitos superficiais que so o suporte para a vida na Terra (Pereira et al., 2008) .
]
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www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
A nvel mundial, foi estabelecida, em 2004, a rede Global de Geoparques (fig. 2) que
integrou nessa altura os 17 Geoparques existentes na Rede Europeia de Geoparques, em
conjunto com oito Geoparques chineses.
Em Outubro de 2004, a Rede Europeia de Geoparques e a UNESCO assinaram a Declarao
de madonie (ver Anexo 2), que estipulou que a Rede Europeia de Geoparques seria o
mecanismo de incluso dos Geoparques Europeus na Rede Global de Geoparques e a
candidatura de um Geoparque europeu seria feita junto da Rede Europeia de Geoparques.
Especificou, igualmente, que se a Rede Europeia de Geoparques aceitar ou rejeitar uma
candidatura, essa candidatura aceite ou rejeitada pela UNESCO, e, se um Geoparque for
excludo da Rede Europeia de Geoparques, automaticamente excludo pela UNESCO.
A Rede Global de Geoparques apoiada pela UNESCO conta actualmente com 62 Geoparques,
em 19 Estados-membros, distribudos pela Europa (ustria, Irlanda, Alemanha, Itlia,
Noruega, Crocia, portugal, Espanha, Reino Unido, Frana, Repblica Checa, Grcia,
Romnia) e ainda, na China, Japo Austrlia, Malsia, Iro e Brasil.
Na Rede Global destaca-se a Repblica popular da China, com 22 Geoparques actualmente
apoiados pela UNESCO.
]
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por exemplo, de acordo com os programas educativos do Geoparque Naturtejo, para alm
da promoo do patrimnio geolgico para as geraes futuras e a educao do pblico
em geral, em temticas geolgicas e ambientais, o Geoparque procura educar e sensibilizar
os jovens para a conservao e respeito pela Natureza. Com as Sadas de Campo, dada
a oportunidade de reconhecerem a importncia da conservao dos stios de interesse
geolgico, por serem locais chave que permitem compreender a histria e evoluo da
vida e do prprio planeta Terra (Catana, 2008).
para que um Geoparque tenha sucesso vital um grande envolvimento local, quer da
populao quer das autoridades competentes com o compromisso de desenvolverem e
implementarem um plano de gesto que v ao encontro das necessidades econmicas da
populao local, mas ao mesmo tempo protegendo a paisagem onde essas populaes
vivem. Assim, o Geoparque dever providenciar mltiplas parcerias, envolvendo entidades
pblicas, privadas e a populao local.
Salienta-se aqui tambm a importncia de estabelecer parcerias com os museus existentes
no espao do Geoparque, dado que estes so importantes veculos de transmisso de
conhecimento, uma vez que um museu pode e deve ser um espao informal de ensino e
de aprendizagem sobre temticas importantes para as pessoas, para a sociedade e para o
nosso futuro, o futuro da vida na Terra.
Ainda de acordo com as referidas orientaes, se porventura a rea do Geoparque estiver
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j inscrita na lista do patrimnio
Mundial ou registada como uma Reserva da Biosfera
do programa o homem e a Biosfera da UNESCO, torna-se necessrio obter previamente
autorizao dos organismos apropriados das referidas iniciativas antes de se submeter a
candidatura.
aconselhado que as Comisses Nacionais da UNESCO sejam devidamente informadas e
acompanhem todas as candidaturas nacionais ou transfronteirias que possam a vir a ser
apresentadas ao Secretariado da UNESCO.
Neste sentido, a Comisso Nacional da UNESCO portugal tem previsto para o segundo
semestre de 2009 a constituio de um organismo que, entre outras competncias, emitir
pareceres tcnico-cientficos sobre novas candidaturas a enviar UNESCO. Deste modo,
sob a gide da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO ser criado o Comit portugus para o
programa Internacional das Geocincias, denominado IGCp.
No caso das duas candidaturas portuguesas, ambas foram remetidas UNESCO pela
Comisso Nacional da UNESCO, em estreita colaborao com o Secretariado da Diviso
das Cincias da Terra da Organizao, facilitando, deste modo, a comunicao entre todas
as partes envolvidas no processo de avaliao e prestando todos os esclarecimentos
necessrios.
Graas a esta profcua colaborao, a experincia portuguesa tem sido recomendada pelo
prprio Secretariado da UNESCO junto dos outros Estados-membros da Organizao, j
com Geoparques constitudos ou em vias de constituio.
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cada vez maiores necessidades dos recursos terrestres pela crescente populao humana
e tem sido veiculado pelos cerca de meio milho de investigadores das Cincias da Terra de
todo mundo, que tambm pretendem dar o seu contributo para uma sociedade mais segura
e mais prspera e saudvel, desde que seja chamada a intervir pelos decisores polticos.
O contexto ambiental que hoje atravessamos exige, entre outros objectivos, uma reduo
dos riscos causados pelos desastres naturais ou provocados pela actividade humana,
atravs do conhecimento existente ou a obter, bem como uma reduo dos problemas
sanitrios da humanidade, pelo desenvolvimento da compreenso dos aspectos mdicos
das Cincias da Terra. por outro lado, necessrio descobrir novos recursos naturais e tornlos utilizveis e sustentveis, e desenvolver o conhecimento respeitante ocorrncia dos
recursos naturais (como a gua subterrnea), que so frequentemente motivo de tenso
poltica entre pases vizinhos, assim como vital aumentar a compreenso das condies
nicas dos fundos ocenicos, to importantes para a evoluo da vida.
O programa de divulgao do AIpT tem por objectivo principal promover o interesse e a
consciencializao do pblico em geral e dos decisores polticos para a efectiva aplicao
em benefcio da sociedade, da enorme riqueza de informao que est na posse da
comunidade geocientfica.
a rede europeia de Geoparques e o ano internacional do planeta terra
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O Ano Internacional do planeta
Terra (AIpT), que celebrado no trinio 2007-2009,
uma iniciativa conjunta entre a UNESCO e a IUGS3, que tem por objectivo contribuir
para o desenvolvimento da vida diria, especialmente nos pases menos desenvolvidos,
promovendo o potencial social dos Geocientistas, como est bem expresso no subttulo
deste evento: Cincias da Terra para a Sociedade.
Os programas de divulgao e cientficos constituem a infra-estrutura principal do AIpT que
foi politicamente apoiada por todos os 191 Estados-membros da Organizao das Naes
Unidas.
O AIpT pretende incrementar a conscincia pblica, em particular dos decisores polticos, para
o enorme potencial do conhecimento em Cincias da Terra, j que esse conhecimento pode
contribuir para a preservao do planeta e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos cidados.
para a prossecuo dos objectivos do AIpT, a Comisso Nacional da UNESCO constituiu
oficialmente, em Abril de 2007, o Comit portugus para o AIpT, que conta com o Alto
patrocnio do Senhor presidente da Repblica e formalizou a adeso do Comit portugus
junto da Corporao UNESCO-IUGS, atravs de um Memorando de Entendimento, dando
conta das mltiplas actividades agendadas no pas para o trinio 2007-2009.
Deste modo, sob a coordenao do Comit decorre em todo o pas, desde 2007, um amplo
programa de actividades cientficas e de divulgao, no mbito das Cincias da Terra.
]
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Foi tambm com o intuito de fortalecer laos de cooperao entre a comunidade lusfona,
no campo das geocincias, que a Comisso Nacional da UNESCO e o Comit portugus para
o Ano Internacional do planeta Terra apoiaram vivamente a realizao da 1 Conferncia
Internacional subordinada ao tema As Geocincias no Desenvolvimento das Comunidades
Lusfonas, que contou com 70 comunicaes de especialistas da Comunidade dos pases
de Lngua Oficial portuguesa (CpLp), e quatro visitas de campo, vocacionadas para a
formao dos participantes, uma delas ao parque Natural do Fogo, em Cabo Verde.
Foram apresentadas comunicaes por diversos intervenientes como empresrios,
polticos, investigadores ou educadores, e ficou estabelecido que a 2 Conferncia ter
lugar em Outubro de 2009, no Brasil.
Da Declarao aprovada em Coimbra (ver Anexo 5), pode ler-se:
Convencidos de que os conhecimentos das geocincias podem ajudar as comunidades
lusfonas a contriburem para uma gesto ambiental do nosso sistema Terra que proporcione
melhorias na qualidade de vida dos seus povos;
1. Partilham a viso de que:
Os geocientistas, e particularmente os gelogos, tm um importante papel social a
desempenhar;
Promover uma educao em geocincias mais vasta melhorar a conscincia dos povos
lusfonos para a necessidade duma gesto sustentvel do ambiente e dos recursos naturais
da Terra, tendo em conta www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
a existncia de uma relao estreita entre a geodiversidade, a
biodiversidade e a diversidade scio-cultural do nosso sistema Terra;
Neste sentido, a criao de uma Rede Lusfona de Geoparques viria ao encontro dos
objectivos propostos, j que os Geoparques tambm se inserem numa lgica de Educao
para o Desenvolvimento Sustentvel.
concluses
A mitigao dos problemas ambientais actuais que comprometem o futuro da humanidade,
requer mudanas de comportamento e de atitudes.
Nesse sentido, sob o chapu da Dcada das Naes Unidas da Educao para o
Desenvolvimento Sustentvel (2005-2014), no qual o Ano Internacional do planeta Terra
(2007-2009) se insere, procuram-se novas abordagens educativas que permitam essas
mesmas mudanas e os Geoparques so, sem dvida, parceiros essenciais na mobilizao
de todos os actores intervenientes na promoo de um desenvolvimento sustentvel.
As Redes Global e Europeia de Geoparques so de facto iniciativas inovadoras, j que
introduzem um enquadramento internacional nico ligando o desenvolvimento scioeconmico e a conservao do ambiente natural e constitui uma aproximao vital para as
questes sobre conservao.
Quando se fala de Geoparques, no se trata apenas de importantes stios geolgicos, mas
trata-se, tambm, de pessoas que neles habitam e convivem.
Os Geoparques celebram, conservam e utilizam as suas heranas culturais, industriais,
]
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AIpT 2007a. Ano Internacional do planeta Terra. 1. O planeta Terra nas nossas mos. Lisboa: Comisso Nacional
da UNESCO. Em www.anoplanetaterra.org.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
AIpT 2007b. Ano Internacional do planeta Terra. 11. Divulgao levar as Cincias da Terra a todos. Lisboa:
Comisso Nacional da UNESCO. Em www.anoplanetaterra.org.
European Geoparks Network, 2007. European Geoparks Magazine, 4, 6-9.
European Geoparks Network, 2008. European Geoparks Magazine, 5, 6-7.
Neto de Carvalho, C.N. 2005. Inventrio dos georrecursos, medidas de geoconservao e estratgias de
promoo geoturstica na regio Naturtejo. Cruziana05, Actas do Encontro Internacional sobre patrimnio
paleontolgico, Geoconservao e Geoturismo, Idanha-a-Nova (Ed. C. Neto de Carvalho), 46-69.
Catana, M.M. 2008. programas Educativos do Geopark Naturtejo. Geopark Naturtejo, Castelo Branco: pp. 2.
henriques, M. h., Guimares, F. A., Ribeiro, A., S, A., Moura, D., Silva, E., Brilha, J., Galhardo, M., Cacho,
M. & Ramalho, M. 2008. O Ano Internacional do planeta Terra em portugal. Conferncia Internacional As
Geocincias no Desenvolvimento das Comunidades Lusfonas, Universidade de Coimbra, Memrias e
Notcias, Coimbra, 3 (Nova Srie), Outubro, 85-92.
Mc Keever, p. & Zouros, N. 2005. Geoparks: Celebrating Earth heritage, sustaining local communities. Episodes,
28(4), 274-278.
Mulder, E.F.J. DE, Nield, T. & Derbyshire, E. 2006. The International Year of planet Earth (2007-2009): Earth
Sciences for Society. Episodes, 29(2), 82-86
pereira, D., Brilha, J. & pereira, p. 2008. Geodiversidade - valores e usos. Universidade do Minho: pp. 2-3, 14-15.
Rocha, D. 2008. programas Educativos 2008/2009, Geoparque Arouca. AGA Associao Geoparque Arouca, pp.10
S, A.A., Brilha, J., Cacho, M., Couto, h., Medina, J., Rocha, D., Valrio, M., Rbano, I. & Gutirrez-Marco, J. C.
]
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2006. Geoparque Arouca: um novo projecto para o desenvolvimento sustentado baseado na conservao
e promoo do patrimnio Geolgico. Livro de resumos do VII Congresso Nacional de Geologia, J. Miro e A.
Balbino (Coord.), Estremoz, 893-896.
Silva, E. & henriques, M.h. 2008. Ano Internacional do planeta Terra. Jornal do Ambiente e Energia Cmaras
Verdes, 159, Abril: pp. 1 e 11.
UNESCO, June 2008. Guidelines and Criteria for national Geoparks seeking UNESCOs assistance to join the
Global Geoparks Network. Em http://www.globalgeopark.org/publish/portal1/tab121/info617.htm (Acedido:
18-08-2008).
Zouros, N. 2004. The European Geoparks Network. Geological heritage protection and local development.
Episodes, 27(3), 165-171.
anexos
1. the european Geoparks network charter
The European Geoparks Network charter was officially accepted on June 5, 2000 in Lesvos island Greece by the
signature of the convention by the four founder members.
Every territory whishing to submit candidature to become a European Geopark is obligated to accept this charter and
will sign it at the moment of the official nomination.
1. A European Geopark is a territory which includes a particular geological heritage and a sustainable territorial
development strategy supported by a European programme to promote development. It must have clearly defined
boundaries and sufficient surface area for true territorial economic development. A European Geopark must comprise
a certain number of geological sites of particular importance in terms of their scientific quality, rarity, aesthetic appeal
or educational value. The majority of sites present on the territory of a European Geopark must be part of the geological
heritage, but their interest may also be archaeological, ecological, historical or cultural.
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2. The sites in European Geopark must
be linked in a network and benefit from protection and management measures.
No destruction or sale of geological objects from a European Geopark may be tolerated. The European Geopark must
be managed by a clearly defined structure able to enforce protection, enhancement and sustainable development
policies within its territory. No loss or destruction, directly or via sale, of the geological values of a European Geopark
may be tolerated. In this respect European Geoparks are Managed within the framework established by the Global
Geoparks Network Charter.
3. A European Geopark has an active role in the economic development of its territory through enhancement of a
general image linked to the geological heritage and the development of Geotourism. A European Geopark has direct
impact on the territory by influencing its inhabitants living conditions and environment. The objective is to enable the
inhabitants to reappropriate the values of the territorys heritage and actively participate in the territorys cultural
revitalization as a whole.
4. A European Geopark develops, experiments and enhances methods for preserving the geological heritage.
5. A European Geopark has also to support education on the environment, training and development of scientific
research in the various disciplines of the Earth Sciences, enhancement of the natural environment and sustainable
development policies.
6. A European Geopark must work within the European Geopark Network to further the networks construction and
cohesion. It must work with local enterprises to promote and support the creation of new by-products linked with the
geological heritage in a spirit of complementarity with the other European Geoparks Network members.
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NICKOLAS ZOUROS
On Behalf of the European Geoparks Network
WOLFGANG EDER
On Behalf of the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO
October 29, 2004
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cmaras municipais:
gueda
Alandroal
Alcanena
Aljezur
Almada
Alvaizere
Alvito
Amadora
Arouca
Arronches
Arruda
Baio
Barreiro
Cabeceiras de Basto
Caminha
Cantanhede
Carrazeda de Ansies
Cascais
Castro Verde
Coimbra
Esposende
Faro
Figueira da Foz
Figueir dos Vinhos
Fronteira
Guarda
Guimares
Leiria
Loul
Lourinh
Maia
Manteigas
Montemor-o-Novo
Montemor-o-Velho
Moura
Nazar
Nisa
Oeiras
Ourm
peniche
ponta Delgada
ponte de Lima
ponte de Sr
portimo
porto
pvoa do Varzim
Santarm
So Roque do pico (Aores)
Seia
Sever do Vouga
Sintra
Torres Novas
Trofa
Valongo
Vila do Conde
Viseu
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comisso executiva
professor Doutor Antnio Ribeiro (Sociedade Geolgica de portugal)
professor Doutor Artur S (Universidade de Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro)
Dra. Elizabeth Silva (Comisso Nacional da UNESCO; Tcnica Superior responsvel pelo Sector da
Cincia; ponto Focal para Dcada das Naes
Unidas da Educao para o Desenvolvimento Sustentvel - DEDS)
professora Doutora Delminda Moura (Universidade do Algarve)
Emb. Fernando Andresen Guimares (presidente da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO)
professor Doutor Jos Brilha (Universidade do Minho; Associao portuguesa de Gelogos;
proGEO-portugal)
Dra. Manuela Galhardo (Secretria Executiva da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO)
professora Doutora Maria helena paiva henriques - Coordenadora (Universidade de Coimbra;
membro da IUGS)
professor Doutor Mrio Cacho (Universidade de Lisboa; proGEO-portugal)
professor Doutor Miguel Ramalho (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovao
- INETI; proGEO-portugal)
observadores
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elizabeth silva nasceu na Repblica do Zimbabwe (ex- Rodsia) em 1967. Licenciou-se em Relaes
Internacionais, na Universidade Lusada de Lisboa, em 1991.
Em 1994, entra ao servio da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO (CNU), destacando-se o apoio dado na organizao
da 2 Conferncia Internacional de Oceanografia para um Desenvolvimento Sustentvel dos Oceanos e das
Zonas Costeiras, realizada no Centro Cultural de Belm, em Novembro desse ano.
Acompanhou os trabalhos do Comit portugus da Comisso Oceanogrfica Intergovernamental da UNESCO
(CpCOI), sob a presidncia do prof. Doutor Mrio Ruivo (com quem colaborou at Dezembro de 2000),
em actividades respeitantes avaliao e gesto de projectos de investigao em Cincias e Tecnologias
do Mar e de Navios de Investigao, nas promovidas no mbito da EXpO98 e do Ano Internacional dos
Oceanos, bem como as actividades decorrentes dos projectos de cooperao com a Comisso Oceanogrfica
Intergovernamental da UNESCO.
Em 2001, deixa de prestar servio no CpCOI e passa a ser a responsvel pelo Sector das Cincias Exactas
e Naturais e das Cincias Sociais e humanas da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO (Especialista de programa
- Cincia).
De 2002 a 2005, foi nomeada ponto Focal para a Igualdade do Gnero. Neste mbito, destaca-se a organizao
do Colquio As Mulheres e a Cincia ao Servio da paz e do Desenvolvimento, em Novembro de 2003.
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Em Outubro de 2005 foi nomeada ponto Focal para a Dcada das Naes Unidas da Educao para o
Desenvolvimento Sustentvel - DEDS (2005-2014), tendo vindo a participar desde ento, em inmeras
iniciativas como oradora/moderadora, com o objectivo de divulgar e dinamizar a DEDS, a nvel nacional, e
promoo de concursos escolares neste mbito.
Desde Maro de 2007 faz parte da Comisso Executiva do Comit portugus para o Ano Internacional do
planeta Terra - AIpT (2007-2009) criado sob a gide da Comisso Nacional da UNESCO.
Desde Janeiro de 2009 faz parte da Comisso Cientfica da Comisso Nacional para o Ano Internacional da
Astronomia AIA2009.
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Geoturismo e museoloGia
4 Segundo a definio da UNESCO, um Geoparque um territrio de limites bem definidos com uma rea suficientemente grande
para servir de apoio ao desenvolvimento scio-econmico local. Deve abranger um determinado nmero de stios geolgicos de
relevo ou um mosaico de entidades geolgicas de especial importncia cientfica, raridade e beleza, que seja representativa de uma regio e da sua histria geolgica, eventos e processos. poder possuir no s significado geolgico, mas tambm ao nvel da ecologia,
arqueologia, histria e cultura.[1]
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Galopim de Carvalho, A.M., Lopes, C. & pvoas, L. 1998. Exomuseu de Geologia . Actas do VII Encontro de
Museologia e Autarquias. Ed. C. M. Seixal, 145-148.
pvoas, L. & Lopes, C. 2000. Construir uma memria da Terra a favor do desenvolvimento. Atalaia-Intermundos,
Revista Internacional de exegese contempornea. Lisboa, 6/7, 71-84
pvoas, L., Lopes, C., Moreira, F. J. & Galopim de Carvalho, A. M. 1995. Divulgao em Geologia e Cidadania.
Memria Mus. Lab. Mineral. e Geol., F. C. da Univ. do Porto, 4, 203-208.
[ ]
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liliana pvoas licenciada em Geologia pela Faculdade de Cincias da Universidade de Lisboa e ps-
]
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Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and Global Geopark. Gabinete de Geologia e
de paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano. Av. Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova.
E-mail: [email protected].
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carlos neto de carvalho gelogo e coordenador cientfico do Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional.
autor e co-autor de mais de oitenta trabalhos sobre paleontologia, patrimnio Geolgico e divulgao
cientfica, tendo sido publicados nos ltimos onze anos em livros, revistas cientficas e congressos, nacionais
e internacionais.
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]
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Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and Global Geopark. Gabinete de Geologia
e de paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano. Av. Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova. E-mail: carlos.
[email protected].
]
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substrate; tending the sheep and agriculture - traditional activities are conditioned by the
morphology of the ground, soil types and water availability; the millenary mining activity
took roots and left traces in an mainly agro-pastoral culture; The abundance of etiological
legends and of reference to the cult of stones and cult of waters in popular Christian
religion, still so much patent in the countryman. This application from Naturtejo to European
Geoparks Network results from the almost perfect chaining between a diversified Geology
and geosites (from regional to international value) with the remaining multidisciplinary
elements that form the cultural patrimony.
The scientific tourism embodies a work of reflection, information and divulgation, about
materials that belong to the domains of science. It is this multidisciplinary vision that allows
knowledge and usufruct of the landscape in its whole, teaches to see and take advantage of
the journey and tends to extend it, creating the need for infra-structures of interpretation,
guiding, restoration and lodging.
Naturtejo region is one destiny of excellence for tourism of quality, complementing the
traditional products from our country with its natural and cultural patrimony. But in a
world that is full of information and extreme competition it is necessary to create image
benchmarks - universal icons which could attract the tourist flows. The concept of icon must
be understood as an identity trademark - of unique and diverse nature able to mobilize
the new travellers to a non-repeatable and exclusive goal.
In the project that is intended to be drafted iconography will remain in ichnofossils from
quartzite rocks with 480 million years old which rise in the regional landscape and in the
geological elements that set up the landscape. We must underline that it is this later icon
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that grounds the choice of the name for the first portuguese Geopark. the Meseta areas
correspond to regions of stable platform, once the Iberian Massif should have suffered
few tectonic deformation during the last orogeny, the alpine orogeny. In the scope of
Iberian plateau, Naturtejo region is comprised in its major part by the Meridional Meseta,
tacked in its Northern limit by the Central Cordillera. It is this type of landscape planed
only having residual relieves of hardness or fault scarps breaking into homogeneity - that
preponderates in the whole area of future geopark and that stays (and will stay) in the
memory of those who visit it.
Also fossils and ichnofossils are trademarks, either by its aesthetical quality, scientific
importance or because they belong even more to the collective imaginary. The most
ancient fossils from portugal may be found in this region; ichnofossils of Vale do ponsul
(ponsul Valley) - with its surprising preservation quality open our eyes to the complexity
from the behaviour of some organisms which are already extinct for a long time and help
us understand the evolution of sedimentary environments in the stratigraphic sequences,
where they are found. It was in these metassedimentary beds that Man, thousands years
ago, rehearsed his first ways of expressiveness, so exuberantly portrayed in the highly
important Rock Art of the Tejo Valley.
An important geological feature to explore is the mining activity which, through the last
millenniums has been having a substantial socio-economic weight in this region. Still
today the granite quarrying shows as an economic resort. The Alpalho granites (Nisa)
are exported for several countries. The mining museums are places of excellence to the
study and divulgation of local history, namely in its social and economic contexts. From
the pedagogical point of view they are important tools in the education for citizenship,
either regarding its environmental aspect (geomining resources), industry environmental
impact, or in its aspect regarding understanding and safeguard of our cultural heritage and
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were mainly dependent of the paleolatitudes crossed by Iberia drift in the last 250 Ma,
firstly as part of Supercontinent pangaea and then as drift microplate started in Upper
Triassic. Climate in Iberia kept tropical humid characteristics to the end of Mesozoic and
beginning of Cenozoic, progressively changed to tropical seasonal, savannah-type climate,
in paleogene and beginning of Neogene. In this period remained savannah conditions,
with progressive tendency to aridity, occurring changes by the end of pliocene, for a more
humid climate, with Mediterranean conditions. This climate evolution was responsible for
Iberian Massif suffered deep tropical style chemical weathering. Subsequent erosion of
alterites developed landscapes of inter-tropical morphology (with inselberg).
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Fig. 1 Location map and main georesources of the Naturtejo Geopark within the scope of geotourist use. 1:
Ichnological park of penha Garcia, Fossils Trail and geomorphological viewpoint of the penha Garcia Castle;
2: Quartzites of Fonte do Cuco; 3: Gold mine and Thermal Waters of Monfortinho; 4: Geomorphological park
of the Inselberg of Monsanto, Boulders Trail and geomorphological viewpoint of the Castle of Monsanto;
5: ponsul Fault, geomorphological viewpoint of the Castle of Idanha-a-Nova and the Granite Route; 6:
Geomining Museum of Idanha and the Mining Trail; 7: Tejo Internacional Natural park; 8: Geomorphological
viewpoint of the Castle of Monforte da Beira and proto-historical mines; 9: Geomorphological viewpoint of
the Castle of Castelo Branco; 10: Stonemason Museum of Alcains; 11: Wolfram Route in Sarzedas; 12: Granite
landforms of the Serra da Gardunha, in Lourial do Campo; 13: portas de Rdo Natural Monument; 14: Gold
mine of the Conhal do Arneiro; 15: Route of Urban Geology of Vila Velha de Rdo and geomorphological
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viewpoint of penedo Gordo; 16: Copper Mines of Ingadanais; 17: Fossil Trunk of perais; 18: portas de Vale
Mouro; 19: Geomorphological viewpoint of S. Miguel; 20: penduculate Blocks of Arez and Thermal waters of
Fadagosa; 21: Sculpture park of Alpalho; 22: Geomorphological viewpoint of Galego, in Montes da Senhora;
23: Geomorphological viewpoint of Cabeo da Rainha; 24: Cavalo wolfram mines; 25: Route of the meanders
of Zzere (Fresumeda-Sobral); 26:Geomorphological viewpopint of Mosqueiro and Fragas da gua dAlta
lithological scarp, in Orvalho.
From Triassic to Upper Cretaceous the hercynian orogenic belt erosion is completed and vast
smooth surfaces were developed from which starts the Cenozoic morphological evolution.
Meseta Fundamental Surface was formed during Upper Cretaceous-palaeocene. Alpine
Orogeny developed since Upper Cretaceous until today, being fractured the Iberian Massif
by tardi-variscan fault reactivations, segmenting the old flatted morphology and lead to the
development of poligenetic surfaces modelled by several erosive events (Cabral, 1995).
The flatting of quartzite ridge summits is result of Fundamental Surface unfolding in two
levels. Relief with etchplain ou carved surface features, showing the geometric irregularities
of a basal weathering front related with a thick weathering section developed during
Mesozoic and under tropical humid conditions, affecting the Variscan rocks. Reological
heterogeneities of basement rocks induced conspicuous differential weathering, more
intense and deeper in shales and plutonic areas, weaker and only superficial in quartzite
formations and fine grained granite facies.
A climate change would have triggered the evacuation of a thick alterites mantle towards
subsiding areas. The carved surface was subsequently modified with more or less intensity,
fractured by tectonics, retouched by erosion and partial or totally fossilized by sedimentary
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deposition. Exhumation started
in pre-Albian, not ending before Late Eocene.
Collision of African plate with the Eurasian one, in the end of the Miocene, results the uplift
of Alpine and pyrenean belts. Tardi-Variscan faults were then reactivated, segmenting all
Iberian Massif in blocks. Low blocks are represented by the intermountain basins Sarzedas
and Moraleja-Rdo (Cunha, 1992). Lifted blocks have the best example in the Cordilheira
Central horst. In dependence of fault scarps, subsidence basins were filled by alluvial fan
deposits typical of sub-arid environments.
Late pliocene sees the development of important climate changes that would lead to
the last glaciations stages. The Eocene surface was carved by drainage networks during
gliptogenesis (Cunha et al. 2005). The increase of the rain and the presence of mountain
glaciers are responsible for the fast incision of the valleys, with several fluvial terraces, and
deposition of raas with very coarse sediments along the footwall of active faults such as
ponsul and Sobreira Formosa. These faults have seismic activity even today. Climate halted
in the last interglacial with Mediterranean features. Relieves are partially eroded by fluvial
incision (Fig. 2). River systems are now typified by the lost of erosive efficiency during
summer, but frequently flooded in the winter, carrying important amounts of sediments.
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Fig. 2 Epigenesis on quartzite relieves by the Tejo river in portas de Rdo Natural Monument (source: Jorge
Gouveia).
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FIG. 3 The outstanding Monsanto village on top of the Monsanto Inselberg, ancient buildings mimicking the
granite blocks (source: Centro Cultural Raiano).
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Garcia river Gorge, in Idanha-a-Nova, Fig. 4, and two granite morphologies in Lourial do
Campo, Castelo Branco). Being protected under this law there were three geosites, the
perais Fossil trunk, in Vila Velha de Rdo, portas de vale mouro river Gorge, between
proena-a-Nova/Vila Velha de Rdo, en35, km5, roadcut showing the ponsul Fault, in
Idanha-a-Nova.
With proper rules and national importance is the protection as Natural Monument, managed
by the governmental Institute for Conservation of Nature. portas do rdo was recently
protected as Natural Monument, by its geological, geomorphological, archaeological and
biological importance. The Tejo Internacional Natural park is protected by a specific Decree
no. 9/2000 from August 18, due to its most zoological (avifauna) and botanic importance.
This park shows international relevance as biological sanctuary, being a Corine Biotope and
a Special protection Zone (Directive Birds 79/409/CEE).
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Fig. 4 The Ichnological park of penha Garcia: Quartzites and ichnofossils contributing for an important
cultural heritage.
The biggest threat for geological heritage in the Naturtejo territory is the lack of knowledge
of Geology and geological processes and their profit abilities. In a country that the Geological
Survey become extinct as independent institution, in a country where Geology never were
promoted to the publics and in a country where people knows almost nothing about
Geology and their specialists, geomonuments inventorying and promotion in Naturtejo
may contribute to justify teaching Geological heritage and Geoconservation in school and
universities. On other hand, will be an important tool to valuation of local phenomena
beloved by populations, which may see their goods highlighted and used as way of profit, in
a context of present fight against villages abandonment. Teaching how to understand the
geological heritage is easier to stop vandalism or destructive actions because populations
protect all that consider their own legacy. In more urgent cases, Naturtejo in partnership
with municipalities, national and regional governmental institutions, local associations and
organisms that promote Geological heritage, find in geosites protection the key for their
management and promotion.
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4. Epilogue
The Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional in the widest sense, including the six
municipalities of the Naturtejo network, shows four components that allow to explore and
dynamize all georesources from the region, included in the territorial action plan for the
coming years:
- The museums (with information available to all) Stonemason Museum (Castelo
Branco): finished; Geomining Museum of Idanha (Idanha-a-Nova): in implementation stage;
palaeozoic Museum (Idanha-a-Nova): in implementation stage; Interpretation Centre of
the Ichnological park of penha Garcia (Idanha-a-Nova): in project discussion stage; the Tejo
Internacional Natural park Interpretive Centre: done.
- The exomuseums (musealization in the place) Ichnological park of penha Garcia (Idanhaa-Nova): first stage of the project concluded; Natural Monument of portas do Rdo (Vila
Velha de Rdo and Nisa): classification concluded; Monsanto inselberg: Boulders trail
concluded; Segura mines: Mining Trail concluded; portas de Almouro: 4 trails concluded,
application for protection being developed by Quercus-Castelo Branco, the municipalities
and Naturtejo Geopark; Gardunha landforms: Gardunha Trail concluded; Orvalho geosites:
Orvalho Geotrail concluded, interpretive centre in project; Conhal do Arneiro: protected
under portas de Rdo Natural Monument, Cobble Trails concluded.
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- Compilation of important
geological aspects chaining of geological monuments in
multidisciplinary interpretative georoutes, through small route pedestrian itineraries and
trans-municipalities itineraries (Route of Fossils, Route of Mines, Route of Granite of
Idanha, Route of the Barrocais of Monsanto and Route of Water, in Idanha-a-Nova; Route
of Urban Geology, in Vila Velha de Rdo; Route of Conhal, in Nisa; Route of Geological
Landscapes, in all municipalities): in several stages of development.
- External projection of geological resources: Raiano Cultural Centre head-office proposed
to the Geopark (with the realization of conferences, congresses, projection of movies and
thematic exhibitions); Realization and support of scientific works, with the publication
of the main results, under the form of leaflets, guides, books, divulging and scientific
articles.
Since Naturtejo Geopark was founded its policy of action is based in three main premises:
inventory, conservation and promotion of the patrimonies. Only a complete and deep
knowledge of the wide patrimonies of Naturtejo region will allow the establishment of
plans for the protection of the endangered elements and the elaboration of strategies
of tourist promotion, with the creation of tourist packages, routes, Geology does not
stay away from this rule and this has been a good epoch for inventory, classifying and
development of projects to the gain of geosites from Naturtejo municipalities. But from
the already existing knowledge and from current knowledge many remains to be done.
It is in this optic that Naturtejo is creating conditions for the promotion of partnerships
with academic institutions and specialized scientific entities and enterprises, in order to
promote the existence of scientific knowledge deepening about this region. The originality
and amusement of geotourism must be constantly fed by new and alluring discoveries!
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank to all colleagues that contributed somehow to this work: Armindo
Jacinto (Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova and Naturtejo), Jorge Gouveia (Associao de
Estudos do Alto Tejo), Eddy Chambino and paulo Longo (Centro Cultural Raiano, Idanhaa-Nova), Srgio Salto and Nuno Rodrigues (Econauta); pedro Martins, Nuno Capelo and
Carla Salvado (Gabinete de Turismo da Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova), pedro Dias
(Gabinete de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento da Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova), Sofia
CastelBranco da Silveira and Otlia Urbano (Tejo Internacional Natural park); Slvia Moreira
(Gabinete de Arqueologia da Cmara Municipal de Castelo Branco), Ricardo Silva; Cristina
preguia, Alice Marcelo and Joana Rodrigues (Naturtejo).
References
Brando, J.M. 1998. patrimnio Mineiro portugus: um filo a explorar: Actas do Seminrio Museologia e
Arqueologia Mineiras, Publicaes do Museu do Instituto Geolgico e Mineiro, 5-9.
Cabral, J. 1995. Neotectnica em Portugal Continental. Memrias do Instituto Geolgico e Mineiro, Lisboa, 31
(n.s.), 265 p.
Cunha, p.M.R.R.p. 1992. Estratigrafia e Sedimentologia dos Depsitos do Cretcico Superior e Tercirio de
Portugal Central, a Leste de Coimbra. ph. D. Thesis, Universidade de Coimbra, 262 p.
Cunha, p.M.R.R.p., Martins, A.A., Daveau, S. & Friend, p.F. 2005. Tectonic control of the Tejo river fluvial
incision during the Late Cenozoic, in Rdo Central portugal (Atlantic Iberian border). Geomorphology, 64,
271-298.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2005. Os Testemunhos que as Rochas nos Legaram: Geodiversidade e potencialidades
do patrimnio do Canho Fluvialwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
de penha Garcia. Geonovas, 18, 35-65.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2005b. O parque Geomorfolgico de Monsanto atravs do seu percurso pedestre As
Pedras para Alm do Sagrado. Geonovas, 18, 67-75.
Ribeiro, C. 1859. Memrias sobre as Minas de Chumbo de S. Miguel dAcha e Segura no Concelho de Idanha-aNova. Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, 52 p.
Ribeiro, M.L., palcios, T. & Munh, J. 1993. O Complexo Eruptivo da Amieira do Tejo e sua diversidade
petrogeoqumica. Comunicaes do Instituto Geolgico e Mineiro, 79, 3-13.
Ribeiro, M.L. & palcios, T. 1998. Aspectos geoqumicos dos granitos de Salvaterra do Extremo. Comunicaes
de Instituto Geolgico e Mineiro, 84(1), B27-B30.
Sequeira, A. 1993a. provvel discordncia intra Grupo das Beiras na regio entre Monfortinho e Idanha-aVelha. XII Reunio de Geologia do Oeste Peninsular, 1, 41-52.
Sequeira, A. 1993b. A Formao da Serra Gorda (Tremadociano?) do sinclinal de penha Garcia. Comunicaes
do Instituto Geolgico e Mineiro, 79, 15-29.
Sequeira, A., proena Cunha, p. & Ribeiro, M.L. 1999. - Carta Geolgica de Portugal escala de 1/50000. Notcia
Explicativa da Folha 25-B, Salvaterra do Extremo. Servios Geolgicos de portugal, Lisboa, 47 p.
]
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Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova. Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and
Global Geopark. paos do Concelho, 6060 Idanha-a-Nova. E-mail: [email protected].
]
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francesas e outras, que passaram e aqui marcaram a sua tragdia. Os homens que ficaram,
sobreviveram, marcando a paisagem.
No Geopark Naturtejo, estas rotas e estes programas convidam os visitantes, a viver
emoes e experincias vibrantes nicas, num territrio por descobrir.
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Fig. 1. Mapa turstico do Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional.
[ ]
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abstract
Geoparks are well defined areas with particular geological features which work to create
understanding and self preservation in the communities which populate these areas
through responsible Geotourism. A Geopark shouldnt be recognized as a geological park,
rather an earthpark. This is a concept which is used to solidify the educational values of a
specific geographic region, taking into account the interpretation of Earths evolutionary
history, soil formations, flora and faunas, as well as cultural representations of those who
inhabited and currently populate in these areas of geological interest.
Venezuela has countless areas of geological interest which are apt for the development of
Geoparks, due to the possibility of creating an investment which will secure itself financially
for generations. The objective will include geologists who promote the necessity of
securing a future for the geological beauty of Venezuela.
A year and half of researchwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
in this field of study has indicated a series of conclusions; all
of which led to the urgent need of creating a foundation that will protect the future of
sustainable development of the geological treasures in our country. Education is the
essential tool in establishing an open discussion between the interested parties who in
turn have the power to initiate such a project.
1. introDuccin
Los geoparques son reas bien definidas con un patrimonio Geolgico caracterstico, en las
que se trabaja en un manejo sostenible de los geositios para promover el turismo educativo
y contribuir con el desarrollo de las comunidades locales. Un geoparque no es un parque
para gelogos, sino un parque-Tierra en el que se exaltan todos los valores naturales y
culturales inmersos en su geografa para enriquecer la visita de los turistas y rescatar el
acervo cultural de una regin. Tambin se trabaja en la divulgacin de los fenmenos de las
Geociencias a las comunidades locales y los visitantes del Geoparque.
. areas naturales proteGiDas
Con el paso de los siglos, las sociedades humanas han experimentado una espectacular
evolucin tecnolgica y cultural, fundamentada en una presin extrema sobre la
naturaleza. La domesticacin de especies silvestres, la explotacin de recursos naturales, la
modificacin del paisaje, la contaminacin o la manipulacin gentica de algunas especies
son algunos ejemplos de esta presin antrpica (Muoz, 2006). La proteccin de reas
naturales se hace cada vez ms necesaria ante el crecimiento de la poblacin mundial, en
el que las actividades que se realizan en un sitio tienen repercusin en otras tierras alejadas
geogrficamente y el sistema global aboga por un crecimiento en la demanda de recursos
naturales para mantener las sociedades establecidas en constante crecimiento.
]
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nosotros siempre hemos comprendido la necesidad de preservar
nuestras memorias -es decir, nuestra herencia cultural. ahora ha llegado
el tiempo de proteger nuestra herencia natural, el ambiente. el pasado de
la tierra no es menos importante que aquel de la humanidad. ya es tiempo
de que aprendamos a cuidarlo, y al hacerlo, que conozcamos el pasado de
la tierra; que sepamos leer este libro que es nuestra herencia geolgica,
escrito antes del surgimiento del hombre (MEDIOAMBIENTE.CU, 2007)
La proteccin del patrimonio Geolgico y su divulgacin a travs de proyectos educativos y
tursticos nace con la creacin de parques Geolgicos en Europa, principalmente, y aumenta
su popularidad con el nacimiento de la Red Europea de Geoparques (2000) y la Red Global
de Geoparques UNESCO (2004), que agrupa actualmente a ms de 50 Geoparques en todo
el Mundo.
3. Geoparques
Segn la Divisin de Ciencias Ecolgicas y Terrestres de la Organizacin de las Naciones
Unidas para la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO, 2006), un Geoparque es un
territorio con lmites bien definidos, con una superficie suficientemente grande para
contribuir al desarrollo sostenible de la comunidad, principalmente a travs del geoturismo.
Contiene un nmero de sitios de patrimonio geolgico de especial importancia cientfica,
rareza o belleza. Estos rasgos deben ser representativos dentro de la historia geolgica
]
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de la regin y de los eventos o procesos que la han moldeado. Debe tener un plan de
manejo y un equipo gerencial que coordine la utilizacin de los geositios para la educacin
y turismo, y de infraestructuras necesarias para el entendimiento de la geologa de la zona,
como por ejemplo centros de interpretacin, museos, paneles informativos, entre otros.
En los geoparques se trabaja por el desarrollo sostenible de la regin, la educacin a todos
los niveles (escolar, secundaria, superior y pblico general), la investigacin cientfica y la
proteccin de la geodiversidad para la generacin presente y para las futuras.
3.1. Parmetros para establecer un geoparque
La UNESCO, a travs del programa Geoparques, en conjunto con la Red Global de
Geoparques, han establecido una serie de parmetros a ser cumplidos por las zonas a ser
consideradas Geoparques UNESCO. Las ms importantes son:
3.1.1. tamao
La definicin de geoparque expresa que el rea de un Geoparque debe ser lo suficientemente
grande como para contribuir con el desarrollo sostenible de una regin. Tambin se ha
planteado que el concepto vaya ms all de la utilizacin y promocin de sitios geolgicos,
para ascender a un concepto holista de proteccin, educacin y desarrollo. por lo tanto,
es importante considerar a toda la geografa de la regin, incluyendo sitios histricos,
arqueolgicos, biolgicos www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
y culturales. En muchas sociedades, el nexo entre historia
natural, cultural y social se encuentran inextricablemente unidos y no deberan manejarse
por separado.
El rea del Geoparque debe ser tan grande como la cantidad de recursos naturales y
culturales que se quiera agrupar para la promocin y valorizacin. El Geoparque Marble
Arch Caves (Irlanda del Norte) tiene un rea aproximada de 20 km2 mientras que Naturtejo
da Meseta Meridional (portugal) abarca ms de 4.500 km2.
3.1.. manejo y envolvimiento local
Segn UNESCO (2006) un pre-requisito para un Geoparque exitoso, es el establecimiento
de un equipo y un plan de manejo. La presencia de afloramientos impresionantes no es
suficiente. Los rasgos geolgicos dentro del rea del Geoparque deben ser accesibles
para el pblico, estar relacionadas con otros geositios, y formalmente resguardados. Un
geoparque debe ser manejado por una autoridad local designada o varias autoridades,
teniendo una infraestructura de administracin adecuada, personal calificado y un soporte
financiero apropiado.
El desarrollo de un Geoparque debera estar basado en una fuerte voluntad poltica,
cientfica, educativa, y una integracin y participacin real de la comunidad, de tal forma
que las acciones a ser tomadas por las autoridades del parque, se encuentren con las
verdaderas necesidades del colectivo.
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Fig 1. Mirador establecido en el Geoparque Maestrazgo donde se explica la formacin del paisaje.
(Aragn, Espaa)
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Durante la ltima dcada las Ciencias de la Tierra se han vuelto muy populares por diversas
razones. Noticias, fotografas y videos de desastres naturales, discusiones sobre cambios
climticos y espectaculares resultados en la investigacin cientfica estn en los medios
de comunicacin en todo el mundo. Los geoparques se benefician de este nuevo inters
y en ciertos aspectos pueden ser un resultado de este mismo. Existe la posibilidad de
ofrecer oportunidades nicas de mostrar la importancia de las ciencias terrestres no slo
para la vida diaria, sino para preservar el futuro de la humanidad. (Buddenbohm, 2006). La
interpretacin del paisaje puede ayudar al turista a sentirse en un contacto ms directo con
los fenmenos que han moldeado la tierra y sus relaciones con la cultura e historia local,
llevando a su lugar de origen la sensacin de haber conocido ms a fondo el sitio visitado,
sobretodo si ha sido guiado por un habitante de la comunidad del Geoparque.
El Geoparque Marble Arch Caves, en Irlanda del Norte ha logrado avances importantes en
materia de educacin local. Las escuelas del Municipio de Fermanagh firmaron acuerdos
con la gerencia del parque para realizar visitas al menos una vez al ao. Es un requisito
haber conocido las cuevas de Marble Arch para obtener el ttulo de bachiller en esa localidad
(Watson, 2006. com. pers.).
3.1.5. proteccin y conservacin
Un geoparque no es especficamente una nueva categora de rea o paisaje protegido y
puede ser muy diferente a las zonas completamente protegidas como parques Nacionales
o parques Naturales. La autoridad responsable del Geoparque asegura la proteccin del
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patrimonio Geolgico de acuerdo con las tradiciones locales y leyes vigentes. Es funcin del
gobierno local decidir qu grado de proteccin y medidas a tomar con respecto a ciertos
geositios o afloramientos. (UNESCO, 2006).
No est permitida, en ningn Geoparque UNESCO, la venta de material geolgico, en
concordancia con el desarrollo sostenible. La colecta con fines cientficos y/o educativos debe
estar regulada por la gerencia del parque. puede ser comprobado que el aprovechamiento
sostenible de los recursos naturales conlleva a un crecimiento econmico superior ms que
un crecimiento corto producido por la venta de minerales, rocas y/o fsiles.
En el Geoparque europeo Museo de historia Natural de la isla de Lesvos, en Grecia, se
dictan talleres sobre la construccin de modelos en cera y cermica de fsiles de la zona,
como el Amonites, y son vendidos por artesanos locales, como souvenir de la visita (Giraud,
2005). De esta manera se ensea que no deben ser colectados los fsiles, y preservar por
ms tiempo el patrimonio de la tierra que aflora en esa zona.
3.1.6. red Global de Geoparques
Es intencin de UNESCO la promocin y proteccin del patrimonio geolgico en diversas
zonas de la tierra, en pro del desarrollo sostenible. Desde el ao 2004 se han agrupado ms
de 50 zonas de 5 continentes, en la Red Global de Geoparques, fortaleciendo la cooperacin
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e intercambio entre expertos
y practicantes en asuntos de patrimonio geolgico a escala
mundial. Debajo de la sombra de UNESCO y a travs de la cooperacin con los participantes
de la red global, muchos sitios geolgicos importantes a nivel regional o nacional han
ganado reconocimiento mundial y apoyo gracias a la transferencia de conocimientos con
otros Geoparques (Zouros & Xun, 2006).
Segn UNESCO (2006), un geoparque que pertenece a la Red Global:
1. preserva el patrimonio geolgico para esta generacin y las futuras
. Educa al pblico acerca de los aspectos de las ciencias de la tierra y su relacin con
asuntos ambientales
3. Asegura el desarrollo sostenible socio-econmico y cultural
. Adopta puentes multi - culturales para el mantenimiento de la diversidad
geolgica y cultural, usando esquemas participativos y cooperativos
5. Estimula la investigacin cuando sea apropiada
6. Contribuye activamente en la vida de la Red, a travs de iniciativas conjuntas (por
ejemplo: comunicacin, publicacin, intercambio de informacin, participacin en
encuentros).
La inclusin en la Red Global es una seal de reconocimiento y excelencia y en ninguna
manera implica alguna responsabilidad legal o econmica por parte de UNESCO.
3.1.7. procesos para la denominacin
La nominacin de Geoparques para pases no europeos est estipulada en el documento
Guidelines and criteria for National Geoparks seeking UNESCOs assistance to join the Global
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Geoparks Network, accesible en formato .pdf en la pgina web del proyecto Geoparques
de UNESCO (www.unesco.org/science/earth/geoparks.shtml).
. Geoparques en vENEzUELA
para la aplicacin de modelos forneos, se hace necesaria la evaluacin del contexto
sociolgico, poltico y econmico de Venezuela; la estructura de Geoparques no escapa
de dicha revisin. Luego de diversas discusiones con personas relacionadas en el rea
de Geoparques y geociencias en general concluimos que nuestro enfoque debera ser
principalmente social, la geologa trascender la humanidad, en base a esto visualizamos
los geoparques como una plataforma para el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades
adyacentes al patrimonio geolgico, impulsando no solo el potencial turstico, sino
buscando la integracin de distintas ramas de la ciencia, comprometiendo empresas
privadas y pblicas con voluntad poltica que permitan la ejecucin de proyectos de esta
envergadura.
El Instituto del patrimonio Cultural (IpC), la Fundacin Geoparques de Venezuela y el
Consejo Comunal de la Isla de Cubagua, entre otras asociaciones, llevan a cabo y participan
en el proyecto Parque Arqueolgico y Geolgico Isla de Cubagua, desde Noviembre del 2006,
impulsando principalmente la restauracin de la antigua ciudad de Nueva Cdiz, primer
asentamiento europeo en Suramrica, lugar de resistencia indgena, ataques piratas y
explotacin indiscriminada de nuestros recursos naturales, desde 1506 hasta 1541.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
La isla de Cubagua, conocida desde hace 500 aos como la isla de las perlas, ha sido un
territorio en el que la prctica del desarrollo ha sido insostenible. De sus mares circundantes
se han extrado grandes cantidades de perlas, ncar y tripa e perla. hoy en da las aljfares
de Cubagua son despreciadas, as como el ncar que en los aos 70 fue muy aprovechado
en la isla, para abrirse paso las necesidades alimenticias de una poblacin. El paso de los
indgenas, espaoles y africanos, pescadores antiguos y actuales as como otros seres
que ya estn extintos por ley de seleccin natural, han dejado su marca en este reducido
espacio insular, que es considerado por esta misma razn como Bien de Inters Cultural de
la Nacin, protegido bajo la Ley de proteccin y Defensa del patrimonio Cultural (Lpez,
2007)
Actualmente se estn evaluando distintas rutas dentro de la isla y ya se han creado dos
senderos de interpretacin ambiental, usando la geologa como ciencia central y su estrecha
relacin con la cultura de la comunidad: el 48% de los puntos de Inters Geolgico de la isla
tienen relaciones culturales directas con los habitantes de la isla (Kum y Lpez, 2007). Todos
estos diseos buscan la participacin directa de la poblacin Cubaguense, analizndose y
discutindose en el recin formado Consejo Comunal de la isla de Cubagua.
]
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Fig.
Fig 2. Nias de la comunidad de Cubagua y Can de las Calderas, uno de sus geositios ms importantes.
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]
[ 117
Es hora de retribuirle a nuestra Tierra lo que tanto nos ha dado durante millones de aos y
otorgarle el valor que se merece, en una prueba de que el desarrollo sostenible es un deber
y no una simple voluntad.
reFerencias
Buddenbohm, A. 2006. Geoparks chance and challenge for opening the Earth sciences to the public. En
McKeever, p. (Ed.), Geoparks 2006 Conference Abstract Volume, Belfast, 158 p.
Giraud, S. 2005. INTERREG IIIC: An experience of exchange of know-how. En Zouros N. (Editor), 6th European
Geoparks Meeting Abstract volume. European Geoparks Network - Natural history Museum of the Lesvos
petrified Forest. Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece.
Kum, L. & Lpez Rivas, R. 2007. Diseo de un Geoparque en la isla de Cubagua, estado Nueva Esparta. Universidad
Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Ingeniera, Escuela de Geologa, Minas y Geofsica. Trabajo Especial de Grado
para optar al ttulo de Ingeniero Gelogo, indito.
Lpez Rivas, R. 2007. parque Arqueolgico y Geolgico isla de Cubagua. http://www.venezuelarica.com/
noticias_index.php. Consulta el 15/12/2007.
McKeever, p. (Ed.). 2006. Geoparks 2006 Conference Abstract Volume. Belfast. 158 p.
Medioambiente.cu. 2007. Declaracin de los derechos de la Tierra. www.medioambiente.cu/museo/dterra.
html. Consulta el 1/12/2007.
Muoz Flores, J. 2006. Turismo y sostenibilidad en espacios naturales protegidos: la carta europea del turismo
sostenible en la zona volcnica de la Garrotxa y el plan de desarrollo sostenible en Cabo de Gata Njar. Universitat
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
de Girona. Departament de Geografia, historia i historia de lArt. Tesis Doctoral. www.tesisenxarxa.net/TDX0620107-114326/index.html. Consulta el 20/11/2007.
UNESCO. 2006. Guidelines and Criteria for National Geoparks seeking UNESCOs assistance to join the Global
Geoparks Network. Indito. 9 p.
Zouros N. & Xun, Z. 2006. Building a strong Global Geoparks Network. En McKeever, p. (Ed.), Geoparks 2006
Conference Abstract Volume, Belfast. p. 149.
[ ]
roigar lpez is Geology Engineer and the Scientific Director of Fundacion Geoparques de Venezuela.
]
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Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova. Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and
Global Geopark. paos do Concelho, 6060 Idanha-a-Nova. E-mail: [email protected].
]
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]
[ 10
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
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[ 11
Idrija Mercury Mine, Ltd. - Information and Research Centre for Mercury (IRC hg), Idrija, Slovenia. 2Idrija
Municipality, Mestni trg 1, Idrija, Slovenia. [email protected].
slovenia - one of the smallest and youngest states in the heart of Europe - lies at the meeting
point of the Alps, the Dinaric world, the panonnian plain and, to the extreme southwest,
extends to the Adriatic Sea. With a total area of 20,256 km2 and a population of two million,
Slovenia cannot compete with neighbouring countries in terms of size, yet the diversity of
its landscape, natural attractions and rich cultural heritage make it amazingly unique.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Fig. 1. Slovenia on the World map.
Fig. 2. Idrija coat-of-arms.
In northwestern Slovenia lies the oldest Slovene mining town idrija - a town of natural
sciences and technical development. Over the centuries, the town grew together with the
mine and with its 5878 inhabitants represents an administrative, economic and cultural
centre of the region.
The Municipality of Idrija extends over an area of 294 km2 and numbers around 12,000
inhabitants. The population density is rather low: only 40 inhabitants per km2. Around 300
large and small-sized enterprises are active in its area, as are well over 500 independent
entrepreneurs. Forests cover 80 % of the municipal territory, whereas agricultural surfaces
cover fewer than 20 %. The lengths of the entire road network amounts to approximately
460 kilometres. From all stated numbers it should not be hard to deduce that the economic
basis of the Idrija region is fairly solid. It should be particularly emphasised that in region
among other signs of bright perspectives for the future tourism is gaining in significance.
Since the tourist offer stems precisely from a wealth of technical and cultural-historical
monuments, we may talk of the phenomenon of culture tourism. Inhabitants of Idrija
are increasingly aware that the quality presentation of a well-preserved heritage belongs
among the key economic development factors.
The second largest settlement in the Idrijan Municipality with its 1800 inhabitants is Spodnja
Idrija. Spodnja Idrija is actually much older than the neighbouring and larger Idrija. While the
Idrijan Valley was during the Middle Ages still predominantly covered by forests, the valley
of the Idrijca river was already well populated. The settlement thus boasts a rich cultural
heritage and an 800-year-long documented historical past. The town and its environs
boast a rich cultural heritage, which comprises folk tradition, ethnological curiosities, rural
]
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frescos, and remnants of fold architecture. On the one side of the riverbank stands the
Kenda Mansion and shows off its charms. It is the successor of a former, monumental farm
estate, which has been reconstructed into a modern, high-class catering complex. The
roots reach back into the Late Middle Ages, when its first proprietors managed the farm
estate above the Idrijca river.
iDriJa anD its mininG history
Located at the meeting point of the prealpine world and the Karst, the town of Idrija is
squeezed into a narrow basin at the confluence of the Idrijca and Nikova rivers, and lies
above the second largest mercury ore deposit on our planet. Throughout its history, the
Idrija Mine produced 147,000 tons of mercury, which represents over 13% of the total world
production of this metal. This would not have been possible without continuous scientific
and technological development, complemented by the immense courage of ten thousand
miners, who bravely descended into the underground one hundred million times in five
centuries and dug more than 700 kms of mine shafts.
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Fig. 3. Idrija is located in a deep basin and surrounded by hills.
In the Idrija Mine, mercury appears in the form of shiny droplets of native mercury and red
cinnabar ore, which is burned at temperatures above 800C in order to obtain this precious
liquid metal. It was already known to ancient civilizations; the most valued was cinnabar,
primarily because of its lasting red colour. Alchemists also named it mercurium and
attempted to transform it into gold and philosophers stone. Until recently, mercury was
widely used in science, medicine, technology and industry.
As the legend says, native mercury was discovered in 1490 by a tubmaker who was soaking
wooden products in a stream. Soon, fortune-seekers began to arrive in this sparsely settled
valley from near and far.
]
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The discovery of a rich ore vein on June 22, 1508 triggered the rapid development of the
mine. St. Achacius Day became a festival day of Idrijas miners.
In the first third of the 16th century above the town was built a castle named Gewerkenegg,
which means miners castle, to protect the stocks of wheat and mercury against invading
Turks. As noted by the German metallurgist, Agricola, in the late 16th century mercury ore
was excavated at a depth of 170 meters. At the time, the Idrija Mine was administered
directly by the Austrian Court and contributed one third to the total income of all mines
operating in the monarchy.
In his famous work, The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola, published in 1689, Janez Vajkard
Valvasor presented the first depiction of Idrija and described the amazing equipment of
the mine, which had no parallel in the country. Its most important customer was the Latin
America, and its traditional competitor on the mercury market was Almadn in Spain.
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The 18th century was marked by numerous distinguished personalities. A native of Idrija,
Joef Mrak, constructed the magnificent klave - stone water barriers used to float
timber from the surrounding hills. Because of their monumental appearance, they have
been named the Slovene pyramids.
Joannes Antonius Scopoli and Balthasar hacquet, recognized natural scientists, worked in
Idrija as physicians and endeavoured to improve the health of miners, who were massively
suffering from mercurialism - a poisoning caused by mercury vapours.
The greatest technological achievement was
undoubtedly the kamt. A water pump with
a giant wooden wheel having a diameter of 13.6
metres, which had been used to pump water
from the pit for 160 years.
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At the end of the18th century, Idrija had a population of 3,600 and was the second largest
town in Carniola, surpassed only by Ljubljana. In the period of Empress Maria Theresa, a
mine storehouse for wheat and the oldest theatre building in Slovenia were built. Miners
began to build their homes on the nearby slopes.
In the first half of the 19th century, the mine began to employ the first two steam machines
in Slovenia and modernized all its facilities, in particular the smeltery. The mines flourishing
was also reflected in the external appearance and social life of the town. In 1876, the new
popular school building was built, whose construction was financed by the mine. In those
days it was reputed as one of the largest and most impressive school buildings in Slovenia.
In the same year The Lace School was established. A variety of social activities and the
existence of numerous societies enriched the lives of miners and inhabitants.
The turn of the 20th century brought, in the field of technical development, the discovery of
electricity and, in the fields of culture and education, the establishment of the first Slovene
classical secondary school in Idrija in 1901.
The late sixties saw the beginning of a crisis on world mercury markets. In 1977, excavation
works were temporarily stopped in the Idrija Mine, and ten years later the government
adopted a decision on its gradual shutdown.
Today the town is building its future on the electric-processing industry, led by its most
successful companys, Kolektor and hidria. From the famous and rich industrial tradition there
developed in the 1970s new kind of industry has grown with high technology and technical
knowledge. The name Idrija is once again returning to the world with great success.
unique cultural heritage www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
The concern shown by Idrijas inhabitants for the towns mining heritage is reflected in the
preserved historical, ethnological and technical monuments of exceptional value, which
attract many visitors each year.
Idrija Castle, which dominates the old town core, has preserved its historical name
Gewerkenegg, which means miners castle. It was occupied by the mine administration
for more than 400 years. Today the castle houses the Idrija Municipal Museum, which was
proclaimed European Museum of the Year in 1997 for its remarkable technical and industrial
heritage. The central exhibition offers an insight into the five-hundred-year history of the
mercury mine and the town. In summer, the castle courtyard is the scene of many cultural
events, such as concerts, which are known to the public as the Castle Evenings.
Fig. 8. Gewerkenegg Castle.
Fig. 9. Castle evening on Gewerkenegg
Castle.
]
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stop at the Chapel of the holy Trinity from the 18th century, where miners prayed each day
to St. Achacius and Saint Barbara before descending one thousand steps along Attems
shaft to their workplaces in the pit.
The entrance building of Franciscas shaft, houses a technical museum, where 21 restored
mine machines and devices are displayed. Only a few steps away stands a renovated miners
house from the second half of the 18th century.
The Church of the holy Trinity, built in 1500, is believed to be the oldest church in Idrija. It stands
on the spot where, according to legend, a tubmaker once discovered native mercury.
]
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www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
unique GeoloGy oF the iDriJa area With Famous mercury ore Deposit
The Idrija ore deposit comes second in size after Spains Almadn. however, the deposit
is not only big in size among mercury mines, it is of global importance and significant
because of the circumstances in which it was formed. Its exceptionally rich and unusual
ores, geochemical and mineral composites and the uncommon transformation processes
that make for its current state. Todays composition seems at first glance to be an
incomprehensible and unsolvable geological chaos.
This explains the importance of the explorations by geologists, who managed to reconstruct
the creation and the development of the mine throughout its geological history. The first
geological data on the Idrija ore deposit was collected in the mid-18th century.
The events during the formation of the Triassic composition of the ore deposits and the
various mercury ores and the transformation of the former structure of the deposit to
its current state are truly unusual and rightfully attract worldwide attention. The unusual
story is supported by various geological data, preserved mainly in the ore deposits and
the Idrijas surrounding. Further data on the processes taking place during the formation
of the Idrija deposit can be found in Slovenia and abroad. Geological events are written in
the rocks in the form of their mineral and chemical composition, their internal structure
and texture, their position in geological strata and the changes in the vertical and lateral
directions, relations of various rocks among themselves and the contacts between them
(normal, erosion - or tectonics-induced).
Extensive material geological proof on the formation of the Middle Triassic structure of the
ore deposit and the mercury ores and its transformation into its current state are preserved
and presented as part of the mines collection, on display in Franciss shaft.
]
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The ores formed in such a way are called epigenetic cinnabar ores.
They are normal and well documented in other mercury deposits
in the world. Idrijas uniqueness meanwhile lies in its syngenetic or
sedimental cinnabar ores, found nowhere else in the world. Their
formation was caused by the outpouring of the thermal waters,
enriched by mercury and sulphur, or directly with the cinnabar gel,
into the then existing swamp where various marsh sedimentary
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rocks have also been formed.
In short, epigenetic cinnabar ores were formed by supplementing older rocks, filling up of
faults and cracks, while syngenetic are sedimental as they were formed at the same time as
the rocks that they are located in. Some 158 ore deposits of various sizes and richness (141
with cinnabar ore and 17 with native mercury) were formed as part of the creation of the
Idrija Middle Triassic tectonic trench.
The mining names for the rich Idrija cinnabar ores were mainly given according to their
colour, internal structure and the percentage of mercury, but less by their composition. The
richest ores have names such as jeklenka (steel ore), opekovka (brick ore), jetrenka (liver
ore), while ores, characteristic for the Idrija ore deposit, are the karoli (coral) ore, various
types of sediment ores and the shale ore with a large percentage of native mercury.
The miners and metallurgy experts decided for the following divisions in relation to the percentage of
mercury in the ore: Jeklenka (very rich in mercury), rich ore and the poor ore, so called baperh.
]
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The collection comprises more than 800 specimens and is undoubtedly the most
comprehensive professional collection of the Idrija Mercury Mine. Some of the samples were
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collected by mine geologists investigating the Idrija Mine and the broader surroundings of
Idrija in the period from 1955 2003. Owing to its complexity, the specimens are divided
into seven thematic collections. Some of the specimens are quite unique and priceless.
The samples represent individual geological elements relevant for the development and
structure of the ore deposit (mineralogy, petrology, sedimentology, mineral geology,
tectonics). As a whole, the collection encompasses the findings of several generations of
geologists on the origin of the Idrija ore deposit, which represented a special challenge
to many researchers. The decisions adopted during the preparation of the collection are
based on exceptionally rich and preserved geological documents. The entire geological
collection is also available on computer. The data base contains an expert description,
and defines the particularities and location (coordinates, map) of each sample in the ore
deposit. photos of the samples described have been added.
The greater part of the collection is on display and available to researchers in the
new administrative quarters of the Mercury Mine within Franciscas shaft. Some
of the most impressive specimens are also exhibited in the entrance building to
Anthonys Main Road, where they may be examined by visitors to the Idrija underworld.
Anthonys Shaft A Tourist Mine
After five hundred years of rises and declines, the story of the worlds second largest
mercury mine came to a close. Today, out of deep respect for the many generations of
courageous miners, the inhabitants of Idrija are continuing their creative endeavours for
prosperity. At every step one can see remnants of their legacy, and hear their voices telling
the tale of the five hundred-year-old silver stream.
Anthonys Shaft is the oldest part of the Idrija Mine and belongs to the oldest preserved
entrances into any mine throughout the world. As such it also serves as a living contact
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with the towns mining past. It was dug up in the distant year of 1500, i.e. in the pioneering
period of the quest for cinnabar ore, and only a decade after the discovery of autochthonous
mercury. The shaft was for no less than two centuries supported only by wood, which had
to be, due to the fast decomposition and mouldering of timber, frequently replaced. The
general modernisation of the mine, conducted in the 19th century, also included a thorough
renovation and reinforcement of Anthonys Shaft. In 1766 as with Rake and the klave
water barriers it was lined with walls and vaults made of limestone blocks and mortar. The
celebrated representative of the Age of Enlightenment, the naturalist and miners surgeon
B. hacquet, wrote in 1781 that the elegant oval vaulting was not admired solely by curious
on-lookers but also by experts.
For almost half a millennium, miners descended into the pit and returned exhausted from
their daily labour precisely along this 300-metre-long shaft. In the mid 18th century, the
chapel of the holy Trinity was built at the end of the shaft. It housed a relief depicting three
persons of the holy Trinity and two statues of their patrons Saint Achacius and Saint
Barbara. From the Chapel, where miners would usually offer their prayers and asked for
successful work and safe return, they descended into Attemss Shaft and walked down
some 1000 steps until reaching a depth of 200 metres. Nowadays only 116 steps remain fit
to be walked upon.
In the 18th century, an entrance building was constructed in front of the shaft and called
eltev (from German Geselstube or Stelstube), which served as a register office. In the
early morning hours, the miners gathered within the office, poured oil in their lamps,
took their register numbers, and, above all, received notification on the arrangement and
allocation of working tasks.www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
In those times, knocking on the rail from the top (attics) of
the recently renovated building summoned workers to their daily lecture.
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Larger settlements (Idrija, Spodnja Idrija) were developed in convenient valleys and dales,
whereas smaller ones sprung up on sloping ledges and plateaus. In rural areas there is a
predominance of small, clustery villages and detached farms dispersed over higher regions.
All across the mountains one may walk along pathways with remarkable views, which lead
]
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to mountain outposts and shelters. The entire territory is well interconnected by means of an
extensive road network that enables access to all monuments of natural and cultural heritage.
The wider surroundings of Idrija offer numerous possibilities for repose, relaxation, sport,
and recreational activities, and in all aspects guarantee the healthy and pleasurable passing
of ones free time. The diverse and picturesque landscape is perfectly suitable for all kinds
of short or more extensive walks and excursions, easy to more demanding mountaineering
tours, mountain biking and orientation marches, as well as for discovering the treasures
of an unspoilt floral world and a peculiar culture of isolated settlements of high-lying
forest clearings (rovte); yet there is still more to be experienced. Some villages provide
rides on fairly tame horses, and during summer months the idyllic valley of Idrijska Bela
allures visitors to take a refreshing plunge into its emerald waters. The Idrijsko region will
also provide ample satisfaction to amateur hunters and fishermen, to those who enjoy
gathering mushrooms or herbs, to inquisitive explorers of cosy countryside domesticity
and local peculiarities, as well as to researchers of ethnological heritage. Guesthouses in
larger towns, as well as village inns and hospitable tourist farms, will make sure that your
stay is as grafitying as possible. Idrijas territory is traversed by the Slovenia Mountaineering
Route, Slovenian Geological path, Via Alpina and numerous local pathways suitable for
excursions and strolls.
upper idrijca landscape park
The Upper Idrijca Landscape park was inaugurated and adequately protected ba the
Municipality of Idrija in 1993. The parks area extends across 4230 hectares, of which no
less than 4105 hectares of diverse and lively land is covered by forests for the most part
rich in timber and well tended.
This vast park extends over the basin of the upper course
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of the Idrijca river, from the town of Idrija to the springs of a translucent, mountainous
river beneath the hamlet of Mrzla Rupa (840 m) on the edges of the Vojsko plateau. It also
embraces the valley of the Belca rivulet and the edge of the aforementioned Vojsko plateau
and Trnovski gozd forest. The very complex geology and interesting structure of the
territory hides numerous fossil finds. A large part of the park displays karst characteristics,
and consequently, sinkholes, caves, and potholes are no exception here. A luxurious and
diverse floral world with the presence of Dinaric, Alpine, and sub-Mediterranean plant
species proves to be particularly attractive.
The central tourist sights of the park Divje jezero (Wild lake) and Klave (water dam), are
presented in separate sections, therefore we should at this place briefly describe some
other points of interest we may encounter.
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Not much more than a stones throw from Idrija, beside the unique 400-year-old-Rake near
Kamt (water wheel complex), starts a naturalistic, didactic pathway a popular stroll lined
with rich vegetation. Beneath Josephs Shaft, close to the former haulage station, one may
admire the preserved locomotives of the former mining railway with their different power
systems, and the old laundry, where in past times the miners wives washed their linen
in the cold waters of the Idrijca river. The water channel Rake, originally made of wood and
only later (from 1766 to 1770) constructed in brick and stone, is even in the present day
used for the operation of the hydro-plant. The view directed upwards from the Wild Lake
and Kobila opens up to the picturesque valley of Strug, which especially in summertime
attracts lovers of nature and healthful recreation. The Strug valley generously displays its
crystal clear, murmuring waters, countless water pools, small suspended footbridges and
precipitous, overhanging rock walls. During the warm months, the confluence of the Idrijca
and Belca rives may get fairly crowded, since the summer bathing spot at Lajt has been
well known and popular with locals for a long time.
From Lajt, the valley of the ever younger and sparkling Idrijca allures its guests to its upper regions.
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Krekove above Bela in the upper part of the park should also deserve our attention.
Luxurious beech forests with their monumental trees bear a stamp of the well-planned
management and silvicultural work that spans several centuries. These forests are vigorously
flourishing despite their karst base, since Krekove with its precipitation rate of 3000 mm/
m2 per year is one of the rainiest spots in Slovenia. Near the pathway leading to Mrzla Rupa
at hudo polje, there standts a monument erected in the memory of the partisan hospital
pavla, which during World War II provided shelter and medical assistance for some 1000
injured partisans. Our attention may also be drawn by other landmarks of ancient history:
the supposed remnants of the Roman Limes. Tradition claims that during the 4th and
5th century a system of protective walls was built in this area, which was intended for the
control of movement from the Idrijca Valley to the valley of the Trebua river and further
to Italy. A part of this wall in Mrzla Rupa near habe certainly invites further exploration
and research. The unique natural point of interest is the virgin forest of Bukov vrh, located
in the large sinkhole between hudo polje and Smrekova draga (Spruce Glen). This intact
virgin forest extends over and area of 9 hectares at an altitude of 1314 m above sea level.
vojsko plateau
The Vojsko plateau is a broad and fragmented plain located at an altitude of around 1000
m above sea level and stretches across some 3600 hectares of land, its circumference
measuring over 10 km. As the karst part of the Idrijan hills, it extends high above the Idrijca,
Kanomljica and Trebua Valleys. On the plateau and at its edges, one may encounter
typical karst phenomena, such as shallow potholes and caves carved in dolomite, short
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sinking creeks, and low-lying
powerful springs. The climate is a mountainous one with fresh
summers and prolonged winters; the enduring snow cover would occasionally persist for
no less than six months. During summer months the pristinely natural, serene, and idyllic
landscape fanned by fresh air dresses itself in a vivid and variegated carpet of grasses and
exceptionally rich flora. Side by side, meadows, pastures, and mixed forests extend in
perfect harmony.
Vojsko is actually scattered across the entire plateau, since individual farms and hamlets
may be dispersed even several kilometres apart. In many places we may come across wellpreserved, characteristic large farm buildings with interesting elements of old architecture.
One should also mention that Vojsko stands out as one of the highest lying Slovenian
villages and as the highest located hamlet in the primorska region. This settlement was
first referred to in 1337, when the pioneering colonisation of the Idrijsko region began.
Throughout the centuries, the local people earned their living by cattle breeding, forestry,
and modes agriculture, whereby some domestic handicrafts such as nail and lace making
were also fairly well developed. Unfortunately, Vojsko has been in recent decades, similar
to many other regions, harshly affected by the process of a steady fall in agrarian activities.
Agriculture has decreased and employment for the most part has shifted to the valley.
The number of inhabitants presently remains static at around 200, and many farm estates
have been abandoned. In their place, however, numerous holiday cottages have sprung
up, which come to life mostly during weekends. In recent times, the Centre of School and
After-School Activities has brought a slight revival to Vojsko, and the cultural association,
planina, is also constantly active.
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The area has many excellent view-points. One of the most excellent is undoubtedly
hudournik (1148 m). The views from hudournik provide a vast panorama whereby one may
observe, as on the palm of ones hand, the landscapes stretching towards Julian Alps, with
its patriarch Mount Triglav, and further on all the way to the Dolomites in Italy. From here
one may perceive in all its glory the famous tectonic Idrijan fault, which runs from Venetian
Slovenia, over rivers Idrijca, Trebua, Kanomlja, to town of Idrija to the Notranjska region
further to Croatia. It is probably needless to point out that the Vojsko plateau is not to be
overlooked by mountaineers, since the Slovenian Mountaineering Route traverses it.
Geopark iDriJa initiative in slovenia
The unique landscape strikingly reflects the underlying geology in terms of rock diversity,
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unique fossil sites, ore deposits, karst and hydrologic phenomena and complex tectonic
history. The main challenge is how to interpret this heritage and get people to identify
with it. The local communities will have to decide on the most effective management
scheme based on relevant analysis, effective interpretation and marketing strategy and
development of a tourist infrastructure to provide the access, facilities and services for
different target groups.
The most significant and known worldwide is Idrija Mercury mine. Anthonys Main Road in
the tourist mine features the only accessible native mercury site in the world. No systematic
protection of geological heritage in the community of Idrija had been implemented at the
municipal level before 1986, when the Ordinance on the proclamation of Cultural and
historical Monuments and Natural Attractions in the Municipality of Idrija was issued.
Recently the inventory of valuable natural phenomena in the area of aspiring Geopark Idrija
]
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has been updated from practical point of view. We also added some worth seeing sites that
have not been in this inventory but we think there is a possibility for good interpretation
of geo-site.
In 1993 The Upper Idrijca Valley landscape was set up by a municipality decree on the area
of 47 km2 with a range of various natural values. It features seven natural monuments, 45
natural caves and 46 other locations of natural heritage of national or local importance.
Geomorphological (karst phenomena, natural caves, springs.), geological (faults, tectonic
sites, unique fossil sites...) and botanical natural values prevail. The Wild Lake natural
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monument is one of the most significant karst phenomena in the area. The landscape
park also includes important historical and technological sites of cultural heritage that are
directly related to the mining history in Idrija region. The Geopark that we are intending to
set up within a year is planned for a whole area of Idrija Municipality and The Upper Idrijca
Valley would be one part of it. So, the whole area of Geopark is planned to be 294 km2 from
the beginning with open initiative for communities and municipalities in the surrounding
to join in later.
One of the first phases in the preparation of application dossier and consequently also the
management plan for the new Geopark is to select the natural sites to be presented, to
prepare proper interpretation for different target groups (schools, universities, scientific
interpretation, general public, etc.) and to protect those that are too delicate or endangered
to be made accessible to the public.
References:
Kavi, J. 2004. Idrijas world is inviting you, Idrija and the splendor of its worlds. Local Tourist Organisation
LTO Idrija Institute for the Promotion of Tourism, 97 p.
- 2008. The Mercury and Silver Binomial On the Intercontinental Camino real (Almadn, Idrija and San Louis
potos),; unpublished dossier.
- 2007. Draft file for the nomination of Almadn, Idrija, huancavelica and San Louis potos on the Mercury
Route of the Intercontinental Camino Real, ,258 p.
Reun, B. & Eren, U. Idrijas geological collections the preservation of natural heritage. Idrija Mercury Mine Ltd.
]
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Bojan Reun finished his studies on Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology,
Department of Geology, Ljubljana in 1982. his professional career he started as a
geologist in Coal Mine Trbovlje and next year came to work to Idrija Mercury Mine Ltd.
In 1990 till 1995 he was the head of Department of Geology and Coordinator of the
Closing programme of Idrija Mercury Mine has been his duty since 1995. In addition he
is the Coordinator of the Organising committee for Geopark Idrija foundation.
martina peljhan finished her studies on Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology,
Department for geology, Ljubljana in 1989. Right after her studies she employed in Idrija
Mercury Mine Ltd. in Idrija as a hydrologist. After a while she cooperated in the working
group that made geological collection in Idrija Municipality Museum. Next important
achievement that Idrija got with her cooperation was the foundation of Antonys
Mine Road that was at the time first Slovenian underground museum. Recently she is
cooperating in the Organising committee for Geopark Idrija foundation.
Mojca Kavi finished studies her on Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology,
Department for Geology in Ljubljana. One year later she employed in Municipality of
Idrija and joined to the Organising committee for Geopark Idrija foundation.
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introduction
Since July 2008 we are working hard to introduce the region located 140 km inland from
the West Anatolia Shore (Turkey) which is almost an open-air museum at present as a new
geopark to the world (Fig.1). We have done a lot since we started due to the grant awarded
by the Civil Society Dialogue Fund of European Union: we have determined the excursion
routes ,completed the geopark map and the monumental city map of Kula town which
is already under the preservation of the Council of Conservation of Cultural and Natural
possessions (Fig. 2 and 3). We are about to complete our first brochure (in Turkish, English,
German and Greek), posters, billboards and promotional film (ten minutes) of the geopark
(in Turkish, English and German). In a very short time our website www.geoparkula.org which is
already active in Turkish will be active both in English and German.
Fig. 1. Location Map.
Besides the meetings we have made with the local public and local
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administrators, our first international seminar which took place at
November 2008 with our partners from Germany and Greece (Stadt Lorsch
Geo-naturpark Germany and petrified Wood Museum of Eressos Greece) made us to take a
long way in a short time and to be welcomed very warmly abroad. In a very near future our
project will be enriched by the attendance of Naturtejo Geopark of portugal to our project
as a partner.
We have already started to work for our second international seminar which will take place
in zmir in May 2009.
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Seems like it will take several years to complete our archive studies as it is like the other
geoparks - which includes not only the geological monumental values of the region but
the historical, archeological, ethnological and other cultural values. hence to evaluate our
mission with an absolute tourist point of view will be an incomplete perspective although
an alternative tourism activity exists as a part. Education of thinking motivates a dialogue
between conservative attitude of local people towards their own values with an alternative
approach is what make us happy. And this attitude differs neither to approaches towards
the antique houses under conservation nor to the geological monuments and other cultural
values.
here by we have symbolized our mission with a geopark tree (Fig. 4) and we have taken
very positive commentaries from the young friends around. Due to the various samples
offered by the geopark region about human-nature relationship from the paleolithic age to
present to would like to name the region as a Geo-nature and culture park. We have a long
way in front and your visit will make us happy.
Now, lets present our geopark region to you.We are sure you will be interested.
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Fig. 4. Geopark Tree.
]
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The basalt columns that were shaped as a result of cooling down of these mantling basalts
while flowing, are, in general, vertically oriented. The (U) form cooling cracks observed in
palankaya (Fig. 5) are very rare, and are among many richness of the Katakekaumene openair museum.
Fairy chimneys
In the northeast of Yurtba village near Kula extends a canyon which crosses the sedimentary
rocks that had settled and gradually hardened on the bed of lakes (sedimentary rocks) that
used to exist several million years ago.
The fairy chimneys formed on the slopes of the canyon display so spectacular view that it
challenges the limits of human imagination (Fig.6).
The sculptors of these monumental geologic formations are wind and sand. To put it in
another way, strong winds start to carve these loosely bound rocks. The rock fragments
and sand particles this process produces (hammer of sculptors) cause to speed up the
erosion while being dispersed around by the wind.
]
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]
[ 1
center of the territory and prospered. It grew and prospered by its marketplace producing
goods and hardware for caravans, and its bazaars crowded with blacksmiths, coppersmiths,
roasted chickpea makers, felt and packsaddle shops (Fig.8). This prosperity was also
reflected in the architecture of Kula houses (Fig.9), and ornaments crafted elaborately
as works of art. This is how the urban site Kula rose with its stone paved narrow streets
shaded by the oriels and wide eaves of its 18th -19th century houses running through its
districts that built up around monumental buildings like mosques, churches and Turkish
baths built during the reign of seniorities and the Ottomans.
Today, with its nearly three thousand houses built in the Kula architectural style and 800
officially registered buildings located in the urban site area of 80 hectares, Kula is like a
dream town reviving the lovely days of the 18th -19th centuries. The clatters from the hammers
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of the blacksmiths and coppersmiths
in the marketplace of Kula which has preserved its
historical heritage with all its vivacity, still rise as a rhythmic music, capturing you. With all
such special aspects, Kula is one of the most important museum towns of Anatolia.
emre village yunus emre and taptuk emre tomb and carullah Bin mer mosque
Founded about 700 years before our time, the Emre village is one of the first Turkish
settlements in West Anatolia. The village which rapidly developed thanks to its location on
a trade route is peculiarly important as regard to religion tourism due to the nearby tomb
which is accredited to worldwide famous spiritual poet and philosopher Yunus Emre and
his Sheikh, Taptuk Emre.
]
[ 13
The mosque, which is located next to a small Turkish bathhouse and a public fountain in the
village square, was caused to be built by Emrullah Bin mer in the year heriga 954 (Anno
Domini 1547-1548) with reference to its epigraph.
The hand carved illustrations ornamenting the narthex as well as all the interiors of the
mosque are unmatched with their rich compositions and their styles naively furnishing the
19th century Ottoman Baroque genre.
the culture that evolves around volcanoes
The Burnt Fires Geopark region covered with more than 80 volcanic cones, young basalt
lavas, basalt plateaus, and volcanic ashes of which the Gediz River has carved deep canyons,
illustrates an astonishing section of crust evolution during the latest geological epoch.
Strabon, Vitrivius, pilinius and other authors from the classic times narrate on the volcanic
land of Katakekaumene, indicating that it is very suitable for viniculture and mention the
fine wines of the region with praise.
The mystical geography of the Burnt Fires Geopark has been hosting settlements and
religious centers since ancient ages. Among these, Meionia, Kolyda and Tabala ancient
cities and the health center that has evolved around the Thesos thermal baths are the most
remarkable ones.
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Old bridges used to arise on their elegant stone arches and connect the caravan routes
from one rest range to another. Kz (Girl) Bridge (Fig.10) and hoca Seyfettin Bridge which
provide crossing over the Gediz River each rear as monuments exhibiting the architectural
progress in between the early and late periods of the Ottoman Empire.
]
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The oldest proof of human existence in the Burnt Fires reaches back to nearly 12 thousand
years before our time. The gatherer-hunter clan of the Mesolithic Epoch who engraved
their sacred symbols on the Bloody Rock (Kanlkaya) (Fig.11) and left their footprints on
the layers of ashes spewed from volcanoes form the first link in the continuous chain of
culture in the geopark (Fig. 12).
Katakekaumene / The Burnt Fires Geopark invites those who wish to feel the story of
formation of the earth, the power of nature, and the culture created in thousands of years
by mankind that became integrated
with the environment.
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hoW to continue
As a short-term target, in our forthcoming projects there exists the innovation of the
historical handcrafts, educational courses of guiding and pensioning and to carry on the
inventory studies. And in a long-term period to establish a human-nature museum at the
region and to carry out sustainable public relations are of supreme importance to us.
project of human-nature museum
The fossilized human footprints are extremely rare in the geological records. The field work
of the MTA (Geological Research Ins. of Turkey) team in 1969, has resulted in an important
]
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discovery for the history of mankind. The fossilized human footprints were founded by
Mustafa ELK (prospector of MTA) and first examined by prof. Dr. F. OZANSOY.
These footprints are found on the basaltic tuffs of the third stage volcanism, on the western
flank of akallar Divlit Cone, west of the Lake of Demirkpr Dam. These footprints are the
first recorded in Turkey. There are also some animal footprints in the region.
Morphological and somatic studies on first and only human footprints in Turkey show
that these footprints have both the characteristics of modern human being and primitive
human. The number of footprints, nearly 200 in 1969, has been decreasing so far. Most
of them are exhibited at MTA Natural history Museum as well as Ege University Natural
history Museum. But the rest have been abducted to Switzerland, and a small part is kept
either at Manisa Museum or by locals.
The footprints in Salihli distinguish itself by preponderance from other localities around
the world. The footprints belong to three different individuals. Also, there are rabbit and
dog footprints in the region. The morphological analysis of human footprints revealed
the bipedalism characteristics (on foot, by walking), the presence of a diastem between
the second, third and fourth toes; the presence of a big toe, the lateral side of a convex
structure, and the fifth toe is strong.
The rock shelters and the holy figures drawn on the rocks located at the same region
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found - are the other important evidences of the existence of
Mesolithic age life at the region.
The establishment of a museum of human and Nature which puts out the human and nature
relationship at the region since the Mesolithic period is our long-term target which also
includes to bring back the footprints moved from the region for preservation, to where
they belong.
sustainaBle puBlic relations For the Geopark area
Katakekaumene is a social, cultural and commercial program designed to contribute the
geological, prehistoric and historical urban heritage of Kula and Salihli districts located in
the western region of Anatolia to civilization, thus enriching the intercultural dialogue and
also as a means for improving the social and economic conditions of the regions. One of
the methods envisioned for the realization of this project is the public relations activities.
We base our public relations strategy on the forethought that the local residents efforts on
renovation and opening their homes for tourism will be the driving force for the geopark
project.
The strategy of the Katakekaumene public Relations activities is founded on two objectives
and two target groups. The first objective is the participation of the local community,
hence the public relations activities intended for the regions local community. The second
objective is to achieve national and international participation and thus the public relations
activities intended for these groups. You will find the first preliminary studies intended for
the public relations activities for regional and international communities.
]
[ 16
local proGramme
The essential logic underlying the public Relations program intended for the local target
groups is that the realization of the project is dependent on the participation and the support
of the local residents. We will commence our public relations activities beforehand because
we consider the restoration of the old houses and involving them in tourist activities will be
the leading orce of the project.
Additionally, the mayors and district administration of Kula and Salihli, Manisa governorship
and the Ministry of Culture and Tourisms utilization of legal, administrative and financial
opportunities by taking on active duty is also required during both the project and
implementation stages in order to achieve the local objectives.
Despite being located in Western Anatolia and on zmir-Ankara transit passageway,
Kula-Salihli local residents do not have high levels of social communication notions and
extroversion experienced in tourist regions due to being remote from tourism activities
carried out in most parts of Turkey.
the local communitys role
There are two significant duties of the local residents in the project. The first task to be
undertaken is the restoration of the historical houses that are output of Muslim, Christian,
Jewish and Armenian cultures going back two hundred years, all of which now belong to
the local residents and are mostly in ruins, untended and unusable. By this, maintaining an
ergonomics responding to www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
the modern needs. The second task is, to take an active part in
tourism activities and provide their houses for exhibition and as hostels.
extensive proGramme anD instruments
Which instruments that we can use on the public relation program:
For the local target groups;
Founding of the project team central work office in zmir
Founding of the local advertorial and contact office in Kula (preferably in Kula
entrance junction)
Setting up a large advertorial billboard on zmir-Ankara highway at Kula entrance
(12m x 6m)
Setting up a large totem board at Kula entrance
Instructional and informational billboard in Kula
Informational billboards in front of the historical buildings
Billboards displaying messages for local residents at central locations such as
municipal office building, district administration building, marketplace
Informational and motivational booklets for the local residents and prearranged
functional distribution of the booklets
Informational booklets for the students and teachers in the region and prearranged
functional distribution of the booklets
TV and radio programs in local channels
Arranging meetings with the local organizations and chambers (Commerce and
industry, tourism, culture and arts, education, guilds, local administration and public
]
[ 17
administrators); presentation of the advertorial film and the project during these
meetings
Organizing The Scorched Land culture and tourism activity collectively with the
local associations and making this a tradition
For the general target groups;
preparation of the introductory and informational booklets, prearrangement of
their functional distribution
preparation of the web site
Organization of advertorial tours for national TV channels and newspapers together
and separately
Visiting and informing the production directors and related editors of media
organs
hosting for the TV channels and newspapers that look forward to working in the
region
Arranging meetings in zmir, stanbul and Ankara commercial and industrial
chambers for advertorial presentations
Contacting Rotary and Lions clubs; organizing tours and meetings and inviting them
to the region
Informing and inviting the tourism operator organizations for tour organizations
Developing schemes and animations for introductory presentations at universities
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t.tanju kaya is paleontologist. She has completed her phD and MSc degrees at
the Aegean University of zmir. Since 2002 she is director of The Natural history
Museum of Aegean University where she started her position as an assistant in
1979.
professor Ylmaz SAvAIN completed the phD and MSc degrees of Mineralogy
at Tuebingen University of Germany. Two years ago, he has retired from his
position as a professor doctor at Dokuz Eyll University of zmir. Geothermal
and Volcanology are the fields he has specialized. he has been implementing
various projects at this field and his studies have been published in international
journals. he is still working as an Earth-science consultant and implementing the
Geopark project of Kula as the project coordinator.
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abstract
The important volcanic geodiversity of the Azores archipelago and the value of its geosites
justify the establishment of a geopark in this autonomous region, being in progress the
application of the Azores Geopark to the European and Global Geoparks Networks,
coordinated by the Azores Government.
The volcanic landscape of the Azores Islands, the main promotional icon of the archipelago,
has an undeniable geotouristic potential that can be better exploited with the creation of the
Azores Geopark. Thus, the integration of the existing services and infrastructures with new
interpretative services and products will allow the implementation of a high quality geotourism
in the archipelago, in close relationship with other domains of the Nature Tourism.
Meet the volcanoes, the lakes, the tea plantations, watch whales, dive in the blue ocean,
walk around the islands and enjoy the stew of Furnas, and the regional sweets and wines,
are a few of the many proposals to enjoy in the archipelago.
1. Paisagem vulcnica dos Aores
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O arquiplago dos Aores, posicionado em pleno Atlntico Norte (Fig. 1) e na juno tripla
das placas litosfricas Euroasitica, Norte Americana e Africana (ou Nbia) (Fig. 2),
caracterizado por 16 grandes edifcios vulcnicos (e.g. vulces poligenticos), na sua maioria
siliciosos e truncados por uma caldeira no topo, 9 dos quais tm vulcanismo holocnico e
esto activos. Adicionalmente, a paisagem vulcnica aoriana constituda por cerca de
1750 vulces monogenticos (que incluem cones de escrias e de spatter, domos, anis
de tufos, cones surtseianos e fissuras eruptivas), quer dispersos pelos flancos e caldeiras
daqueles vulces poligenticos, quer integrando as 11 zonas de vulcanismo fissural basltico
(e.g. cordilheiras ou plataformas vulcnicas) existentes nos Aores (Nunes & Lima, 2008).
]
[ 150
Fig. 2 Enquadramento geodinmico sumrio do arquiplago dos Aores (Nunes et al., 2008).
]
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Caldeiro do Corvo *
(ilha do Corvo)
Cordilheira vulcnica *
(ilha de So Jorge)
Furna do Enxofre **
(ilha Graciosa)
Barreiro da Faneca *
(ilha de Santa Maria)
Figs 3-11 Exemplos de geopaisagens do arquiplago dos Aores. Fotos de: * Eva Lima; ** Joo Carlos
Nunes e *** Centro Interpretativo dos Capelinhos.
]
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piscina termal *
(ilha de So Miguel)
Figs. 12-14 Exemplos de usufruto das manifestaes de vulcanismo secundrio. Fotos de: * Eva Lima.
Biscoitos *
(ilha Terceira)
paisagem da vinha *
(ilha do pico)
Maia *
(ilha de Santa Maria)
]
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Igreja do Colgio *
(ilha de So Miguel)
portas da Cidade *
(ilha de So Miguel)
Forte de So Brs *
(ilha de So Miguel)
Figs. 15-23 paisagens vincolas, patrimnio imvel e fortificaes militares. Fotos de: * Eva Lima.
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Romeiros *
(ilha de So Miguel)
]
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]
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Fig. 27 Mapa de localizao de potenciais geosstios a integrar o Geoparque Aores (Lima et al, 2009).
]
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Fig. 28 Localizao de potenciais geosstios da ilha de Santa Maria (Lima et al, 2009).
]
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percursos pedestres *
(Rib da praia, So Miguel)
Fotografia de natureza *
(porto Afonso, Graciosa)
Etnografia *
(Madalena, pico)
]
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]
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Pontos fortes
- arquiplago com geodiversidade e patrimnio
geolgico notveis;
- presena de diversos locais com caractersticas
geolgicas de grande valor (e.g. cientfico,
pedaggico e turstico);
- pontos de vista para geopaisagens notveis,
equipados com miradouros;
- existncia de alguma oferta de turismo termal,
rural, de natureza e de aventura;
- existncia de infra-estruturas, nomeadamente
centros interpretativos, observatrios dedicados
a temticas ambientais.
Pontos fracos
- locais de interesse geolgico com grande
vulnerabilidade a riscos naturais e antrpicos;
- ausncia de monitorizao/controlo de
actividades antrpicas em algumas reas
com especial interesse para a conservao da
natureza;
- conflitos pontuais entre o uso do solo e a
existncia de locais de interesse geolgico.
Oportunidades
Ameaas
- valorizar e promover o potencial do patrimnio - vulnerabilidade do territrio arquipelgico face
geolgico do arquiplago;
dinmica urbanstica e turstica;
- integrar as estratgias de geoconservao - desarticulao de objectivos de valorizao
nas polticas de ordenamento do territrio e ambiental motivada pela orientao econmica.
planeamento ambiental e turismo;
- melhorar e equipar a rede de miradouros e
circuitos pedonais da Regio;
- com a criao do Geoparque Aores potenciar
a integrao de infra-estruturas e servios
existentes na rea do geoturismo e interpretao
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ambiental (e.g. centros interpretativos
e
observatrios dedicados a temticas geolgicas
e ambientais).
agradecimentos
O presente trabalho foi parcialmente financiado pela Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e do
Mar do Governo dos Aores, no mbito do projecto GeoDIVA Geodiversidade das reas
protegidas dos Aores, da Universidade dos Aores/Departamento de Geocincias.
Referncias bibliogrficas
Arajo, E.L.S. 2005. Geoturismo: Conceptualizao, Implementao e Exemplo de Aplicao ao Vale do Rio Douro
no Sector Porto-Pinho. Tese de Mestrado em Cincias do Ambiente Qualidade Ambiental. Escola de Cincias
da Universidade do Minho; 213 p.
Brilha, J. 2005. Patrimnio geolgico e geoconservao: a conservao da natureza na sua vertente geolgica.
palimage Editores, Viseu, 190 p.
Costa, M. p., Lima, E. A., Nunes, J.C. & porteiro, A.M. 2008. Geoparque dos Aores prosposta. Livro de
resumos - V Seminrio Recursos Geolgicos, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territrio, Vila Real 16-18 Outubro,
portugal, 233-238.
Lima, E.A. 2007. Patrimnio geolgico dos Aores: Valorizao de Locais com Interesse Geolgico das reas
Ambientais, Contributo para o Ordenamento do Territrio. Tese de Mestrado em Ordenamento do Territrio e
planeamento Ambiental. Departamento de Biologia. Universidade dos Aores, 106 p.
Lima, E.A., Nunes, J.C. & Costa, M.p. 2009. Geoparque Aores como Motor de Desenvolvimento Local
e Regional. Livro de resumos 15 Congresso da Associao portuguesa de Desenvolvimento Regional, 2
Congresso Lusfono de Cincia Regional, 3 Congresso de Gesto e Conservao da Natureza e 1 Congresso
de Desenvolvimento Regional de Cabo Verde, 6-11 Julho, praia, Cabo Verde, p. 11.
]
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Nunes, J.C. 2006. Geodiversidade, patrimnio Geolgico e Geomonumentos. Ambiente Insular, Revista
Electrnica. CCpA - Centro de Conservao e proteco do Ambiente. Universidade dos Aores. 6p.
Nunes, J.C. & Lima, E.A. 2008. paisagens Vulcnicas dos Aores: Valor Intrnseco Enquanto Recurso Natural e
patrimnio Geolgico. Livro de Resumos IV Congresso Nacional de Geomorfologia, Braga, Outubro, 31.
Nunes, J.C., Lima, E.A. & MEDEIROS, S. 2008. Carta de Geosstios da Ilha de Santa Maria. Escala 1/50.000.
Universidade dos Aores, Departamento de Geocincias (Ed.).
UNESCO 2001. Recomendao para a promoo do Patrimnio geolgico (disponvel em www.unesco.org/
science/earthscience/geological_heritage.htm, ultima consulta em 21 de Junho de 2005).
]
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Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional, Geology and paleontology Office, Centro Cultural Raiano, Idanha-aNova, portugal. Email: [email protected]. 2University of Milan, Italy.
penha Garcia is a small village with less than 1000 inhabitants created by the Templar Order
to protect portuguese-Spanish borderland which is located 8 km to North and 15 km to
East. This year penha Garcia proudly celebrates 750 years of a history made by wars and
hardships leading to scarce population and use of land as well as social and cultural isolation
until the seventies of the 20th century. Nowadays this village suffers from a fast decrease of
population characterised by an ageing population and lower productivity due to migration
of working people to the coastal cities and European countries. Economic activities are still
based on the agriculture sector made almost by retired people and traditional industry.
Since 2003 the process of tourism development has started in this territory. Bypassed
by the main country tourist routes, this portuguese hinterland is wakening up to Nature
Tourism, where the visitor meets pristine landscapes, genuine people and hospitality.
The Ichnological park of penha Garcia is the core and case study of the Geopark Naturtejo
Meseta Meridional (Neto de Carvalho, 2005, 2006a; Catana et al. 2007), the first portuguese
Geopark. Actions already undertaken by Idanha-a-Nova municipality with the help of penha
Garcia community includewww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
restoration of the medieval castle (nowadays a wonderful
viewpoint) and the watermill complex (site museum with the Fossils house), as well as the
ancient paths. The Fossils Trail and the Climbing School were the next steps to create visit
corridors to control environmental pressure. The Ichnological park was defined mainly on
the existing geological heritage (Neto de Carvalho, 2004, 2005) and astounding invertebrate
trace fossils with less than 480 M.y. (Lower to Middle Ordovician; Neto de Carvalho, 2006b)
and all the area was protected by the national law of the Cultural heritage. Since 2004
there have been regular guided visits organized by tourism technicians, sciences teachers
and geologists from Idanha-a-Nova municipality and the staff of Naturtejo Geopark. Only
three years have shown an increase of 40,5% in the visitors number, almost reaching 9000
in 2006, year of the integration of the territory in the European Geoparks Network, with
123,8% more foreigner visitors. The needs of visitor attendance and interpretation of natural
and cultural sites led to the creation of a Tourism Office and recuperation of an entire group
of quartzite houses to constitute the palaeozoic Museum is been carried out. This museum
will be an interactive experience devoted to understand the Ichnological park of penha
Garcia including this sector in one of the most complete stratigraphic sequences of Europe
for the palaeozoic Era which outcrops in a major area of portugal. Today, the museum
already receives hundreds of visitors with a temporary exhibition The world of Trilobites
of Sam Gon III starting from the famous website of this hawaiian professor.
A new period, this time for Nature rehabilitation is beginning in penha Garcia: an action
plan of tourism management is proposed for the next five years in order to mitigate the
extent of the landscape change by human activities (Neto de Carvalho & Baucon, 2007).
Five strategies must be followed in order to benefit the penha Garcia geomonument, a
natural monument in the aesthetic/scenic meaning, with more than 70 identified geosites
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that give birth to wonderful geological and life histories. These strategies must start
now in the scope of the Nature School project and ranges from restoring riverside flora
to minimizing building impact in landscape; cleaning of infrastructure; implementation
of geoconservation procedures and research; improvement of the management policies;
innovating interpretation with social and environmental-friendly approaches. Below there
is a summary of each of the programmed actions.
a) reforestation procedures
In order to improve environmental quality by diversifying depauperate ecosystems and
to decrease the insulation effect in the valley, providing shadow for the visitors and living
conditions for a more diversified fauna, it is vital to reforest the valley with riverside endemic
flora and progressively replace eucalyptus and pine trees by oaks, cork and holm oaks as
well as chestnut-trees. Big trees must be planted to create a green fence which can hide
big buildings such as the dam, the water plant and a private house. Other possibility is to
cover white walls and dam buildings with schist or quartzite rocks, mimicking the outcrops
and decreasing the negative effect in the landscape. There is a rare bog with Sphagnum and
Drosera rotundifolia that is endangered and must be protected by creating wood fences
and a bridge. Exotic plants must be eradicated from the valley and cutting actions should
be controlled by environmental engineers from the Municipality. In the Nature School
there must be presented the best practices for a sustainable tourism, by giving examples of
ecology and carbon dioxide sequestration and relate them to past climate change events
identified in the local geological landscape.
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b) cleaning of infrastructure
The Fossils Trail is the visitation path through the Ichnological park. It must be clean of
electrical and phone cables as well as TV antenna from the beginning of the route. All
the wired fences near the path must be replaced. There is a strong need to improve the
car park of Cho da Igreja with a place for bus and with the benefit of the green area
and children playground. Traditional buildings and fountains must be restored along the
path, the precarious roofs should be encouraged for substitution by slate tiles and the
ubiquitous cement should be cleaned from the valley. The use of signs and panels must be
conditioned. Dam tubes should be covered and the waters cleaned. Garbage baskets must
be underground and allow separation for recycling near pego fluvial swimming-pool. There
are 3 precarious buildings near pego that need to be destroyed and one must be restored
with local stone to create a proper WC.
c) research and geoconservation
Active research must continue to be carried on, improving the geological history of penha
Garcia and surroundings as well as its importance as one of the most didactic outcrops
in portugal. The identified geosites must be regularly monitored for natural and human
mutilations; slabs with trace fossils need to be cleaned and restored, some of them should
be strengthened and covered with transparent acrylic protections.
d) management improvements
The only vigilant in the ponsul Valley is not enough. The Ichnological park must have
vigilance every day and all the tourist facilities must be opened to public. Guided visits
made only by qualified rangers are being prepared. Outdoor activities, celebrations such
as the Ethnographic Celebrations and their impact need to be followed carefully not to
damage the environment and the landscape. Garbage and toilets need regular monitoring
and pockets of domestic and building wastes in the slopes must be eradicated. Motor
vehicles must be prohibited in the valley.
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Fig. 1. The ponsul valley in the Ichnological park of penha Garcia. From this viewpoint three of the main scars
are shown in the privileged landscape: the water plant (white buildings, left) and the unfinished giant house
(near the road, centre) that need to be covered with rock or hidden with a forest fence; the existence
of rare vegetation with eucalyptus need a sustainable reforestation with autochthonous trees (river trees,
Mediterranean forest).
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Fig. 2. Strong bioturbation with Cruziana ispp. in the bedding plane presented during a guided visit. Amazing
exposures like this proliferate in penha Garcia but most of them lack conservation measures.
References
Catana, M.M., Caetano Alves, M.I. & Neto de Carvalho, C. 2007. promotion and management of the geological
heritage in the Naturtejo Geopark (portugal): The Fossils Trail of penha Garcia. Workshop Geomorphosites,
Geoparks and Geotourism, Lesvos (Greece).
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2004. Os Testemunhos que as Rochas nos Legaram: Geodiversidade e potencialidades
do patrimnio do Canho Fluvial de penha Garcia. Geonovas, 18, 35-65.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2005. Inventrio dos georrecursos, medidas de Geoconservao e estratgias de
promoo geoturstica na regio Naturtejo. In: C. Neto de Carvalho (Ed.), Patrimnio Paleontolgico: da
Descoberta ao Reconhecimento Cruziana05, Actas do Encontro Internacional sobre Patrimnio Paleontolgico,
Geoconservao e Geoturismo, Idanha-a-Nova, 46-69.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2006. Some geosite case studies in the Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional
(portugal): the good, the not so good and the hell. Geoparks 2006 Second UNESCO International Conference
on Geoparks, Belfast, 118.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2006. Roller coaster behaviour in the Cruziana rugosa group from penha Garcia (portugal):
implications for the feeding program of Trilobites. Ichnos, 13(4), 255-265.
Neto de Carvalho, C. & Baucon, A. 2007. The Ichnological park of penha Garcia: bringing it back to Nature and
sustainable enjoyment (whats next?). 7th European Geoparks Conference, NW highlands Geopark, 17.
]
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Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and Global Geopark. Gabinete de Geologia
e de paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano. Av. Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova. E-mail: carlos.
[email protected]. 2Jorge Fialho produes. E-mail: [email protected]. 3University of Milan,
Italy. E-mail: [email protected].
abstract
Landscape: a natural and cultural mosaic, directly connecting Geology with human society.
Under this light, interpreting the landscape is at the same time - perceiving Earths
dynamics and understanding our intimate origins. These concepts are at the basis of
Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional, a place where people can feel their inner roots.
The cultural roots of padre Antonio De Andrade the discoverer of Tibet - are in the
mountains of Oleiros. De Andrade is historically connected with Odorico da pordenone, one
of the greatest Middle-Age explorers, which was closely linked with Asia and himalayas too.
Odorico roots are in the alpine landscapes of Friuli Venezia Giulia (North Eastern Italy): the
landscapes of Friuli, himalaya and Oleiros are intimately linked, as well as their geological
heritage.
Landscape as the place of our roots: De Andrade project starts from the roots of the
discoverer of himalaya Oleiros
and proceeds to Asia. The main core of the De Andrade
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project is the realization of a documentary portraying one of the most important voyages
in Asia: from Goa to Deli, from Badrinath to Mana pass, the documentary will follow
the extraordinary, adventurous life of De Andrade. Scientific research is intended as a
fundamental complement to the documentary: himalayas are a key-place to understand
global geologic processes, which are linking distant regions such as Friulan Alps and
Cordillera Central.
Finally, scientific divulgation represents the natural completion of the project: the hometown
of De Andrade Oleiros - is the best candidate to host the Mountain Museum, an innovative
interpretative center to illustrate mountains as a fascinating part of the landscape, which is
the heart and the mission of Geopark Naturtejo.
1. Introduo A evoluo da paisagem e o Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta
Meridional
Existiro ainda paisagens completamente naturais no mundo? De um ponto de vista
abrangente, uma paisagem pode ser definida como a combinao de elementos naturais
em conjunto com o modo como o homem utiliza o espao. Da mistura de elementos e
processos que se modificam com o tempo resulta a constituio de uma paisagem apelativa
e harmoniosa que, per si, fonte de inspirao e atraco humanas. Mas a paisagem
um sistema dinmico, to mutvel quanto permitido pelos processos tectnicos,
climticos, biolgicos e erosivos, assim como a aco humana. A paisagem que nos
inspira na actualidade controlada por mecanismos morfogenticos intemporais que tm
operado num perodo de tempo que se pode contar por muito milhes de anos, embora
condicionado pela ocupao e actividades humanas que se deram, regra geral, apenas
nos ltimos milhares de anos. Assim, deveremos entender a paisagem como um mosaico
cultural, onde rochas e organismos interagem directa ou indirectamente atravs de ciclos
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a entender por que que esta pequena regio de Itlia atraiu especialmente poetas e
gelogos. poetas e gelogos: as paisagens (com toda a sua beleza) so determinadas
fundamentalmente pela sua histria geolgica.
Friuli Venezia Giulia encontra-se separada de Oleiros por 1800 km, e os himalaias esto a
7000 km desta regio (Fig. 1). No obstante as enormes distncias geogrficas, Friuli Venezia
Giulia encontra-se cultural e geologicamente ligada com Oleiros e a grande cordilheira dos
himalaias.
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Fig. 1 Localizao geogrfica de Oleiros, Friuli Venezia Giulia e os himalaias: regies distantes relacionadas
pela geologia e pela cultura.
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Fig. 2 Fsseis marinhos encontrados nas montanhas dos Alpes Friulanos. Escala grfica com 1 cm de
comprimento (quando presente). a Na crista de Montasio (a cerca de 2700 m de altitude), existe uma
jazida com fsseis rica em gastrpodes (b) e bivalves (e). b gastrpode, pico Montasio; Trisico ( 251-200
milhes de anos). c Asteriacites (escavao de um ofiuro, parente das estrelas-do-mar), Sauris. Trisico.
Cortesia do Museu de Ampezzo. d Anolcites julium, um amonide (cefalpode) do perodo Trisico. Forni
di Sotto. Cortesia do Museu de Ampezzo. e - Megalodon, um bivalve comum no perodo Trisico. Crista de
Montasio.
Uma das mais espectaculares jazidas de fsseis situa-se no passo de Volaia (a 2000 metros
de altitude), onde se encontram corais, moluscos, trilobites e peixes (datada do Devnico,
com cerca de 400 milhes de anos). Esta jazida um exemplo de livro para mostrar
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como o registo fssil a chave para interpretar os ambientes passados e os gelogos
so os nicos cientistas alicerados para os estudar. Com base nos fsseis, os gelogos
reconstituem uma paisagem com 400 milhes de anos: as rochas que hoje compem o
passo Volaia representam o que foi outrora uma laguna pouco profunda dominada por
ambientes recifais onde a vida floresceu (veja-se VAI et al., 2002).
Um patrimnio geolgico excepcional pode ser igualmente encontrado em Oleiros (NETO
DE CARVALhO e MARTINS, 2006) e nos himalaias. Em Oleiros, a paisagem composta
por alinhamentos montanhosos xistentos que atingem pouco mais de 1000 m de altitude
cortados por profundos vales de rios geologicamente recentes. A etimologia do topnimo
Oleiros parece derivar das inmeras nascentes de gua: como as montanhas dos Alpes
de Friuli e dos himalaias, tambm Oleiros uma importante fonte deste precioso lquido
para a vida na Terra. Das montanhas de xisto abauladas levantam-se as cristas quartzticas
da Serra do Moradal. O topnimo mostra o quo impressionante para a populao local
esta muralha quartztica gigantesca com 32 km de extenso (Fig. 3a) datada de h quase
500 milhes de anos e que corresponde a um fragmento tectnico de uma antigo mar.
Em jazidas fsseis, como penedo das Sardas, Fraga da gua dAlta ou penha Alta, vulgar
encontrar, no os restos esquelticos de antigos organismos marinhos, mas as marcas de
actividade (icnofsseis) desenvolvidas por estes nos sedimentos do fundo marinho onde
viveram e se alimentaram (Fig. 3b-d). Estes vestgios preservados nas rochas so o nico
alfabeto atravs do qual os paleontlogos podem decifrar a biologia de organismos h
muito extintos.
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Fig. 3 Vestgios de vida marinha do passado em rochas da penha Alta, serra do Moradal (Oleiros). a
perspectiva geral da serra do Moradal (Cabeo do Sobral) prximo da jazida, um verdadeiro local de importncia
geolgica e paisagstica. b Bioturbao das camadas quartzticas pelas escavaes de alimentao das
trilobites; a escala corresponde ao martelo de gelogo. c Detalhe dos anteriores icnofsseis do tipo Cruziana
furcifera (escavaes bilobadas); escala grfica = 20 mm. d O antigo fundo marinho, ainda com as marcas de
ondulao preservadas e forte disrupo sedimentar (dada pela textura pustulosa do plano de estratificao),
resultante da aco de milhares de organismos que fizeram escavaes domicilirias, verticais e simples, do
tipo Skolithos linearis.
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Fig. 4 Odorico da pordenone, como pode ser visto em MS. Franais 2810 ,Paris, XV sec. a - Odorico viajando
b - Odorico no vale infernal. c Antropfagos d Templo Budista.
Aps ter vivido algum tempo em pequim, Odorico regressou a Itlia mas, infelizmente, a
sua viagem de regresso no foi descrita com o rigor anterior. parece que ter atravessado
a sia pelo reino de prestes Joo (Monglia?) e alguns historiadores consideraram mesmo
que este ter viajado pelo Tibete (tendo eventualmente visitado Lhasa) e pela Armnia,
embora outros tenham demonstrado alguns lapsos de interpretao dos textos de Odorico,
afirmando que este nunca ter atingido o Tibete (Laufer in ChARpENTIER, 1919).
Anteriormente resumimos as relaes geolgicas, culturais e sociais existentes entre Friuli
Venezia Giulia, os himalaias e Oleiros. Surpreedentemente, mesmo a vida de aventuras de
Odorico tem uma perfeita correspondncia neste relacionamento global. De facto, o padre
Antonio de Andrade, um dos mais importantes exploradores de todos os tempos, partilha
caractersticas com Odorico. De facto, Odorico e De Andrade comungam da mesma base
cultural (ambos foram personalidade religiosas), origens paisagsticas (ambos nasceram
num cenrio de montanhas agrestes mas generosas), esprito de aventura (ambos passaram
a vida a viajar por lugares remotos do mundo de ento) e jornadas (ambos foram atrados
para a sia). neste ltimo contexto que entra o Tibete: os historiadores indicam que
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Fig. 5 O padre Antnio de Andrade e o seu legado global. a A parte principal da jornada de De Andrade
foi a escalada dos himalaias entre Srinagar (India) e Tsaparang (Tibete), passando por Badrinath (imagem de
satlite obtida com o Google Earth). b imagem 3D do Google Earth mostrando o profundo vale glacirio
do rio Vishnudanga percorrido por Antnio de Andrade para atravessar os picos mais altos dos himalaias
no passo de Mana para finalmente atingir o planalto Tibetano. c Monlito de xisto localizado no jardim
central de Oleiros, celebrando Antnio de Andrade como escalador dos himalaias e descobridor do Tibete. d
projecto de escultura por Jos de paula e o livro re-editado sobre a descoberta do Tibete baseado nas duas
cartas de Antnio de Andrade, novas homenagens ao heri de Oleiros. e A escola de Oleiros baptizada com
o nome de De Andrade. f Empresa com referncia s terras descritas por De Andrade (Oleiros).
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Fig. 6 himalaias: Geologia, paisagem e tradies. a Os himalaias so um dos melhores locais do mundo para
admirar a relao intrseca entre a paisagem e a geologia. A fotografia mostra uma impressionante cadeia de
montanhas que foi elevada por foras tectnicas imensas durante uma coliso continental. Yamdrok-Shigatse.
b Durante as suas viagens, Antonio de Andrade e Odorico da pordenone estabeleceram contactos com as
tradies budistas. Na fotografia mostram-se dois monges tibetanos. Tashillumpo. c Os himalaias oferecem
condies extremas, mesmo para veculos todo-terreno. passo de montanha prximo de Yamdrok-Shigatse.
d A fauna dos himalaias adaptaram-se a viver em altitudes impressionantes; por exemplo, estes iaques
sobrevivem a 5000 m de altitude. As bandeiras coloridas ao fundo representam oferendas aos espritos e so
tipicamente encontradas em regies de influncia do budismo tibetano, como o planalto Tibetano, Buto e
Monglia. e S os gelogos conseguem interpretar a complexidade da paisagem, que o substrato natural
para as sociedades humanas. Shigatse.
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Consideramos que as XVIII
Jornadas em Idanha-a-Nova, foi o primeiro passo para
aprofundarmos um debate que ir decorrer a medida do desenvolvimento destas
experincias e de percebermos se as Rotas Culturais constituem uma nova expresso de
musealidade.
Idanha-a- Nova, 28 de Setembro de 2008
A relatora, Judite primo
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Uma das experincias mais interessantes desenvolvidas nas ltimas dcadas usando a
valorizao do patrimnio local para o desenvolvimento, foi o aparecimento das Rotas ou
Itinerrios Culturais. O fenmeno no novo. J em 1990, a propsito do Ano Europeu do
Turismo, a Comisso de Turismo da Comunidade Europeia publicou um Guia dos Itinerrios
Culturais das Regies da Europa. Contam-se por centenas as Rotas j ento existentes.
Apenas a ttulo de exemplo: Dinamarca 14; Irlanda 26; Espanha 19; Itlia 22; Noruega
18; Frana 26; Romnia 41; Gr-bretanha 65. E portugal? O nosso pas no tinha
nenhum itinerrio cultural estruturado. hoje a realidade diferente. Ouvimos aqui falar de
algumas rotas e tommos contacto directo com outras. Um pouco por todo o pas vamos
podendo fazer percursos de clara conotao cultural que nos enriquecem (culturalmente)
e que contribuem para o desenvolvimento das actividades locais que os materializaram.
E isto em todos os sectores e usando uma enorme diversidade de patrimnios. Sabemos
de vrias Rotas do Contrabando, da Rota do Ouro Negro (o Volfrmio) na serra da Freita,
da Rota dos Castros no Fundo, do Circuito Torgueano em Sabrosa, e das Rotas de obras
escritas como a de Virglio Ferreira em Gouveia ou de Aquilino em Moimenta, da Rota do
vidro entre Alcobaa e a Marinha Grande e da Rota da L na Serra da Estrela. De rotas em
zonas urbanas como a do patrimnio na Colina dos hospitais Civis de Lisboa, da Rota dos
Mrmores, da Rota dos Abutres, das Minas de Segura, ou a dos fsseis de penha Garcia que
ontem nos ajudou a manter a boa condio fsica.
Esta nova e intensa actividade usando o patrimnio como recurso turstico, obriga-nos a
cuidar mais eficazmente dos bens culturais e a tornarmo-nos todos responsveis por eles
e pela sua conservao e, nesse sentido, um poderoso factor de educao patrimonial
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e de educao para a cidadania;
obriga-nos a associar o patrimnio cultural e os recursos
naturais e ambientais, percebendo deste modo a importncia da preservao da Natureza
e tomando conscincia da necessidade de uma correcta gesto dos recursos.
Mas este novo tipo de turismo cultural tambm ele gerador de emprego e, nesse sentido, um poderoso
agente de fixao de das populaes, contrariando a tendncia para a desertificao humana
pois tempo de pormos mos obra. Tempo de requalificar os nossos bens culturais,
atribuindo-lhes uma nova funo social a do Turismo Cultural, que contribua para o aumento
dos possveis da cultura e que garanta a todos um futuro centrado na sustentabilidade.
BiBlioGraFia
BENSAhEL, L. & DONSIMONI, M. (coord.) 1999. Le Tourisme, facteur de dveloppement local. Grenoble, pUG.
GARCIA MARChANTE, J.S. & hOLGADO, M.C (coord) 2002. La funcin social del patrimonio: el turismo cultural.
U.C. La-Mancha, Cuenca.
BALLART, J. 1997. El patrimonio histrico y arqueolgico: valor y uso. Ed. Ariel, Barcelona.
LIpE, W. D. 1984. Value and meaning in cultural resources. in h. Cleere (ed.) Approaches to the archaeological
heritage. University press, Cambridge.
TINOCO, A. 1999 Circuitos tursticos e desenvolvimento local. Sistemas de Informao Geogrfica e geolgica
de Base Regional, IGM, Beja.
TINOCO, A. 1999. Uma Rota de Turismo Mineiro A Faixa Piritosa Ibrica. IGM, Beja.
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O artigo referido uma adenda, produzida em 2008, para a Encyclopedic Dictionary of Museology do ICOFOM.
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Marovic, I. 1996. El Arte en la museologia. XVIII Annual conference of ICOFOM And V Regional Meeting of
ICOFOM LAM. Symposium Museology & Art. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 226-233.
Mairesse, F., Desvalls, A. & Deloche, B. 2008. Fundamental concepts of museology. ICOFOM ICOM UNESCO.
Frana.
Mensch, p. van. 1992. The object as data carrier. Towards a methodology of museology (phd Thesis). University
of Zagreb. Disponvel em: http://www.xs4all.nl/~rwa/ boek12.htm. Acesso em: jun 2008.
Mensch, p. van. 1990. Methodological Museology; Or, Towards A Theory Of Museum practice. Objects of
Knowledge. Athlone press/ Susan pearce, London; New Research in Museum Studies, 1, 141-157.
Sola, T. 1987. Concepto Y Naturaleza de la museologia. Museum, 153. Unesco, Frana, 45-49.
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Adolf Seilacher
Geologisches Institut d.Universitt Tbingen Sigwartstr.10 72076 Tbingen. Department of Geology and
Geophysics Yale University, p.O.Box 208109 New haven CT. 06511 USA.
E-mail: [email protected].
historical monuments make us aware that we are part of processes transcending our
own mortal self in space and time. They are not restricted to the thousands of years of
human history, but extend into the history of life and our planet, where time is measured
by millions and billions of years.
penha Garcia is a site that provides a vivid glimpse into deep time. A spectacular gorge
reveals marine sediments that have later been transformed into hard rocks and crumbled
during the collision of ancient continents. This deformation overturned the quartzitic storm
beds, so that sole faces could be washed clean by the rain of centuries. What they show is
a vivid snapshot of life on a sea bottom 475 million years ago. The rulers of the time were
trilobites, an extinct class of arthropods reaching the size of a good lobster. But what one
sees in the ponsul Gorge are not dead carcasses. Instead, the bedding planes preserve the
moulds of large trilobite burrows, from which the activities of these strange creatures can
be reconstructed. In the search for food they strip-mined the sediment following various
behavioural programs.
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In addition, beautifully preserved
scratch patterns reveal the construction and motions of
the trilobite legs, which are hardly ever preserved in body fossils.
The kind of burrows seen in penha Garcia (Cruziana rugosa) had a wide distribution. Through
the years, I have studied them in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Spain, Algiers, Libya, Sudan,
Turkey, Iraq, Iran, pakistan, and South China. Spreading over many continents today, all
these sites were by Ordovician times situated at the margins of a single supercontinent,
Gondwana. But in no other place are these trace fossils as well exposed, well preserved,
and diversified as in penha Garcia.
What counts also for a Geopark is the cultural environment. Facing the problem of increasing
desertification, the Raiana region has made great efforts to develop the cultural center
in Idanha-a-Nova. The local public, authorities, and a group of highly motivated scientists
support this project. So the region and its varied landscape is on the way to become a
major tourist attraction in the European community. As penha Garcia is part of this setting,
its promotion to a Geopark in the European Network would be very appropriate. I strongly
support this application.
Os monumentos histricos recordam-nos que fazemos parte de processos que transcendem
o nosso eu mortal no espao e no tempo. Estes no se restringem aos milhares de anos
da histria da humanidade, mas estendem-se pela histria da vida no nosso planeta, onde o
tempo medido em milhes e milhares de milhes de anos.
Penha Garcia um local que apresenta uma viso clara do tempo profundo. um espectacular
desfiladeiro constitudo por sedimentos marinhos que foram posteriormente transformados
em duras rochas esmagadas pela coliso de continentes no passado. Esta deformao das
rochas verticalizou as camadas de quartzito, expondo a sua base aco das chuvas por
sculos. O que nos mostram hoje so claras evidncias de vida num fundo marinho h 475
milhes de anos. Quem dominava naquele tempo eram as trilobites, uma classe de artrpodes
j extinta, que aqui tero atingido a dimenso de uma lagosta. Mas o que podemos apreciar no
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Breve resenha biogrfica do Prof. Seilacher
Dolf Seilacher (que assim que prefere que os amigos o tratem) jnior nasceu h 84 anos
em Stuttgart, no Sul da Alemanha. Esprito curioso de uma energia avassaladora que ainda
hoje conserva, cedo se dedicou paleontologia, tendo publicado o primeiro artigo cientfico
aos 18 anos de idade. A sua juventude foi to conturbada quanto os tempos de guerra que
presenciou, tendo sobrevivido escolstica hipntica de hitler e queda do imprio em
Berlim. Nos tempos de colapso econmico ps-guerra, Dolf Seilacher subsistiu e pagou
os seus estudos universitrios em Tbingen colhendo cogumelos nos bosques. Graas s
dificuldades, a Alemanha ganhou um micologista reputado!
Em 1951, o gelogo Dolf Seilacher termina a sua tese de doutoramento em icnofsseis
sob a orientao do prof. Schindewolf e torna-se o pai da Icnologia moderna. No ano
seguinte, parte para a ndia naquela que seria a primeira de centenas de viagens de
investigao que promoveu at ao dia de hoje. Os seus conhecimentos profundos de
Biologia e Geologia fizeram com que revolucionasse outras reas da paleontologia, como
a Morfologia Funcional (paixo que lhe consome horas a morfodinmica do exosqueleto
e a auto-organizao), a Ecologia Evolutiva (quem j no ouviu falar dos Vendobionta do
precmbrico?) ou a Tafonomia (os Fossil Lagersttten), e a Sedimentologia, atravs do
estudo dos efeitos ecolgicos de eventos sedimentares, tendo publicado centenas de
artigos nas mais importantes revistas cientficas. No mesmo ano (1951) torna-se professor
da Universidade de Tbingen, qual ficou ligado at 1990 e que veio a celebrizar at aos dias
de hoje. Desde 1987 que o prof. Seilacher d aulas no curso de Geologia da Universidade de
Yale, nos E.U.A., retirando muito prazer da discusso com jovens mentes brilhantes.
A partir de 1960, o prof. Seilacher viaja pelo mundo como professor convidado, dando aulas
de paleontologia e Zoologia em reputadas universidades de todos os continentes (excepto
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Muitos breves so estas linhas para descrever a vida e obra de um dos grandes gnios da
Cincia contempornea. impressionante ver este senhor com a bonita idade de 84 anos
no afloramento, desde manh cedo ao cair do dia, discutindo entusistica e alegremente
sobre um pormenor que escapa a todos, partilhando ideias com o colega mais genial ou
com o aluno mais principiante. impressionante acompanhar este senhor num congresso,
sempre atento s novas descobertas e pronto a intervir a cada comunicao com a sua
pertinncia contagiante. Assim Dolf Seilacher e a sua querida Arte Fssil: uma vida inteira
dedicada investigao e divulgao cientficas, um olhar apaixonado para o seu objecto
de estudo que nos revela mais de 3000 milhes de anos de histrias da Natureza, atravs
dos indcios deixados pelos seus protagonistas.
Carlos Neto de Carvalho
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
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Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional. Geology and paleontology Office, Centro Cultural Raiano. Av.
Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova, portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
But in no other place are these trace fossils [Cruziana] as well exposed, well preserved,
and diversified as in penha Garcia.
Adolf Seilacher, 2006
The first fossils were collected in penha Garcia during September 1883 for the pioneering
work of Nery Delgado (1885, 1908) that established the first approach to the paleoichnology
and Stratigraphy of the Ordovician rocks from penha Garcia-Caaveral Syncline. The
stratigraphy was revised by perdigo (1971) being the basis for 2 geological maps 1:50000
of a total of 3 that would cover all the Ordovician from this sector (perdigo, 1976; Sequeira,
et al. 1999). The Upper Ordovician sequence was studied in more detail by Young (1985,
1988). From these works were defined a total of 8 formations (i.e., Serra Gorda, Quartzito
Armoricano, Brejo Fundeiro, Monte da Sombadeira, Fonte da horta, Cabril, Louredo and
Ribeira da Laje formations) that cover almost all the Ordovician period from Tremadocian?
to Ashgillian. Two regional stratotypes, Serra Gorda Formation and Vaca Member from
Louredo Formation were defined
close to penha Garcia (Young, 1988; Sequeira, 1993).
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Most of the Bilobites fossils described by Nery Delgado in his influent monograph of 1885
came from penha Garcia. This work is still one of the most important classical papers on
trace fossils and worldwide known as it is the portuguese reference for the two volumes
of Treatise on Invertebrate paleontology about trace fossils (hntzschel, 1962, 1975).
Moreover, it was fundamental for the establishment of modern Ichnology by Seilacher
(e.g., 1955; resumed in 1970). During the end of the seventies, Roland Goldring visited penha
Garcia for studying Cruziana trace fossils with the help of locals. From the sampling season
in the Armorican Quartzite Formation, Goldring published a very important paper on the
formation of Cruziana that was vital for understanding Cruziana behaviour, preservation
and relationship to trilobites (Goldring, 1985). The abundance, unusual preservation and
diversity of trace fossils combined with the wonderful exposure conditions in the ponsul
valley allowed the development of more systematic ichnological studies for a decade with
the revision of old collections and description of many new findings (e.g., Neto de Carvalho
et al. 1998; Neto de Carvalho, 2003, 2006a). 20 ichnogenera and 24 ichnospecies as well as
20 genera and species ascribed to trilobites, ostracods, phyllocarids, bivalves, brachiopods,
bryozoans, graptolites, anemones and worms were already identified and described.
Sequeira (1993) reported the oldest fossils in the Ordovician sequence of penha Garcia as
Skolithos and horizontal burrows dated from the Tremadocian. Neto de Carvalho (2006a)
described in detail an amazing variety of feeding behaviours in Cruziana, nowhere are they
as varied as near penha Garcia (Seilacher, 2001). Fancy burrowing behaviours were coined
by Adolf Seilacher in his Fossil Art exhibition as The trilobite circus of penha Garcia.
Examples of tunnelling, teichichnoid, circling and gregarious behaviours are evidences for
the evolution of the same feeding strategies in different groups of trilobites (Seilacher,
2007). Neto de Carvalho (2006a) also noticed a width span between 2 mm and 240 mm in
Cruziana burrows which is allowing to track the pattern of ecospace exploitation during
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ontogeny of a giant, almost half a meter, producer assigned to asaphid trilobites. Besides
the big ichnodiversity made by detritus, filter and suspension feeding burrowers, the first
body fossils recovered in the upper member of Armorican Quartzite Formation are giant
obolids (brachiopods) confirmed by Neto de Carvalho (2006b).
The acculturation of paleontological information by penha Garcia inhabitants is also being
followed (e.g., Neto de Carvalho and Cacho, 2005). This multidisciplinary work has been
the support for the protection of the geological and cultural heritage for the creation of the
Fossils Trail in the penha Garcia Ichnological park (e.g., Neto de Carvalho, 2004; Sequeira
and Serejo proena, 2004; Neto de Carvalho and Baucon, 2007) as the starting point for
building a geopark, which were awarded with the 1st and 4th Geoconservation prizes by
proGEO portugal/National Geographic portugal (Brilha, 2005). Internationalization of
the paleontological heritage from penha Garcia was conducted both in scientific (Neto de
Carvalho, 2006a; Seilacher, 2007) and geotouristic basis as one of the stars of the travelling
exhibition Fossil Art of the famous paleobiologist Adolf Seilacher (Seilacher, 2001, 2003,
2005a) and the ex-libris of Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and
Global Geopark (e.g., Neto de Carvalho, 2005; Neto de Carvalho and Martins, 2006). The
paleontological heritage from penha Garcia can now be seen as a successful and every
improving tourist attraction (cf. Seilacher, 2005b) and an example of exomuseum (sensu
Melndez and Rodrigues, 2008) to be followed in portugal.
Bibliography
Brilha, J. 2005. patrimnio Geolgico e Geoconservao. A conservao da natureza na sua vertente geolgica.
palimage Editores, Braga, 190p. www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Delgado, J. F. N. 1885. Terrenos paleozicos de portugal:-Estudo sobre os Bilobites e outros fsseis das
quartzites da base do systema silurico de portugal. Memria da Seco de Trabalhos Geolgicos de portugal,
Lisboa, 113p.
Delgado, J. F. N. 1908. Systme Silurique du portugal, tude de stratigraphie palontologique. Commission
du Service Gologique du portugal, 233p.
Goldring, R. 1985. The formation of the trace fossil Cruziana. Geological Magazine, 122(1), 65-72.
hntzschel, W. 1962. Trace Fossils and problematica. In: Treatise on Invertebrate paleontology, part W (Coord.
R. C. Moore). Geological Society of America and University of Kansas press, Lawrence, 177-245.
hntzschel, W. 1975. Miscellanea - Trace Fossils and problematica. In: Treatise on Invertebrate paleontology,
part W (Coord. C. Teichert) . Geological Society of America and University of Kansas press, Lawrence, 269p.
Melndez, G. and Rodrigues, J. C. 2008. El desarrollo musestico local como componente bsico del
geoturismo y herramienta geodidctica: Ejemplos en Aragn (Espaa) y en penha Garcia (portugal). VII
Congreso Geologico de Espaa, Las palmas de Gran Canaria, 14-18 Julio.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2003. Tcnicas de locomoo empregues em Merostomichnites pACKARD, 1900
do Arenigiano de portugal: Critrios paleobiolgicos para o reconhecimento de phyllocarida. Actas do VI
Congresso Nacional de Geologia; Cincias da Terra (UNL), n esp. 5, CD-ROM, 27-31.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2004 Os Testemunhos que as Rochas nos Legaram: Geodiversidade e potencialidades do
patrimnio do Canho Fluvial de penha Garcia. Geonovas, 18, 35-65.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2005. Inventrio dos georrecursos, medidas de Geoconservao e estratgias de
promoo geoturstica na regio Naturtejo. In: C. Neto de Carvalho (Ed.), patrimnio paleontolgico:
da Descoberta ao Reconhecimento Cruziana05, Actas do Encontro Internacional sobre patrimnio
paleontolgico, Geoconservao e Geoturismo, Idanha-a-Nova, 46-69.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2006a. Roller coaster behaviour in the Cruziana rugosa group from penha Garcia
(portugal): implications for the feeding program of Trilobites. Ichnos, 13(4), 255-265.
Neto de Carvalho, C. 2006b - Acumulaes de braquipodes quitinofosfticos na Formao do Quartzito
Armoricano (Ordovcico) em Vila Velha de Rdo. In: J. Miro & A. Balbino (eds.), VII Congresso Nacional de
Geologia, Livro de Resumos, vora, v. II, 701-704.
Neto de Carvalho, C. and Baucon, A. 2007. The Ichnological park of penha Garcia: bringing it back to Nature
and sustainable enjoyment (whats next?). 7th European Geoparks Conference, NW highlands Geopark: 17.
Neto de Carvalho, C. and Cacho, M. 2005. A Bicha pintada (Milreu Vila de Rei): paradigma Eclctico das
]
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Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional. Geology and paleontology Office, Centro Cultural Raiano. Av.
Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova, portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
]
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cidas custou 6000000 aos cofres do Estado, mas foi considerado pelos inspectores da
EURATOM como exemplar. No entanto, foram controlados apenas 2 dos mais de 3 milhes
de toneladas de resduos na Barragem Velha da Urgeiria. Existem mais 60 minas e 10
milhes de toneladas de rejeitados radioactivos espera de trabalhos de reabilitao com
um custo de 60 milhes de euros, que devem ser imediatos, no s pela gravidade dos
impactes, mas tambm pela sua localizao prxima de povoaes. Segundo o Dr. Delfim
de Carvalho, actual presidente da EDM, estes trabalhos de remediao podero arrastarse por muitos anos.
O Empreendimento Mineiro de Nisa
O maior jazigo de urnio de portugal, com reservas de urnio estimadas em 3080 toneladas,
pode vir a ser uma nfima parte da produo mundial de urnio. S o Canad e a Austrlia
detm em conjunto 52% da produo anual de urnio e 1/3 das reservas conhecidas
e explorveis (num total de 4,7 milhes de toneladas). O jazigo de Nisa distribui-se por
oito zonas entre Nisa e a fronteira, acompanhando o contacto do Granito de Nisa com
os xistos ao longo de 5 km, numa faixa de rocha esmagada e alterada que chega a ter
400 m de largura. O urnio aparece disseminado nas rochas sob a forma de uma poeira
amarela, esverdeada ou negra. Estas cores denunciam a diversidade de minerais de urnio
que se encontram em Nisa, como a Autunite, a Torbernite, a Sabugalite ou a Nisate (,
descoberta aqui na dcada de 70. A concesso mais relevante encontra-se apenas a 2 km
a W de Nisa, entre esta vila e a aldeia de Montes Claros. Tem uma dimenso explorvel
do tamanho de 33 camposwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
de futebol, quase toda ela em reas de Reserva Ecolgica e
Agrcola Nacional. Apesar do elevado teor em minerais radioactivos, os solos funcionam
como um filtro, permitindo que a radioactividade natural, ainda que elevada na regio, se
encontre abaixo dos limites que prejudicam a sade pblica.
Em 1999 apresentado o projecto do Empreendimento Mineiro de Nisa. Este projecto,
ainda hoje vlido, mostra que a explorao ter um prazo de 6 a 10 anos, prevendo a
criao de 71 postos de trabalho directos, sendo poucos aqueles para mo-de-obra no
especializada como aquela que se encontra em Nisa. A mina ser a cu aberto, atingindo 30
m de profundidade, de onde sero extrados 6300000 toneladas de rocha, 650 toneladas de
xidos de urnio, com um valor aos preos actuais (Julho de 2009) de 47 milhes de euros.
O investimento estimado anda em torno dos 5000000, com apenas 1000000 previstos
para infra-estruturas e ambiente! Os mtodos de extraco, ao contrrio daquilo do que
a Empresa de Desenvolvimento Mineiro afirma em termos de boas prticas ambientais no
estudo de impacte ambiental apresentado, envolvem uma explorao a cu aberto com
escombreira. Uma mina destas dimenses vai permitir uma forte circulao de poeiras
varridas pelo vento, dispersando compostos radioactivos e as exalaes do perigoso gs
rado por uma vasta regio. de salientar que, das trs formas de radiao que resultam da
transformao natural de Urnio em Chumbo, a de efeitos mais persistentes a radiao
que s se faz sentir se a jazida for a cu aberto. O minrio vai ser sujeito a lixiviao
com cido sulfrico, sendo os licores resultantes transportados para a Urgeiria,
possibilitando assim a reabertura da estao de tratamento. Esta forma de extraco,
custa de grandes quantidades de gua, utilizada para substituir a dispendiosa operao
de desmonte. O concentrado obtido s transporta at 5% de Rdio, Trio e polnio. Isto
significa que nos rejeitados da mina ficam concentrados mais de 95% destes elementos
qumicos que tambm so radioactivos mas sem interesse econmico. O Estudo contempla
uma estao de tratamento de efluentes. No entanto, o facto das escombreiras no serem
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A geodiversidade formidvel
no Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional! Granitos e
xistos, quartzitos e arenitos, grauvaques, conglomerados ou brechas, tantos so os tipos
de rochas. Estranhas formas granticas, magnficos vales encaixados nas rochas xistentas
e quartzticas, falhas e dobras gigantescas ou fsseis e vestgios de vida datados at h
600 milhes de anos. Culturas milenares em comunho no invasiva com a Natureza, Arte
Rupestre, megalitismo, fontes santas e rochas lendrias ou casas de uma s telha.
h muito para descobrir no mosaico paisagstico deste belo recanto da Europa. Esta
geodiversidade tambm o substrato para a exuberncia da biodiversidade. Os solos,
os acidentes geogrficos e a histria poltica e social fizeram do Geopark Naturtejo uma
regio nica, onde espcies biolgicas e tradies tardam em desaparecer. Tal aconteceu
com o elefante Elephas antiquus em Vila Velha de Rdo como ainda ocorre com alguns dos
costumes portugueses mais genunos. O parque Natural do Tejo Internacional, s portas de
Nisa, um santurio europeu para espcies ameaadas e todos os stios Natura 2000 de
Nisa e Castelo Branco so pequenos suspiros ecolgicos num planeta em sofrimento.
Mas no mundo actual, a geodiversidade tambm pode ser uma ameaa ao esforo ecolgico
pela sobrevivncia sustentvel das populaes. Desde a dcada de 70 que Nisa sofre por
antecipao com a descoberta do maior jazigo de urnio em portugal. Mas toda esta riqueza
pode significar uma (possivelmente vrias) gigantesca(s) cicatriz(es) na bela paisagem
alentejana, com consequncias ambientais e para a sade de ndole regional. Sero lucros
a dividir pelo Estado e por uma multinacional durante menos de 10 anos e a herana de
muitas dcadas de degradao ambiental e de expropriao do direito paisagem cultural
prpria. poder assistir-se a um verdadeiro Topocdio em Nisa, na assero do termo do
antroplogo p. Seixas. Uma mina de urnio em Nisa levar ruptura da integridade sciocultural (e ambiental) da paisagem, com o seu aniquilamento. Qual ser o real custo deste
negcio para todas as partes interessadas? Apenas uma fatia de 1 milho de euros previstos
suficiente para repor as condies ambientais e paisagsticas ou ter o Estado que pagar
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MINOM-portugal.
Introduo
A regio de Estremoz, Borba, Vila Viosa (o Anticlinal de Estremoz) uma das mais antigas e
mais produtivas superfcies de extraco de mrmores do nosso pas. A importncia scioeconmica desta actividade bem conhecida. As memrias pessoais e sociais que ela gerou
ao longo dos tempos sero hoje impossveis de reconstituir. Mas estamos ainda a tempo de
resgatar as vivncias das ltimas geraes que trabalharam nas pedreiras empresrios,
tcnicos e operrios. Ser igualmente possvel reconstituir os saberes tcnicos e cientficos
que a extraco dos mrmores foi gerando ao longo dos sculos de actividade. O trabalho
humano transformou o mrmore em bens patrimoniais histricos e artsticos, esses sim,
visveis no apenas na regio, e em grande abundncia, mas um pouco por todo o pas e
nos quatro cantos do mundo. Este conjunto de bens patrimoniais (materiais e imateriais)
um recurso inestimvel que temos nossa disposio para o desenvolvimento econmico
e social da regio e para o desenvolvimento cultural de todos os que intencionadamente
dele quiserem usufruir.
A salvaguarda e a reabilitao do patrimnio so hoje obrigaes consignadas na lei e
requeridas pelas comunidades, contemplando as funes rememorativas, de herana e
de matriz identitria inerentes aos bens patrimoniais. O novo desafio que se apresenta ao
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
patrimnio agora transform-lo
em recurso turstico, combinar de maneira diferente e
inovadora a cultura e a economia, transformando os patrimnios e as memrias que lhe
esto associadas em produtos tursticos no sentido real da palavra, ou seja, com novas
funes que impliquem a sua reelaborao produtiva.
com esta conscincia e com esta misso que propomos a construo da Rota do
Mrmore.
rota Do mrmore
A visita Rota do Mrmore pode contemplar um percurso extenso ao longo dos trs
concelhos que integram o Anticlinal de Estremoz. Tendo em linha de conta que alguns
visitantes possam no ter tempo e disponibilidade para efectuar um percurso to extenso,
propomos o desdobramento da rota em trs segmentos que coincidem na generalidade,
com os concelhos de Borba, Estremoz e Vila Viosa. No concelho de Estremoz pode
desfrutar-se do percurso Norte, em Borba o percurso Central e por ltimo o percurso Sul
em Vila Viosa.
Cada um dos percursos tem um plo principal: o Centro Cincia Viva em Estremoz que
inclui uma exposio sobre a geologia e a explorao do mrmore na regio; o CEVALOR,
em Borba que um centro de inovao tcnica e de dinamizao econmica do sector das
pedras ornamentais; o Museu do Mrmore em Vila Viosa, nico no pas, que um ponto
de partida e complemento necessrio s visitas no terreno.
Aos trs plos acrescenta-se a preocupao de dar a conhecer o processo de extraco e
transformao do mrmore, sem a qual tudo o resto no faria sentido, estando previstas
visitas a pedreiras e a empresas transformadoras de mrmore e canteiros. No menos
importante e a contemplao do valiosssimo patrimnio monumental da regio, o
diversificado patrimnio paisagstico, a riqueza gastronmica, a genuinidade do artesanato,
]
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1) Cevalor;
2) Borba: visita a vrios locais do centro da vila: Fonte das Bicas, Castelo de Borba porta de Estremoz,
passos Monumentais, palacetes da Rua So Bartolomeu, passos do Concelho;
3) pedreira plcido Simes (Localizada na estrada Borba/Vila Viosa)
4) Estrada do Barro Branco (vista panormica de vrias pedreiras);
5) Fornos de Cal Barro Branco
6) Oficinas de Canteiros
7) Regresso Vila de Borba;
8) Outras Informaes:
Tempo mnimo para a realizao do percurso: 3 horas;
Distncia percorrida: aproximadamente 10 km.
Grau de dificuldade: baixo/mdio.
Tipo de pblico: pblico em Geral
poca Recomendada: primavera, Vero e Outono
9) Outros pontos de interesse:
Visitas a adegas integradas na Rota dos Vinhos;
Visitas a fbricas de queijo e lagares de azeite;
Artesanato do concelho: mrmores; cortia; madeira; couro; chifres; arame e lata.
Saborear a gastronomia e a doaria tradicional: Ameixas (doce)
Programa do percurso Sul (vila viosa)
1) Museu do Mrmore;
2) Igreja N. S. da Lapa, Igreja S. Bartolomeu, praa da Republica, Terreiro do pao (vrias visitas possveis),
Santurio da padroeira de portugal, (ver mais pontos de visita em anexo);
3) Museu de Arqueologia.
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4)
5)
6)
7)
concluso
A nossa herana cultural , pois, um amplo repositrio de recursos potenciais que podemos
utilizar agora e no futuro para o desenvolvimento cultural e social das nossas comunidades.
A conjugao de valores histricos, artsticos, tcnicos, culturais, simblicos e econmicos
torna-se assim num suporte privilegiado das novas funcionalidades do patrimnio.
Em simultneo o turismo hoje uma actividade transversal que proporciona variadas
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oportunidades de desenvolvimento econmico, coeso social e de enriquecimento cultural
das comunidades locais e daqueles que as visitam.
A aliana da cultura e do turismo apresenta muitos desafios mas oferece igualmente
muitas oportunidades. A diversidade dos patrimnios presentes no territrio constitui
uma das vantagens essenciais da oferta cultural local. Sendo assim no se trata aqui de
vender o patrimnio mas antes de valorizar os recursos que temos ao nosso dispor,
tendo em vista o desenvolvimento integral da comunidade local e dos visitantes. Uma
tal valorizao produtiva do patrimnio geradora de emprego e tem de estar ligada
inovao tecnolgica e criao de riqueza. , ento, necessrio aliar a inovao cultural
criatividade turstica, estruturando assim um novo factor de desenvolvimento.
Sendo o mrmore uma das matrias-primas, ornamentais, mais ricas, e tendo uma
importncia bastante acentuada em toda a Zona dos Mrmores, torna-se necessria a sua
valorizao enquanto produto cultural e turstico. para tornar este projecto ainda mais
importante e mais apetecvel contamos ainda com as vantagens naturais que os concelhos
de Borba, Estremoz e Vila Viosa tm para oferecer.
com tudo isto que nos propomos construir a Rota do Mrmore.
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Clia pilo
A medicina ser talvez a sciencia mais carregada de tradies, porque inerente prpria
natureza humana o evitar o sofrimento . palavras sbias, escritas em 1912 por Alberto
Mac Bride, cirurgio do banco do hospital de S. Jos em Lisboa.
Esta cincia, carregada de tradies, deixou vestgios por todo o pas e particularmente na
zona histrica da cidade de Lisboa. O casco urbano, situado entre a Avenida da liberdade,
grande via nobre de acesso ao Rossio e a Avenida Almirante Reis, eixo de acesso praa
da Figueira, ou seja a 6 colina de Lisboa, est pejada de patrimnio histrico, artstico e
cientfico no domnio da medicina e da sade.
Este patrimnio poderia ser objecto de mil rotas porque os vestgios materiais e imateriais
multiplicam-se indefinidamente sempre que se avista um destes edifcios ou surge uma
memria. hoje vamos apenas percorrer um caminho que nos conduz a muitas portas que
escondem sculos de histria e de vida, mas que falta estudar e desvendar. Creio que
ningum sabe, ao certo, a riqueza que est para alm de cada uma destas portas.
Mas, no captulo dos hospitais, tudo parece ter comeado no final do sculo XV, no Rossio,
quando este local foi o ponto de encontro dos santos padroeiros de dezenas de pequenas
instituies que acolhiam pobres e doentes. Ser tambm aqui o nosso ponto de encontro
e de partida para quem fizerwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
gosto em nos acompanhar nesta Rota do patrimnio da Sade
na colina de SantAna.
No ano de 1492, no enfiamento da Igreja de S. Domingos, D. Joo II lana a primeira pedra
do hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos. Ser uma obra do regime e tornar-se- para sempre
num smbolo, quase um mito, na inovao em medicina, arquitectura e organizao.
Em 1775, em consequncia do grande terramoto, o hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos sofre
grandes danos e substitudo pelo hospital Real de S. Jos. As instalaes que esta nova
instituio foi ocupar mais no eram que o Colgio de Santo Anto-o-Novo (1579-1759).
Este colgio jesuta foi, segundo henrique Leito, uma das mais importantes instituies
de ensino da capital e da histria do nosso pais.
A designada Aula da Esfera deste Colgio, actualmente o Salo Nobre do hospital de S.
Jos, considerada pelos estudiosos da histria da cincia como um grande plo europeu
onde se ensinava, entre outras disciplinas, cosmografia, astronomia, geometria, aritmtica,
nutica, ptica e engenharia militar. Ou seja, o hospital Real de S. Jos herdou no s o
saber de 283 anos do hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos mas tambm 180 anos da histria
de ensino jesuta. Estamos, assim, perante um patrimnio material e imaterial de duas
instituies maiores da cincia e do ensino em portugal.
A Capela do hospital, antiga sacristia da Igreja do Colgio, est classificada como
monumento nacional e o conjunto edificado do antigo colgio obteve a classificao de
imvel de interesse pblico. O hospital de S. Jos, ir honrar, durante 233 anos, a memria
da herana recebida tendo-se revelado uma instituio prestadora de cuidados de sade
de grande prestgio cientfico e estimada pela populao que sempre bem serviu.
Em 1857, anexado ao hospital Real de S. Jos o edifcio do Mosteiro de Nossa Senhora do
Desterro, mesmo ali ao lado, que durante 164 anos tinha pertencido Ordem dos Frades
Bernardos e passa a chamar-se hospital do Desterro (1857-2007).
para alm deste passado conventual, o hospital do Desterro, encerrado em Maro de
[ 0
2007, esteve ao servio dos doentes durante 150 anos e destacou-se particularmente nas
disciplinas de Venereologia e Dermatologia. Em 1955 foi a criado o Museu da Dermatologia
portuguesa, Dr. S penella. Joo Carlos Rodrigues, mdico dermatologista, descreve-o
desta forma repositrio de um conjunto de documentos e objectos que poder ser
aliciante para quem se interesse pelos primrdios da Dermatologia portuguesa e pela
histria dos hospitais Civis de Lisboa. Entre outros salientamos a existncia de numerosos
livros antigos de Dermatologia e Venereologia, provenientesda coleco Thomaz de
Mello Breyner, lminas histolgicas da coleco S penella, microscpio de lato existente
desde a fundao do Servio, louas antigas dos hCL, fotografias e autgrafos de cientistas,
como herxheimer, Unna e Neisser (). Mas de todo este esplio ressalta a coleco de
figuras de cera representando patologia dermatolgica que pela sua qualidade e por ser
nica em portugal, deveria ser considerada patrimnio nacional
Aps termos contemplado o imponente prtico do antigo hospital do Desterro, impregnado
de memrias, to dramticas como comoventes, vamos continuar a subir a colina, rumo a
muitas outras instituies de sade. Encontramos logo esquerda o Instituto de Medicina
Legal de Lisboa (1879), a este encostado, o edifcio da Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1 Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa (1911-1953) e do outro
lado da rua os pavilhes do Instituto Bacteriolgico de Cmara pestana (1902-2008).
O nascimento, o desenvolvimento e eventualmente a morte deste conjunto de instituies
entrelaam-se de tal modo que o estudo de qualquer delas implicar, inevitavelmente,
a referncia a cada uma das outras. Mas atravessando o Campo Mrtires da ptria
encontraremos o hospital de Santo Antnio dos Capuchos. Este hospital integrado nos
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hospitais Civis de Lisboa (hCL)
em 1928, constitudo por diversos edifcios e de vrias
pocas. Alguns deles pertenceram, durante 266 anos, ao Convento de Santo Antnio
dos Capuchos, outros ao Asilo da Mendicidade de Lisboa, que a permaneceu durante 92
anos, outros ainda, ao antigo palcio Mello, ou dos Condes de Mura. Este ltimo edifcio
alberga, ainda hoje, nos seus sales todos revestidos de painis de azulejos, uma unidade
de internamento de doentes do foro cirrgico. O conjunto edificado que compreende a
igreja e o claustro do antigo convento, uma boca de cisterna encimada por com relgio
de sol e a escadaria e sales do palcio Mello, foi classificado como imvel de interesse
pblico.
Desde 1997 que as caves do palcio Mello albergam um esplio cientfico a que foi dado o
nome de Ncleo Museolgico do hospital de Santo Antnio dos Capuchos.
Caminhando em direco ao hospital Dona Estefnia somos surpreendidos pelos altos muros
do hospital Miguel Bombarda (1848). Esta instituio, antigo Convento da Congregao da
Misso de S. Vicente de paulo, posteriormente convertido no 1 hospital psiquitrico em
portugal com a designao de hospital de Alienados em Rilhafoles, alberga um patrimnio
histrico assinalvel. Torna-se obrigatrio conhecer o pavilho de Segurana (1896-2000),
actualmente transformado em Enfermaria-Museu. No folheto de apresentao deste
edifcio pode ler-se: Um dos raros edifcios circulares panpticos existentes no mundo,
tambm vanguardista e precursor do design industrial dos anos 1930
Aps este momento inesperado poderemos retomar o percurso e chegar ao hospital
Dona Estefnia (1877-2012?), nica instituio dos hCL construda de raiz como hospital
peditrico.
Se continuarmos um pouco mais deparamos com o antigo edifcio do hospital de Arroios
(1892-1992), em elevado estado de degradao. Este hospital foi instalado no antigo
Convento de Freiras Concepcionistas Franciscanas (1756-1890) anterior Colgio Jesuta de
]
[ 05
Leito, h. 2008. Spaera Mundi: A Cincia na Aula da Esfera, Catlogos, Biblioteca Nacional, Lisboa.
Leone, J. 1992. Subsdios para a Histria dos Hospitais Civis Lisboa e da Medicina em Portugal, 1948-1990, Ed. da
Comisso Organizadora das Comemoraes do V Centenrio do hospital de Todos-os-Santos, Lisboa.
Veloso, A.J.B. & Almasqu, I, 1996, Hospitais Civis de Lisboa - Histria e Azulejos, Ed. Inapa, Lisboa.
[ 06
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
. comunicar a geodiversidade
communicating geodiversity
]
[ 07
Andrea Baucon1
1 Geopark Naturtejo Meseta Meridional, Geology and paleontology Office, Centro Cultural Raiano. Av.
Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova,
portugal. Email: [email protected]; Web: www.tracemaker.com
<<Shall not geology, which is the first science in affording scope for the imagination, be
brought into favor with the Muses, and afford themes for the Poet?>>
edward hitchcock, Jr., 189
Edward hitchock Jr. knew precisely the answer to his own question: the Muses have already
Geology in their favour. Although hitchock was a scientist a pioneer of Geology in North
America - he acknowledged the emotional power of Art and was deeply fascinated by it.
In order to describe technically a geologic phenomenon there is the language of science,
while there is art to describe the charm, beauty and the emotions. It is no coincidence that
an ancient Greek tradition - handed down by pausania - makes the Muses as the daughters
of Uranus, the personification of the sky, and Gea, Mother Earth .
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Gea appears in Art with forms
and mediums sometimes very distant (see Fig.1), from
the layers of Leonardo da Vinci to the conceptual sculptures by Steven Siegel; from the
trilobitic poems of the Victorian period to the fictionary dinosaurs of Edgar Rice Burroughs;
from the orchestral piece Burgess Shale (by Rand Steiger) to the psychedelic sounds of
the Birdsongs of the Mesozoic. From these few and various examples it is inferred that
Geologic Art is not a current, is not a style, and then why to talk about it?
We respond by saying that Geology brings with it its own aesthetic and conceptual baggage.
For example, we asked Steven Siegel How important is for artists to know about Geology?
, and his answer was particularly penetrating [Knowing about Geology] is only important
for artists who are naturally drawn to the subject. I do think that in general we as a species
would be well served if we could understand the world through the perspective of geologic
time. There is something profound about understanding how small you are and how short
your duration really is, and it affects your social and political life a lot.
It is not certain that all the artists think in the same way, but geologic time is an important
intellectual heritage of geosciences as well as its own themes: the strength of volcanoes,
the mystery of prehistoric worlds, the pace of earthquakes, the structure of crystals, the
icy glaciers, the poetry of bare rocks, ...
These are the issues being dealt in this contribution because there is actually the need to
talk about Geological Art , although we have not clarified what it is exactly . It is time to ask:
What is Geological Art?
Easy - you might think - it is the Art inspired by Geology. In fact, it is not so easy to define Geologic
Art precisely. how many paradoxes to analyse the expression Art inspired by Geology:
Inspired by Geology. Each landscape is geologic because it is the result of geomorphic
processes. Thus each landscape painter makes art? No, because a too extensive definition
would lose meaning to Geological Art itself.
[ 08
Art. What is Art? It is a dilemma that already beset the Greek thinkers, and it will not be
this essay to solve more than 2000 years of aesthetic philosophy. however we may pause
to think - at least for a moment - what makes a work art or crap.
Art and Geology. Similar media are used either for artistic purposes or for scientific
education. For example, there are beautiful illustrations that show the internal structure of
the Earth, sectioned like an orange. Similarly, Leonardo da Vinci studied sedimentary layers
and represented them by painting. If art is not defined by the medium, how to distinguish
between Art and geologic Craft?
Fig 1: Geological art is a complex mosaic of forms and media. The figure shows details of some geological
works. From left to right: Baptism of Christ by Verrocchio and Leonardo; Like a rock, from a tree by
Steven Siegel; Bruce Mohn sculpting a dinosaur; Core by Nien Schwarz; Birdsongs of the Mesozoic
playing; Lay of a Trilobite by Mary Kendall; cover art of Burroughs Tanar of pellucidar.
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It is clear that Art and Geology is a thorny issue; other researchers have already spoken
about it (eg. Lanzendorf, 2000; Bedell, 2001; Debus & Debus, 2002; Battles & hudak, 2005;
Dows & Metacalf, 2005 ; Davidson 2008), but we will try a very different way.
While most of the previous works focused on a single topic, here we will have a 360
approach: from visual to plastic arts, from music to comics. And there is more: we will directly
hear the voice of the artists. In fact the whole contribution is based on the interviews to
the artists: it is difficult to hear about geologic artists, why not to put them all together
to discuss? Thinking of this, we put the nose in the other peoples affairs bombarding the
artists with questions.
Lets see what we can pull out.
[ 09
When speaking of Geology and Art, the first thing that comes to mind is painting. It will
be that Art-Visual Arts is almost an automatic association, but there is also a historical
element behind this. In fact, pictures were always the preferred medium to express Geology:
Leonardo da Vinci is an excellent example. Leonardo was among the first to recognize and
interpret the phenomenon of stratification and he presented it clearly in his notebooks
(especially in the Code Leicester). Less well- known is the fact that Leonardo expressed
his revolutionary geological theories in painting. Dont you believe us? Take a look at the
Baptism of Christ, the Virgin of the Rocks, or the beautiful layers of S. Anna (Fig. 2; Vai
1995, 2003).
Geologic references in painting are not finished with Leonardo. One of the most prominent
examples is the Geologist of Karl Spitzweg, a leading figure in the German intellectual
life of the XIX century. In this masterpiece of Romanticism, a Geologist is immersed in a
wild and intense landscape; he examines some samples of rocks holding a shoulder bag.
They were not only the Romantic Germans to be inspired by Earth Sciences. In fact Geology
was particularly popular in America during the XIX century, deeply influencing the landscape
painters of the hudson School (Bedell, 2001). As an example Thomas Cole, founder of the
movement, went to the most well-known place of the principles of Geology of Lyell:
pozzuoli (Italy). here borings of marine molluscs are found several meters high, on the
columns of a Roman building. This fact shows that our planet is dynamic, alive: the said
]
[ 10
traces demonstrate a very fast variation of the relative sea level, tied to vertical crustal
movements (bradysism). These perforations are clearly observed in the sketch of Cole
Ruins, or the Effect of Time (c. 1832-1833).
The relationship between the hudson School and Geology is widely covered by Bedell (2001),
who proves the deep influence of the Earth Sciences in the art of American landscapists.
Geology is not the primary subject of the hudson School, but undoubtedly it influenced
themes and atmospheres. For instance,
Thomas Cole depicted detailedly many
geological features, among which the
oxbow of the Connecticut river (Fig. 4).
Coles Oxbow is difficult to define:
does it represent Geomorphologic Art
or just a geomorphological interference
in Art? This example demonstrates that
at times - it is difficult to distinguish
among Geologic Art and Geology in Art.
Thomas Cole knew Geology, and the
geologist (academic or amateur) sees
the world trough a different perspective,
highlighting some details rather than
others.
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Watching the landscape of Zion park, the geologists eye remains bewitched by the perfect
cross-stratification. Observing a cathedral, the geologist notes the spires but also the
ammonites preserved in the building stone .
For the same reason geologists have a morbid attraction for the marble bar counters.
On the basis of the previous observations, it is necessary to avoid too easy enthusiasm
towards Geologic Art. With a quick glance, you can perceive geological processes in almost
the whole history of Art; it does not mean that all Art is geological (see Fig. 5). Geological
]
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Art and geological interferences in Art have to be distinguished; where it is not possible to
do it (shades of gray are always existing), the common sense and a critical approach have
to be used.
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Fig 6: Fossils in Art in the 6th century b.C. The
]
[ 1
Fig 7: Art and Fossils in the Renaissance. Fossils depicted in Ulisse Aldrovandis Musaeum Metallicum. A.
Bivalve; B. Fish; C. Shark tooth; D. Ammonites.
Despite these notable examples, it was just in the 19th century that the reconstruction of
extinct animals entered its modern era. At those times one of the kings of paleontological
illustration was douard Riou (1833-1900), well-known for his direct collaboration with
Jules Verne. Riou - pupil of the famous engraver Gustave Dor illustrated either fictional
or scientific works (Rudwick,
1995). his style has been defined as realistic Romanticism
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(Marcucci, 1956) and we must agree when admiring the illustrations of Flammarions Le
Monde avant la cration de lhomme and Figiuers La Terre avant le dluge .
In the the same period other excellent artists have been active in paleontological illustration.
Just to quote a few, wecite James Beard. Mary Mitchell, and Benjamin Watherhouse
hawkins, The name of hawkins is intimately linked with the Crystal palace, the building
originally erected in hyde park (London) to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. After the
Great Exhibition the building was moved to Sydenham and it was suggested to decorate
the park of the Crystal palace with dinosaur reconstructions.
This episode marks one of the most successful, ephemeral and famous weddings between
Geology and Art. The well-known paleontologist Owen was the scientific coordinator of
the project; Waterhouse hawkins was chosen as the sculptor. By the end of 1853 hawkins
already realized many dinosaurs and at that point he had a bizarre idea. he organized a
gala dinner inside a dinosaur (Fig. 9, 10). A sculpted Iguanodon was prepared for the event the back of the reptile hosted a dining room, with a large table, chairs and chandeliers. The
crme of the British Geology was invited for this dinner: it was a great success.
According to the newspapers of that times, in 1854 Queen Victoria visited Crystal park
and she greatly appreciated the dinosaurs (you can read more on the dinosaurs of Crystal
]
[ 13
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The aforementioned examples demonstrate that paleoart flourished long before the modern
classics - Morave, Burian, Bakker, Troll, Martin, Zallinger, Rey, Lio (just to quote a few).
It would be impossible to collect all the active paleoartists in just this paper, thus we have
chosen an artist studio specialized in paleoart as an example: Walters & Kissinger The studio
housed in a beautiful old Victorian stable - hosts two dinosaur illustrators (Robert Walters
and Tess Kissinger) and two dinosaur sculptors (Bruce Mohn and paul Sorton) (Fig. 13-16).
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Bolsche, Harder and Wolff-Maage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZNolmAhLbc
Earth history trough Burians Art
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZE4sqN4D0Q&feature=related
F. Johns prints
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZkp7UlV46s&feature=related
Rock of Ages, Sands of Time
http://www.barbarapagestudio.com/rock.html
]
[ 1
Robert Walters knew his way when he was four years old. he was just a child when he saw
Rudolph Zallingers mural, The Age of Reptiles on the cover of a magazine (Zallingers
work is one of the masterpieces of paleoart, and it has been painted with a technique
brought from Renaissance times - fresco secco). Curiously, one of the most recent works
of Walters is the largest dinosaur mural in the world (55 meters long and almost 5 meters
high). The mural, realized with Tess Kissinger, has been awarded of the Lanzendorf prize
for 2-dimensional art by the Society of Vertebrate paleontology.
Fig 14: Bruce Mohn working at a sculpture. Bruce is one of the sculptors of
Tess & Kissinger studio, and he has a very solid background in paleontology.
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Nevertheless, the key to success is not straightforward: his colleague paul
Sorton comes from toy industry (he realized GIJOE, pokemon toys).
Fig 15: The mural at the
Carnegie
Museum.
particular. Murals are an
important way to express
paleontology. Another
breath-taking example
are the 544 contiguously
painted panels by Barbara
page, illustrating the
evolution of life of Earth
in the Ithaca Museum
(page and Allmon, 2001).
Fig 16: The figure shows part of the mural by Robert Walters and Tess Kissinger, awarded with the Lanzendorf
prize (the prize is named after John Lanzendorf, a hairstylist who detains one of the largest paleoArt
collections in the world). The mural is hosted at the Carnegie Museum.
]
[ 15
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Walters & Kissinger Studio
http://www.dinoart.com
Evolution according to Blu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epDkUVh3MXQ
4. Dinosaurs at 1500 C
Klagenfurt is a quiet and nice city of Carinthia, a small region among the mountains of
Austria.
here you will find millenarian culture, poetic sights, speck (typical smoked ham) and
excellent Austrian beer.
however, these are not the only reasons to visit Klagenfurt. In fact, in the central square
you will find a dragon statue. The lindwurm this is the local name of the creature has
a remote and intriguing history. In fact the statue was sculpted by Ulrich Vogelsang in
1590, on the basis of the fossil skull discovered by some quarrymen in 1335. The skull dates
back from the pleistocene and it pertains to a rhinoceros. The Dragon of Klagenfurt is
of crucial interest for the history
of Geologic Art because it is the earliest known sculpted
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reconstruction of a prehistoric creature (Fig. 18).
The sculptor of the lindwurm - Ulrich Vogelsang - left a conspicuous heritage in terms of
followers, among whom there is a special one: Larry Williams. he does not strain molten
metal into moulds, but he shapes it with an acetylene flame.
This peculiar process plunged the Californian artist in a unique creative dimension . Lets
explore it with him .
What exactly draws you to steel sculpture of prehistoric animals?
Molten steel at 1500 is much like sparkling clay with the right manipulation like puddling
and rod drawing one can sculpt all forms from nature. My heartfelt quest in the beginning
was to fashion for myself facsimiles of skeletons and skulls of the ten basic and unique
dinosaur forms: T. Rex, Stego, Bronto, Tric, ptero, Ankylo, parasaurol, pleisio, Dimetro, and
Ornitho. It took years of research and development to be able to do these all at a consistent
scale to each other or unit size.
When I achieved this skill I was able to take orders from all over the world.
]
[ 16
steel sculpture is a very peculiar form of art.. What career path did you take to get to
where you are now?
I began the steel aspect of my art serving a 9 year informal apprenticeship at the performance
automotive supplier hookerheader. My steel inspiration came from the texture of welded
beads- reminding me of the axial ribs of a trilobite (Bumastus ioxus.) Oxy Acet welding took
me to develop this steel skeletal anatomy.
at what age did you become a geologic artist, and how did you know?
At age 3 1954 I discoveredwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
the shape and form of dinosaurs. This impacted me greatly. I
believe the form of the Dinosaur is the closest thing to an alien life form we will ever see.
Such was the fascination of this for me. Further events in 1954 was the airing of the 1933
RKO King Kong on television which featured live dinosaurs. Live dinosaurs were also
featured on Animal World. With what my father was able to show me in the Encyclopedia
I immediately found something that I needed in my life but there werent enough toys or
images to satisfy these needs. I resorted to drawing and sculpting with clay. My primary
directive from this time has been to feed my hunger for pre-historic animals, paleontology,
and Geology.
Fig 21: Larry shaping the Allosaurus sculpture for The Wyoming Dinosaur
Center (Thermopolis, Wyoming).
]
[ 17
<< i believe geology can enhance music, art, poetry, dance and all
sensitivity that is human. >>
- larry Williams
What are your latest workswww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
about and where are you going with them?
My latest work is an 8 foot wingspan pterosaur with a fish in its bill and a new kind of
Ceratopsid dinosaur skull made out of a saddle tree and a plaster face to be exhibited in an
upcoming show.
Recently I made an 8 foot tall velociraptor. Upcoming, a couple of plesiosaurs is I may be
making for a national park.
What is the favourite thing you have created?
As you can tell most of my creations are T. Rexs and velociraptors.
These are the most commonly ordered creatures. My favorites are many and I do not have
a single one. Of all the dinosaur forms I have mentioned each is unique from each other in
shape and form.
There have been so many and each has been a triumph in its time. It is hard for me to say
which is my favorite.
]
[ 18
Up to now we have seen a realistic approach in paleoart, especially designed for the reconstruction of
extinct ecosystems. Other artists have gone up to Geology with a symbolist perspective, channelling other
poetic energies to paleoart. Among them there is Glendon Mellow, a young paleoartist living in Toronto.
Glendon studied Fine Arts at York University and he is also known as The Flying Trilobite. This nickname
gives the double gaze of the painter, staring contemporaneously at science and fantastic atmospheres.
the Flying trilobite is a recurrent element of your artwork. Why?
Trilobites with wings started to appear in my artwork about 13 years ago. I was always a fan of the
realistic fairy paintings by artists like Arthur Rackham and Alan Lee, and wanted to blend my interest
in palaeontology. I looked at numerous trilobite orders, and found that Balcoracania dailyi had these
excellent pleural spines perfect for depicting support for insect or bat wings. The concept behind flying
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trilobites is an attempt at whimsy
and intrigue.
Evolution by natural selection has generated some amazingly diverse organisms; what can human
imagination do, playing with forms and re-imagining what had evolved? The juxtaposition of an extinct
sea creature with modern wings appeals to me.
your portfolio includes paleoart, fantasy art and commixtures of these aspects. how do you reconcile
fantastic atmospheres with science?
I have always enjoyed images of environments and organisms I had never seen before. Science fiction
and fantasy are often inspired by real scientific discoveries. The technical challenges of depicting a
pachycephalosaur skull or chrysalis with an eye are both inspired by my sense of wonder at these fascinating
objects. Whether the subject is real or imagined, the impetus to depict them feels similar to me.
Geology, paleontology and evolution are recurrent elements of your art.
How do you define paleoart in general?
paleoart varies quite a bit. I suppose most of it falls under paleontological
illustration. Re-imagining the worlds of prehistory, using all the weight of
testable scientific evidence and contemporary hypothesis, and to accurately
and interestingly!- create an image. It takes a tremendous amount of
imagination and skill to do. This type of illustration can be further broken down
into images for pop culture, scientific clarification, and the many illustrated
dinosaur books that straddle pop culture and science.
In this age of instant information, I personally find much of the Modernist
movement and some of the post-modernist reactions- somewhat lacking. The
fine art world is also waking up to the richness of the Earths past. I suspect we
will see more work invoking images of prehistory and the other sciences due to
the increasing collective demands of 21st century observers for information.
Fig 25: Glendon Mellow and his tatooed Flying Trilobite.
]
[ 19
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Fig 26: Glendon Mellow.
haldanes precambrian puzzle
(configuration 1): False Rabbit.
Oil on shale, 2008
Why do you feel the need to draw and paint about science?
Im in awe of science, and it is so inspiring, and learning about it is fun. Thats the selfish
part. I feel lucky to live at this place in history, with the past spread out, and the present so
rich with knowledge.
In my way I hope to contribute somehow. I hope to inspire investigation, questions and
scepticism. I hope to inspire a young person to seek wonder in the natural world, and
understand how rationality requires them to learn from their mistakes. Science and
rationality are still far from the normal way many people in their day-to-day life. Most people
rely on intuitions and portents rather than analysis and intellect. Its vital that everyone has
a greater scientific education for their own health and happiness.
MELLOWS FAVOURITE ARTISTS
James Gurney
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiZGIW4Yf1s
Carl Buell
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cn0kf8mhS4
]
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6. Shamanic geomonuments
prehistoric creatures are an important theme of Geologic Art, but are not the only ones.
For example, Kevin Abbott is an artist heavily influenced by Geology who depicts shamanic
figures amongst geomonuments. We had a chat with him:
in three sentences or less present yourself and your art: who are you and what do you do?
how long have you been doing it, and do you do it full time?
I received a Wildlife Ecology degree from the University of Florida in 1988. From there I
went on to work in positions as a field biologist, a school teacher for the US peace Corps
in Kenya, and a museum educator at the Smithsonian Institution. I always had a knack
for using art to enhance my work and as my projects became more involved it became
a wonderfully creative outlet. In 2002 I did the painting Form, Wind, and Time solely for
artistic expression. The other pieces referenced here have been created since then. Today
I work full time on the design and production of our science and nature themed earrings
(Jabebo Earrings) while continuing with other art projects for fun.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
What are representing the little,
]
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ammonite art: why ammonites? What is the technique used to produce such work of art?
The Ammonite Art series is based on a cross section of a fossil that I purchased in a Utah
rock shop. After spending some time studying it one day I decided to lay it on a scanner
to make a scan. Then I realized I could use a computer to trace it and make a mirror image
which I traced onto a medium for water color. In each painting I use gouache to fill in the
outline treating each section as a separate cell as apparent in the actual specimen. pigment
with plenty of water causes a Chromatography effect with the black ink migrating to the
outer edge of each cell. I enjoy it as a meditative exercise and continue to create editions
based on the same outline.
]
[
With sponsorship from the new york Foundation for the arts, you travelled to siccar
point to have a look at huttons unconformity. please, explain the emotions you felt and
how they inspired your successive works.
Well, it was one of the great days of my life. To be standing in the place where proof of deep
time was found, to be there alone, and to be anywhere in Scotland with the sun shining was
profound. It was, and remains so interesting to me that this place is so unknown. When we
consider that huttons investigations were in part responsible for everything from Lyell to
Darwin to DNA, it is amazing that so few people know about him. A true questing spirit,
and the thought of him and his pals at Siccar point still makes me smile.
Geology plays an important role in your creative process. at what age did you become a
geologic artist, and how did you know?
Labels are misleading, and I certainly would not describe myself as a
geologic artist. In the early 1980s I became aware that the landscapes
that I had loved for years, in the American west in particular, were more
profound if one could see them through the lens of the fourth dimension;
time. Geology became very interesting to me, but I never studied it in any
formal way.
Fig 31: Steven Siegel, Like a rock, from a tree.
]
[ 3
inspiring. plus, sedimentation and stratification were natural processes that I could easily
emulate, and that was the whole objective. To be like nature in the most simple ways, not
to represent it or render it.
<<i do think that in general we as a species would be well served if we could understand
the world through the perspective of geologic time. there is something profound about
understanding how small you are and how short your duration really is, and it affects
your social and political life a lot.>>
- steven siegel
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
They are not only the sedimentary processes to fuel the authors creativity . One of the
major projects of Siegel was inspired by the book Wonderful Life by Stephen Jay Gould.
The book is about the evolution of life on Earth with special reference to the fossil fauna of
Burgess. We want to know more and we ask it to Siegel.
one of your major projects derives its name from Wonderful life by stephen Jay Gould.
How the fossils of the Burgess Shale have influenced your art?
]
[
A: It was not the particular fossils. My interest in science is in finding very broad concepts, like the
flourishing of life forms, or the notion of deep time, and using them as overarching metaphors
for big blocks of work. My series titled Wonderful Life, after the book and the man, took me 6
years to complete and I enjoyed every moment of it. Gould discusses evolution, contingency,
form, ecology etc.., and all of these things are fascinatingly relevant to the working process.
One thing that I learned in that series that completely surprised me was how similar (again, to a
laymans mind), the evolution of a craft is to the evolution of a species. Really interesting.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Wonderful Life expresses
a conceptual and intimate exaltation of geologic subjects; it
is not pure abstract art. In fact there is not a real denial of reality, but the creative process
starts from reality itself. This approach is reflected in the New Geology series, although
on different sides respect to Wonderful life. New Geology (and the other works in situ
of Siegel) compares us with the dimension of space which - in this case - goes beyond the
traditional painting on canvas. Think of the typical representations of layering: strata
have been the subject of art since Leonardos times, but the representation given by Siegel is
not purely iconic. And there is more. New Geology goes beyond the concept of sculpture
placed in the landscape. Siegels sited works are part of the landscape. For instance, New
Geology #2 (Fig. 34) is integrated into the woods and exposed to weathering. The sculpture
is made of piled newspapers, thus it is easily transformed by biological and physical agents.
New Geology #2 is left to change and erode under natural conditions.
paraphrasing Gerry Schum, the work of art is no longer the pictorial representation of a
landscape, but it is the landscape itself - in which the artist has
left his traces. In other words Siegel ideally reconnects with Land
Art movement (but see discussion in Fig. 34) a term derived
from the documentary of the same title by Schum. From these
words it emerges that Land Art is intimately linked to Geology.
In fact the land(scape) is always the product of geological
processes, and in Land Art the landscape and the work of art
are inextricably linked. Sculptures are not just located in the
landscape, but they are part of it. It is not a surprise that Land
Art emerged in the late 196 0s with the exhibitions Earth Art
and Earthworks
Fig 35: Steven Siegel, Kyle.
]
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ADDITIONAL MEDIA
James turrel. roden crater
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-m
4MoKwjQ
Fig 37: Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson. This work is one of the
most representative of the Land Art movement; it is located on the
Great Salt Lake (Utah) and it is made with mud, salt crystals, basalt
and water. photo by Michael David Murphy (licensed under Creative
Commons).
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Land Art makes use of geological media and peculiar geological spaces (see Figs. 36, 37).
For instance, James Turrell has been transforming a volcano in a space of art since 1978.
Robert Smithson realized Spiral Jetty with basalt, salt crystals, mud and water, Another
influential land artist Andy Goldsworthy documented the use of geological media in his
book Stone. Some of the Goldsworthys works are hosted in peculiar geosites: one of his
Cairns is located in the haute-provence Geopark and Drawn Stone echoes the effects
of the San Andreas fault.
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
andy Goldsworthy
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=iTEB3bEGprY
]
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Arthur Lakes is a central figure of the Bone Wars, an intense period of fossil hunting that
took place in the Old Wild West (1877 to 1892). paleontologists of those times reminded
Clint Eastwood in A Fistful of Dollars as they carried hammers, chisels and...shotguns
and cartridge belts. Arthur Lakes was one of the most talented dinosaur hunters of his own
]
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times and he depicted vividly his adventures. For instance, Lakes painted himself excavating
for dinosaurs under a snowstorm; the work was ironically entitled pleasures of Science!
Illustrators from harpers New Monthly Magazine recorded similar scenes (Fig.42, 43):
Fig 42: paleontological fieldwork
in the Old Wild West: students are
menaced by snakes during Marsh
Expedition (1870). From harpers
New Monthly Magazine, 1871.
Fig 43: horse carrying a fossil
turtle during Marsh Expedition.
harpers New Monthly Magazine,
1871.
Now lets end this tangent and get back to perditas work.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
perdita, you realised many works focused on nature. Which of these works do you
consider geologic?
In Rate of Soil Formation: two tonnes per hectare per year. Rate of Soil Loss: two hundred
tonnes per hectare per dust storm event (1991) I was working with processes of soil
degradation. My aim at the time was to communicate issues of land degradation to the
predominantly urban audiences in Australia. It included explanations of, and allusions to,
erosion and salinisation.
Claude, Bruce and the poussins (2000) was an eclogue or site-specific ephemeral event in
this case at the base of Mount Bruce in the pilbara.
The Geologist series (2006) was a number of digital prints documenting the process of
mapping the walkingcountry. The images show the geologists bodily gestures about how
the Geology of the Kimberley valley fitted together or grasping a delicate flower husk. By
focussing attention on these fragments of the process of mapping I wanted to highlight
the often personal and affecting nature of fieldwork.
The sound installation Geological mapping over 5 days (2006) was exhibited in the same
gallery. It was a real time stereo soundtrack of the geologist and myself during the process
of fieldwork when we wore microphones recording out every movement. herethere above
and below (2006) was another work in the fieldwork/fieldwalking exhibition. It was a 30
]
[ 9
minute looped video of myself in a lab coat repeatedly walking up and over a hill and down
again.
In 2007 I started the Laramide project as part of a walking and art residency in Banff,
Canada. My intention was to create a sound art walk based upon the Geology of the Banff
area. As part of this I organised for a team of interested people to visit the Burgess Shale
deposits and worked with professor Robert Stewart and Kevin hall of the Department of
Geoscience, University of Calgary to translate geophone recordings into sound.
Other visual material was collected during walks in the surrounding mountains. Work
continues on this project as it heads towards a final installation in 2010.
Needless to say Id like to make more collaborative works involving geological themes.
<< sculpture tries to inscribe human thought and feeling in
geological time. >>
- Antony Gormley (quoted by Perdita Phillips)
]
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9. Australia dreaming
Fig 46: Geologic wonders in Australia: Uluru (also known as Ayers
Rock). photo by Tourism NT.
]
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shelf to shelf. The grid and packages made of mineral weighing paper is a constant reference to mapping
and of structuring knowledge and classifying information. Some of the metal shelves have highly reflective
surfaces a prompt to reflect beyond oneself.
<< after ten years painting the furthest reaches of what was once the supercontinent
Gondwana - from the farwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
south of south america to the islands of the indonesian
Archipelago, John Wolseley has returned to the centre of it all - Inland Australia. >>
- from John Wosleys homepage
]
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What is the relationship between geologic fieldwork and your creative process?
All my works are a derived from my personal experiences connections with various
physical environments and my identity. I was born into a family that cultivated a passion
for being curious, experimental and exploratory. hence we are all outdoor enthusiasts.
This heightened sensory engagement with and in the world is very life affirming. I also find
it very humbling to expand the mind by thinking of life in terms of geological time.
How do you define Geologic Art in general?
I dont know. To be honest I never really thought of it. Im an artist and I respond to my
environment which is informed and formed by Earth sciences Geology is everywhere, all
around us. I revere the Earth this stuff under my feet - which supplies the water I drink
and the nutrients I eat. Im fascinated too by the links between indigenous mythology or
creation stories and Geology.
in your webpage, you cite tony cragg: in a sense its obvious that in terms of the physical
world scientists make the more fundamental statements, but artists and philosophers
dont have a less important job. They humanize, they find out what the significance of
science is for human beings it takes a long time for philosophers and artists to pick up
the pieces. please, explain your opinion and experiences on this. I guess through my art
I explore how Geology shapes/impacts/ gives sustenance and structure to our daily lives
so in this sense I humanize Geology. I use raw geological materials and refined geological
matter (pots and pans, bricks, cups, ) or turn abstract coding systems into three dimensional
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
everyday objects such as shopping
bags, map tiled floors and walls, etc). Im interested in
the journey between the geological site and source through to the end product, consumer
and waste.
]
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the surface of the land, plants, animal tracks, feathers, the movement of water or insects.
A book which influenced me a lot was peter Westbroeks, Life as a Geological force. Like
him I have found the intrinsic dynamic relationship that the unfolding geological evolution
of the earth has with the evolution of organic life forms a wonderful grand ontological
metaphor for us as a species. And in my art I have found that visually seductive installations
in art galleries which make this manifest is also my way of saying - look at this huge deep
time process, and now look at how quickly we are as a species are destroying it so theres
an ecological cry here ranging from forest destruction to human induced climate change.
But here I differ from some geologists here in oz who seem to have a penchant for being
climate change denyers !
at what age did you become a geologic artist, and how did you know?
I first became fascinated by rock formations as a boy when i spent my summers poaching
salmon and deer and drawing mountains in the highlands of scotland where the landscape
had been sculpted and transformed in dramatic ways by geological forces. I also loved to
look at the books in my fathers library such as Lyells principles of Geology. As an artist my
work has always been about the processes of the natural world so I wouldnt catagorise
myself as only interested in Geology, but since I arrived in Australia at the age of 38 my
focus has been very much on trying to understand this landscape from the ground up.
Fig 56: John Wolseley, Cordillera patagonica with glacier striae rubbings. particular.
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One of the best places to appreciate the relationship between Geology, wine and Art is
Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Italys most North-eastern region. This region is known for the quality
of its wines, often related to geological peculiarities. In fact - despite its small dimensions
Friuli-Venezia-Giulia encompasses a very articulated geology, including an almost complete
stratigraphic sequence from Lower paleozoic to Quaternary.
One of the most typical wines of this region is Tocai Friulano (Fig. 60), documented in Friuli
as early as 18th century and now named Friulano after a disputable decision of European
Union. Friulano wine is often related to turbiditic units constituted by alternations of
sandstone and finer lithologies. These units named flysch testify enormous gravity flows
deposited in deep-sea environments as a consequence of the rising Alps (about 50 millions
of years ago).
The relationship between flysch and wine has been celebrated by a friulan artist Roberto
Milan who realized a series of Bottles-Sculptures (Fig. 61) for the Friulano wine of the
]
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Aquila del Torre winery. In fact, his Bottles-Sculptures are dedicated to flysch and other
natural aspects that makes Friulano wine unique. The labels of the Bottles-Sculptures
are made in bronze and wood. We met the artist and, in front of a glass of Friulano, we
discussed about the interplay of Art, Geology and wine.
What have been the key-elements for developing your career path?
I have always felt a deep relationship with Friulis wood and earth, which are elements
of inspiration and meditation for my art. Another important element is the laboratory for
wooden sculpture where I grew up. There creativity and art were everyday matter.
Wine, art, Geology. how and why did you reconcile these aspects in your
Bottles-sculpture?
Wine and art are two worlds very similar to each other. Only if you love them you can make
them unique and unrepeatable. Mother Earth gave birth to Art and wine, which bring the genes
of their very own territory. Art, Geology and wine are a perfect circle. Indeed in my homeland
the trees and the grapevines grow on fertile flysch-derived
soils. Therefore, Earth is the common denominator linking my
wooden sculptures to wine.
What do you want to express with your Bottles-sculptures?
These Bottles-Sculpture are a 360 work of art, which
comprises the wine, the creative idea and the wooden
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
label. When the bottle is uncorked, you come into contact
with Friuli the territory where I grew up and you
discover part of my essence. My sculptures speak of lan
vital, cosmic energies and transcendental forces which are
expressed through a essential and pure geometry.
What is the relationship between your work of art and Geology?
My sculpture presents strong analogies with geological
forces. My chisel shapes wooden layers in he same way
as tectonic forces shape rock layers. Magma erupts from
Earths crust; in the same way molten bronze adorns my
wooden sculptures.
Flysch is a characteristic element of your territory. how
does it show trough wine? And how is it reflected by your
Bottles-sculptures?
Wind, rain, snow: atmospheric agents weather flysch
deposits, releasing precious minerals in the soil. Thus Friulis
wines are mineral as their land and fresh as friulan climate.
Wine is the expression of a precise variety of soil and vine,
unique and unrepeatable. As the Bottles-Sculptures that
adorns it.
Fig 61: The Bottle-Sculpture of Roberto Milan, a work of art dedicated
to turbiditic units characterizing the vineyards of Friulano wine.
]
[ 39
Fig 62: Lasso Trail from Seilachers Fossil Art. The trace Psammichnites - dates back to the Cambrian (about 500 million
years before present). The slab is about 2 metres high.
Fig 63: particular of Ornaments of the Deep Sea Bottom from
Seilachers Fossil Art. The beautiful patterns are trace fossils;
more in detail, these are filled tunnels within the sediment. The
photos of Fossil Art comes from the exhibition hosted in the
Naturtejo Geopark (portugal).
[ 0
In his Fossil Art Seilacher dealt with fossil traces, while the art of Martin prothero focus
os recent biogenic structures. .prothero, a British contemporary artist, explains in his
website:
<< as an artist, i can think of
no better way of representing a wild creature, than letting
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
it represent itself >>
martin prothero
prothero developed a particular technique to register footprints. he coats a glass plate with
a thin layer of carbon for creating an extremely sensitive surface. When animals feet come
into contact with the surface, they lift off this layer of carbon. Traces are then revealed
when the glass is backlit using daylight or a lightbox. The artist created the Carbon Cycle
series with this technique. We asked more information to Marin prothero himself:
in your carbon cycle you used footprints to represent animals and their behaviour.
Why footprints and not, for instance, photographs of the animal?
Footprints because they are made by the animals themselves. A photograph can only
capture a image of a creature but I want to be involved more in the process. I am not an
outsider looking in but am part of the animals life and it is part of mine.
Could you describe your typical workflow for Carbon Cycle?
This would take a long time to write in detail so a brief description involves me tracking
the animals in a defined place, to get to know their habits. Once I have established where
animals are at certain times I then prepare the carbon plates and eventually, after many
failures I capture their prints. I make sure that the animals are not harmed or disturbed
when I work with them.
]
[ 1
Fig 68: From Martin protheros Carbon Cycle: centipede. The carbon
technique developed by prothero achieves an amazing detail. possibly
this technique can be used in scientific Ichnology.
Fig 69: Note the detail achieved by the carbon technique developed
by prothero. particular of Centipede.
Fig 70: Detail of protheros Centipede, an ichnological work of Art.
]
[
Footprints and traces of predation are the axis of your carbon cycle and natural
occurring pinholes. What is the emotional role of animal traces in your artistic creativity?
Simply that I respond to the traces as a language and any language can convey emotion.
When I get to a stage where I can read a thought or double guess an animals movements
from reading the signs it left behind, I feel I am connecting with my forefathers who lived
this way for tens of thousands of years.
I also get very excited about finding new tracks and pinholes, it makes me feel like a child
collecting fossils or tadpoles!
I think that in my culture we have lost this information or have buried it so deep we no
longer recognise our roots and ancestors. If I can get a bit closer to understanding this
then I will be happy with my work
Fig. 71: Martin prothero, Shore Crab. From Carbon Cycle.
Neoichnology as a form of Art!
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Expressing Geology with Art: explain your opinion and experiences in this field.
I fascinated to see if there can be new light shone upon fossil records from reading the
signs of creatures through the eyes of a tracker. Reading signs in this way has not changed
since humans first began doing it and I believe it may reach right back to prehistory way
before humans were every in the picture.
]
[ 3
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Fig 74: Stacy Levy, Streamlines, detail. Streamlines are
mathematicalcurves used to describe flow.
[
industry. In the Acid Mine Drainage & Art piece, we were able to create a project which
both treated the water and also told the story of the treatment process and the history of
the site. There were layers of information about the site, from its geology to its industry
and we wanted to touch on all of those layers: from the toxic to the sublime, and to not let
any aspect be hidden or covered over.
What is your opinion and experiences in expressing Geology with art?
I want my work to be truthful and factual, but to also my art to become a memory in the
viewers mind, so that the next time they think of how the world works they will use the
imagery of my art to help them remember. A lot of people distrust art, assuming it will be
about artifice, not truth. I think that the facts of the world are fascinating the more we
know, the greater our sense of wonder and love for the world. I guess I make work so that
others can fall in love with the earth too.
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]
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www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
14. Geology in words
<<ashes were already falling, hotter and thicker as the ships drew near, followed by bits
of pumice and blackened stones, charred and cracked by the flames: then suddenly they
were in shallow water, and the shore was blocked by the debris from the mountain. For
a moment my uncle wondered whether to turn back, but when the helmsman advised
this he refused, telling him that Fortune stood by the courageous and they must make
for Pomponianus at Stabiae. [] Meanwhile on Mount vesuvius broad sheets of fire and
leaping flames blazed at several points, their bright glare emphasized by the darkness of
night.>>
from the letter of pliny the Younger to Tacitus
We should begin the discussion on Geology in words with one of the most beautiful
pages of Latin literature. This is the letter of pliny the Younger to Tacitus, which tells of how
his uncle was attracted by the deadly beauty of erupting Vesuvius.
It was 79 D.C. pliny the Younger described the eruption so vividly that his name still remains
in the volcanological terminology, plinian eruption.
Geology appears often in literature and geologists themselves are prolific writers. In fact
being a geologist put humans into contact with Nature and its poetry. If there is any
geologist among readers , he will understand well these words by the essence of his work
- hiking in nature, nights in a tent, a glass of wine. And scarce financial resources. Things to
make Baudelaires hair stand on end.
For these reasons, geologists were often poets. One of the most emotional examples is
[ 6
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Semenzas napkins were like a photocamera during geologic meetings and recorded the
human side of geologic research. Semenza noted the modern history of Italian Geology
with sense of humour and wittiness.
Unfortunately for the English reader, the work is in Italian and, at a lesser extent, in German
and Latin. Semenza makes large use of rhyming couplets, but there are many other poetic
forms to express Geology. For example, some geologists have used the plain beauty of
haiku to express their primeval love. Haiku is originally a Japanese poetic form, marked
by precise metrical rules and contents. haiku are scanned from 17 on (phonetic units) and
they typically contain a kigo, the reference to a season. The sedimentologist Suvrat Kher
proposed some rules to write a geological haiku in English:
Metric: 17 syllables in three lines
kigo (or reference to the season) can be replaced by a reference to a geological period
kireji: although it is traditionally included in the Japanese haiku, the kireji is not covered
in geohaiku (there is no real equivalent in English to kireji - which consists of a structural
support of the verse.
Lets see some examples:
high on a mountain
dark eocene volcanoes
sleeping in pillows
Lockwood Dewitt
deep in a bioreef
a permian story
calcite dripstones tell
Suvrat Kher
]
[ 7
In some cases Khers manifesto is somewhat infringed but with pleasant results:
Mahogany seeds
Over cherty limestone lie
A field season ends
Silver Fox
Oh, Geology.
You are everywhere I go,
but I still love you.
Dave Schumaker
Additional media
suvrat kher, collection of Geological haiku
http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2008/11/collection-of-geologicalhaiku. html
The aforementioned geohaikus show how Geology can reach souls through the elegant
warmth of poetry. It is one of the reasons why Kean et al. (2004) suggest its use in the
teaching of mineralogy. In their creative writing workshop in a secondary school, there
were really interesting examples:
The ancient Greeks said, It will soothe your eyes,
And rid evil spirits from all our lives.
With a hardness of eight, and the birthstone for May,
Id take an emerald any day!
Emeralds di Mary hoefer. In Kean et al. (2004)
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Among the geological subjects used in poetry, trilobites occupies a premier position. It
is not hard to see why: the seductive charm of these ancestral creatures, their curious
morphology, and the grace of their librigenae. Kenneth Gass has been recently seduced by
a trilobite, and has written a volume entitled Trilobite poems.
Just to mention a snippet:
[ 8
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Fig 81: photo by Marli Miller. Geological themes have a fundamental importance in literature. Just to mention
an example, heringman (2004) states that British literary culture was shaped by the same forces that created
geology as a science in the period 17701820.
how to comment on these verses? David Rudkin (Royal Ontario Museum) has expressed
his opinion in The Trilobite papers: <<[These] verses reflect much of the joy and wonder
that all trilobite workers share, but that we seldom express. >>
Trilobites are wonderful (Figs. 82-85) not only in the opinion of our contemporaries
because the Muse sang of trilobites since the Victorian era. In fact, in that peculiar historical
[ 9
times paleontology and fossils were a sort of fashion. These aspects were accompanied by
the evolutionary quarrels emerged from the revolutionary theories of Darwin.
These elements (fossils and evolution) are the main focus of Lay (=song) of a Trilobite by
Mary Kendall. Thissatirical poem, dating back to 1887, rejects a too anthropocentric view
of life.
Just to quote an excerpt:
A mountains giddy height I sought,
Because I could not find
Sufficient vague and mighty thought
To fill my mighty mind;
And as I wandered ill at ease,
There chanced upon my sight
A native of Silurian seas
An ancient Trilobite.
from Lay of a Trilobite by Mary Kendall
(1887)
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Even before Lay of a Trilobite the fossil arthropods raised poetic inspiration : it is the case
of Ode to a Trilobite, written by Timothy Conrad in 1840.
And since the trilobites have passed away
The continent has been formed, the mountains grown
In oceans deepened caves new beings play,
And Man now sits on Neptunes ancient throne.
The race of Man shall perish, but the eyes
Of Trilobites eternal be in stone,
And seem to stare about with wild surprise
At changes greater than they yet have known.
from Ode to a Trilobite by Timothy Conrad (1840)
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Ode to a Trilobite highlights the ephemeral nature of man, which is very little compared
the immense geological time and natural processes. Similar themes are used in the writings
of howard phillips Lovecraft -a well- known author of weird fiction: Geology is cloaked of
cosmic horror. Although it was used sporadically in his writings , the imaginative character
of William Dyer should be remembered. Dyer - professor of Geology at the notorious
Miskatonic University - is the narrator of the story in prose at the Mountains of Madness,
speaking of a geological expedition in Antarctica:
<< With frequent changes of camp, made by aeroplane and involving distances great enough to be of geological
significance, we expected to unearth a quite unprecedented amount of material - especially in the pre-Cambrian
strata of which so narrow a range of antarctic specimens had previously been secured.
h.p. Lovecraft, at the Mountains of Madness
]
[ 51
The expedition of William Dyer will be particularly adventurous and the character will
appear in another tale of Lovecraft, the Shadow Out of Time :
<< In certain of the sandstones, dynamited and chiseled after boring revealed their nature, we found
some highly interesting fossil markings and fragments; notably ferns, seaweeds, trilobites, crinoids,
and such mollusks as linguellae and gastropods - all of which seemed of real significance in connection
with the regions primordial history. >>
h.p. Lovecraft, at the Mountains of Madness
The whole story - written in 1931 - revolves around the discovery of fossil remains, we do
not want to ruin the reading, but the expedition will bring to light something far more
fearful than a vendobiont.
The Mountains of Madness is not the only unhappy place to do Geology. If a certain
professor Challenger had to knock on your door and ask to accompany him in the Land of
Maple White, well, I would advise you to slam the door in his face. George Challenger is the
main character of Arthur Conan Doyles Lost World, where hungry dinosaurs populate a
plateau of the Venezuelan jungle. The work will bring strong influences from its publication
to the present day (I.e. Jurassic park by Crichton).
A lost world certainly more peaceful is Dinotopia, a novel (graphic novel?) beautifully
illustrated and written by James Gurney. Men and dinosaurs coexist peacefully in this place
outside time, and there is even an alphabet based on the footprints of prehistoric reptiles.
It is practically a paradise for the ichnologist.
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Men and dinosaurs also meet
in the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs, a master of fantastic
literature and author of Tarzan. It is Tarzan himself to meet the dinosaurs in Tarzan at
Earths Core. how many surprises in the dangerous pellucidar, still inhabited by prehistoric
animals! philip Currie, a well-known Canadian paleontologist, has spoken enthusiastically
about the paleontological adventures written by Burroughs and he has written several
articles on the subject (Currie, 1993, 1994, 1996).
As an example we give the conclusion of Curries Dinosaurs of pellucidar:
<< the problem is that if i were the dinosaurologists sent to
Pellucidar, I probably would not want to come back! >>
philip currie, 199
]
[ 5
In the previous lines we dealt with the classics of fantastic literature - Burroughs, Lovecraft
and Doyle but one of the most influential authors is still lacking. he is one of the founding
fathers of modern science fiction, Jules Verne.
Vernes works often deal with geological phenomena, including earthquakes and sea-level
variations (Invasion of the Sea), volcanism (the Mysterious Island, the Adventures of
Captain hatteras), Maelstrom (that is the topographic enhancement of tidal currents. This
phenomenon, cited also by poe, appears in Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea; see
Gjevik et alii, 1997). In the above mentioned works, geological phenomena are important
but not crucial. In fact Verne makes use of geological hazards to achieve a dramatic effect
or to solve the plot (Geology as deus ex machina).
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Nevertheless, Geology has a central role in one of the major works by Verne Journey to
the Centre of the Earth. It tells the story of professor Lidenbrock descending an Icelandic
volcano down to the centre of the Earth. Journey to the Centre of the Earth has important
scientific inconsistencies but it also reveals the authors notable geological background.
One might be prompted to ask What is the source of Vernes geologic knowledge?. The
answer is found in a brilliant paper by Breyer and Butcher (2003). According to these authors,
much of the scientific information in Vernes novel was taken directly from Figuiers La
Terre avant le dluge (The World before the Deluge), a popular science book that was
a best-seller in Vernes times. Breyer and Butcher (2003) notes that Verne incorporates
scientific details and concepts treated by Figuier [] and describes and discusses them in
nearly identical language. Exact numbers are duplicated and lengthy lists are reproduced
in the same order. The borrowing is widespread and blatant. Verne, nonetheless, exhibits
considerable skill in integrating the material borrowed from Figuier into the Journey and
interpreting it in specifically literary terms. It is also curious to note that the major illustrator
of Vernes works is Riou, illustrator of Figuiers work (see Fig. 87). Serendipity?
These examples demonstrate that Riou ideally linked Visual Arts, Literature and Geology. In
]
[ 53
more recent times Robert Bakker illustrator and paleontologist did the same. Alive and
kicking dinosaurs appear in Raptor Red, a paleontological novel centred on Utahraptor.
Unlike the abovementioned examples, Raptor Red is set in the Cretaceous, dealing with
the (extra)ordinary life of a dinosaur. The work has sparked many disputes, particularly
related to the scientific basis of the work (Norman, 1996).
Alongside with Raptor Red, The Ultimate Dinosaur (preiss and Silverberg, 1992)
is an excellent combination of scientific essays, short fiction and paleoart. It is a unique
collaboration between paleontologists (i.e. philip Currie, Sankar Chatterje, Anthony
Fiorillo),
Fig 87: Bridges between Geology, Visual Arts and literature: Riou and
Montaut illustrated Vernes Journeys and Adventures of Captain hatteras.
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Fig 88: Bridges between Geology, Visual Arts and Literature: John Martin realized some wonderful pieces of
paleoart, characterized by dramatic atmospheres. The same poetic expressions are found in his illustrations
for paradise Lost. In fact in 1823 Martin was commissioned to illustrate Miltons masterpiece.
visual artists (Brian Franczak , William Stout,, Wayne Barlowe) and science fiction writers
(L. Sprague de Camp, Ray Bradbury, Robert Silverberg).It is obvious that the dinosaurs
are among the most evocative prehistoric creatures and, consequently, they are the ideal
characters for fantastic literature. It would be impossible to collect in this contribution the
whole literature devoted to these enormous, amazing animals, so we refer the reader to
Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction (Debus, 2006) and Mitologia de los dinoaurios (Sanz
1999) for a more complete analysis.
We conclude this review on Geology in words citing literature devoted to Earth Scientists
themselves. The Map that Changed the World (by Simon Winchester) tells the story of
William Smith, who realized the first modern geological map (see Fig. 40). his interest for
Geology led him to Kings Bench prison (a debtors prison). Smiths achievements have
been recognized only after release, and he is currently
<<a prim, pedantic, vinegar looking,
recognized as the father of English Geology.
thin female, shrewd
Another British geoscientist is the main character of The and rather satirical in her
Dragon in the Cliff (by Sheila Cole), a historical novel about conversation>>
Gideon Mantell, paleontologist, 1831
paleontology. It tells the life of Mary Anning, a pioneer of
paleontology with a very turbulent life, marked since her << the princess of palaeontology, Miss
tender age by her passion for paleontology. The whirls of her Anning >>
Ludwig Deichardt, German explorer,
life make her a perfect character for a novel and probably 1817.
they have also reflected on her character - as demonstrated
by the words of Mantell and Deichardt (above).
]
[ 5
Mary Anning and William Smith are historical characters, but literature brings also fictional
geologists. This is the case of Em hansen, a forensic geologist created by Sarah Andrews.
Em hansen is the main character of a book series, including Fault Line, Earth Colors,
Bone hunter, An Eye For Gold, Killer Dust. Sarah Andrews demonstrate to know well
the geologists way of life and it could not be different. In fact the author is a geologist
herself and wrote various essays on the beautiful mind of geologists.
<< The toughest technical challenge I face in writing mystery fiction about geology and
geologists is the job of making my geologist-sleuth compelling to my readership. i am
successful only if readers identify with her, and that means i must take them so deep
into her mental processes that they begin to perceive the world as a geologist perceives
it. it takes a little mental aikido to get nongeologist readers to go there, as most lack a
geologists capacity to think in four and more dimensions. >>
from Spatial thinking with a difference by Sarah Andrews
<<Temporarily unemployed and conflicted over a rocky relationship, forensic geologist
em hansen accepts an assignment aiding the FBi in a fraud investigation of a billion-dollar
Nevada gold mine>>
from the synopsis of an eye for Gold by sarah andrews
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ADDITIONAL MEDIA
verne revisited by pat Boone and James mason
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIQTjdM9pCA&feature=related
Brendan Fraser and Jules verne
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq-maunyc9c
The Lost World (1925)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3fdenwZ0Ys
The Lost World (1960)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdVsWspV_D4&feature=related
Prehistoric pulp fiction
http://prehistoricpulp.blogspot.com/
]
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Between 1877 and 1892 the old West was upset by the incessant clanging of hammers
and bats. They were the Bone Wars, a period of intense dinosaur hunt marked by fierce
rivalries among palaeontologists Othinel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. This is an
exciting and adventurous affair, and it is no coincidence that a comic strip was influenced
by this episode: Bone Sharps, Cowboys and Thunder Lizards (by Jim Ottaviani and Big
Time Attic team). The story is told with a simple and elegant stroke, and follows - with
some necessary historical licenses - this crucial chapter in the history
of paleontology. Jim Ottaviani a nuclear engineer - is not new to graphic novels on scientists,
having already written some on Galileo, Newton
and Bohr. The main characters of Bone Sharps,
Cowboys and Thunder Lizards are obviously the
palaeontologists Marsh and Cope, but not only. It
has a central role also Charles Knight, one of the
most influential paleoartists.
Knights admirers include Stephen Jay Gould,
one of the major palaeontologists ever, and Ray
harryhausen, the undisputed king of stop motion
animation.
Fig 90: Charles Knigt at work.
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Fig 91: Charles Knight, Leaping Laelops. Knight has been a visionary artist. In fact this work dates back to
1896, when dinosaurs were thought goofy and slow animals.
Fig 92: Charles Knight, Agathaumas (1897).
Coming back to geological comics, Cope and Marsh are not the only palaeontologists in
illustrated literature. In fact also Mary Anning a pioneer of paleontology - has her own
illustrated stories. It has to be said that the indomitable hunter of fossils is an inexhaustible
source of inspiration, and she populates several genres of illustrated literature, from the
comic strip to the graphic novel. Mary Anning is the main character of Rare Treasure (by
Don Brown) illustrated with watercolours. This technique gives a diaphanous beauty to
the story, suggesting delicate, almost evanescent scenarios. Don Brown is able to evoke
soft and melancholic atmospheres which have the taste of childhood. For example, one
of the finest vignettes tells one of the many episodes of the unusual life of Mary Anning:
the paleontologist, still young, was struck by a lightning and escaped miraculously. The
illustration is lyrical, soft as that day of rain.
]
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Mary Anning is also the main character in Stone Girl Bone Girl (by Laurence Anholt e Sheila
Moxley) but the aesthetic paradigms are different from Rare treasure. The atmosphere
is fairy, almost onirical: its a story beyond time. At the contrary Mary Anning and the
Sea Dragon (written by Jeannine Atkins and illustrated Michael Dooling) is much more
realistic.
Doolings Mary Anning is somewhat similar to Oliver Twist, in a Lyme Regis waxen and
emaciated. Maybe Lyme Regis (birthplace of Mary) was just so..
After having spoken so much about Mary Anning, one wonders why this paleontologist has
attracted so much attention on herself. Illustrated literature provides the first answer (from
Mary Anning: Fossil hunter written by Sally Walker and illustrated by phyllis Saroff):
Marys life was unusal
for a girl in the 1800s
Most people thought girls
should not learn about fossils
They didnt think girls
should learn about science at all
- Sally Walker, phyllis Saroff
Fig 93: Mary Anning shows an ammonite, near her sleepy dog.
painting dating back to the 19th Century.
]
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Delgado: detailed, majestic, vibrant. Delgados style is very far from Rat Man, an italian
comic with cute characters. The main character is a bumbling fool superhero dressed as a
rat. Nonetheless, Rat Man is not properly child-oriented: it often deals with dark humor,
social issues, mature jokes, sexual ambiguity. Notably, Rat Man is authored by a geologist
- Leo Ortolani - and some episodes of the series are intimately dedicated to Earth Sciences
(i.e. Operation GEODE). Rat Man revolutionized humorous comics in Italy and it is
still a serial bestseller.
Rat Man is not the only humorous comic inspired by Geology. Dinosaur Comics (by
Ryan North) is a comic strip with simple and recurrent drawings. In fact each comic presents
the same artwork, with only the dialogue changing from episode to episode.
The stylistic constraints and minimalism makes Dinosaur Comics a worth read.
We conclude this review on illustrated literature with manga, the typical form of illustrated
literature in Japan.
Gon (by Masashi Tanaka) is a manga telling the adventures of a small dinosaur. Gon,
awarded in 1998 with the Excellence prize at the Japan Media Arts Festival, is characterized
to be wordless.
This unique aspect has been commented by Tanaka himself: This work contains no dialog
or onomatopoetic words. people always ask me why I have done this. From the beginning,
I didnt think it was necessary. Manga should be without grammar. I also think that it is
strange to give animals human language and make them talk. What I set out to do with
Gon was to draw something that was more interesting than anything you could say in
words. Manga still has great potential that does not exist in other media. I plan to continue
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developing the art of expression.
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Dinosaur comics
http://www.qwantz.com/
]
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How has being a Geologist influenced your art and your philosophy of life?
Geology has greatly influenced my philosophy of life because it demonstrates how Earth
is so incredibly old when compared to humanity,and that Earth processes continue
independent of humanity. We are a part of the Earth--not apart from it. In my photography,
I naturally try to illustrate some aspect of that reality, which is actually pretty easy, because
the evidence is all around us. It can range from a cliff face with ancient strata to waves
lapping at a shoreline.
A day on the field: what are you taking with you?
My tools for geological field work are pretty basic: a map, an aerial photograph, a rock
hammer, handlens, a pocket transit for recording orientations and bearings, a pencil,
and of course, a camera. A camera is a pretty essential part of my field gear because it can
record the field relations I see in a very exact way and I can use the images to show my
colleagues. As a photographer, I tend to carry a higher quality (and heavier!) camera than
most other geologists and I usually carry an extra lens. If I am out shooting photos only, I
usually carry several lenses and a tripod.
Do you feel it is necessary to know the meaning of a landscape to appreciate its beauty?
I think everybody interprets and so knows a landscape differently. I tend to interpret
them geologically, but thats me, and it sometimes limits my perspective. But maybe thats
one of the points of landscape photography: its a personal interpretation. Thats also a
reason why I love seeing other peoples images and why Id love to take a workshop!
]
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parts of the state, I am constantly pulling my car off the side of the road to take photos.
From a landscape and Geology perspective, one of the most dramatic places I know is
Death Valley, in southeastern California. I have been incredibly fortunate to have that area
as my primary research area.
Expressing Geology with Art: explain your opinion and experiences in this field.
The vast majority of my favorite images contain unusual light: the sun is either low in the sky
or clouds add drama to the scene. It really doesnt matter what the subject is as long as its
well liteven rocks can be interesting subjects! As a consequence, I am most successful at
capturing interesting geological photographs when I get out in threatening weather, when
Im out early in the morning or when I stay out around sunset.
What quick advice do you have for someone who wants to improve his or her geologic
photography skills?
Id suggest three things: looking at other peoples photos to get ideas and motivation,
interacting with other photographers to get feedback and more ideas, and taking short
field trips early or late in the day with the express purpose of taking photographs.
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]
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]
[ 6
I was not consciously seeking an erotic image, was the stunning and powerful image of a
vagina [...].
Expressing Geology with Art: explain your opinion in this field.
Stone art has an ancient history and I feel privileged to engage and to gleam ancient and
beautiful images from it. No doubt youre familiar with the term mimetoliths a term
coined in recent time by R.V. Dietrich, professor Emeritus (note
by the author: a mimetolith is a natural topographic feature, rock outcrop, rock specimen,
mineral specimen, or loose stone the shape of which resembles something else -- e.g., a
real or fancied animal, plant, manufactured item). And although my work does not typically
reflect a similar scale of what was originally perceived and photographed over a hundred
years ago when it was popular as art, I so want for a time when this concept is popular
again. A time when more people will re-engage with the earth through this artistic and
perceptual imagery and in doing so enhance its health their own holistic health in the
process.
In the previous lines we dealt with still images (photography), therefore it would seem
obvious to deal with moving ones (cinema and video art), There are many other reasons
to do it:. First of all, this seems to be the field of the author (Andrea Baucon), who realized
some movies on Geology (Mongolia in Super 8), an animation movie based on Aldrovandis
work (Alice in pixedelia) and, most important of all, a Video Art installation dealing with
Geology (Geodelica Trilogy).
After all these good reasons, there is only one to avoid the theme Geology and moving
images. This subject is toowww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
vast and complex to deal it in this contribution, therefore we
address it to further studies.
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Bernhard erdmaiers photography
http://bernhardedmaier.reacore.net/site/en/home.idx.php
]
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[ 6
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]
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Fig 102: Frank Wu, Elvissaurus. We had an interview with the artist, and he answered us about this work. I
did Elvissaurus because Ialways thought that the meat-eating dinosaurs like the T. rex and Allosaurus were
the superstars, the rock stars of the dinosaur world. [] I also imagine that - like the stereotypical rock star
- the typical T. rex is a self-indulgent little frakker. hes likely to exhibit lots of anti-social behavior, like chasing
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girls, eating the heads of other dinosaurs,
and stealing cars.
T.Rex is the first band that come to mind when speaking of Geology and Music. They
must be geological with such a name.
Thats wrong.
Additional media
In fact the fathers of glam rock (known until 1970 t-rex, children of the revolution
as Tyrannosaurus rex) have a paleontological http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xgcxd9wtXUE
Jonatan richman, im a little dinosaur
name, but thats all. Their music is not directly http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACKZ10BrSwk
inspired by Geology. As we saw for the other the little Girls earthquake song
Arts, pure geological music is conceptually http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceY2zAMkCqQ
Damien rice, volcano
different from geological interferences in music. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmKVylIzmOE
Lets make two examples of genuine geological
music to be clearer:
1.Alessandro Montanari (geologist) and Gabriel Rossetti (musician) translated geological
data into music. For instance,in Across the boundaries they portrayed the calcimetry of
the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary of Gubbio. In other words, they converted quantitative
data into audible sounds. 2.Rand Steiger wrote Burgess Shale an opera for orchestra
dedicated to Canadas most famous fossil site. Each section refers to particular organism:
for example, we have the rhythmic sections Anomalocaris, Opabinia, Pikaia.
In Across the Boundaries and Burgess Shale there is an intimate association MusicGeology, which is not found in the music of T. Rex. Children of the Revolution is not
dealing with plagioclases!
These examples explain the fundamental problem that arises when dealing with Geology
and Music. Music is full of geological quotations but it has often metaphoric references,
remotely related to the Geology (see box above). Some geological themes (eg dinosaurs,
]
[ 66
volcanoes, earthquakes) have such deep social roots to take symbolic meanings (not purely
geological).
however it is important to point out - concisely - even these cases, as witnesses of the
social influence of geological mythologies in music.
Therefore, we begin to address the argument from the most problematic cases, in the
gray zone between genuine geologic music and geological interferences in music. The first
example that we consider are the Lost Species. This band seems to be geological in the
name, in the genre of music (defined by them as dinosaur metal ), in the title of the new
album ( among the Dinosaurs) and in the artwork (full of dinosaurs). Nevertheless, their
music does not seem to be directly inspired by paleontology, which sounds paradoxical.
The only way to resolve this paradox is to chat with Skunk of the Lost Species.
Who are you, what do you do?
Lost Species is a helsinki based dinosaur metal band. Lost Species was formed in 1996, but
we started out with a new line-up in 2004 and since then have released four Eps: Corrode
(2005), Dinosaur Metal (2006), Cycles (2007) and our latest Among the Dinosaurs (2008).
We are an underground metal band.
lost species...what inspired you to create such band name?
We were teenagers when we started the band, so the band name was something we
thought sounded cool, and we kept it. After that it has grown to us, and of course it has a
totally new meaning after we invented the term dinosaur metal!
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]
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your music reminds me of great classics from the 90: slayer and sepultura . am i right?
What are the other musical influences?
You are totally right. Slayer & Sepultura are one our favourite bands. But of course we take
influences from all kinds of music, from pop music to death metal. We all have different
musical backgrounds and I think it also reflects in the music. With dinosaur metal we
have no boundaries of what we should sound, we dont want to narrow ourselves with
expectations. With dinosaur metal everything is expected!
Lost Species and their dinosaur metal are emblematic examples of how geological
mythologies enter into music. Similar cases occur in completely different genres, such as
the Electro hip-hop f Triceratron. Among their songs Geology preview Clip, Iguanodon
Automaton, Walk the Dinosaur, primordial Soup. Intrigued, we have interviewed
them:
Who are triceratron?
Triceratron are John the Verbabore Zappas (born in Torrance, California, 1985) and Ben
the paleontologist Weiland (born in Germany, 1985). We began making music about 2
years ago in art school.
your soundscape and your videos bring something from the 8-bit era of videogaming.
What is the influence of videogaming on your music?
The role of the vintage video game aesthetic in Triceratrons music is crucial towards
accomplishing the goal of www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
universal harmony. Certain eras in modern culture have been
more consumed with concepts of the future than others, the vintage video game era is a
key example.
Triceratron takes all these eras of pop-culture-future-lust and boils them down to a caricature
of the future that then gets juxtaposed to societys fantastical ideas of the past.
iguanodon automaton, cro magnon, isotope: there are clear references to Geology
and Paleontology in your music. What exactly draws you to that field?
Similarly to our focus on 8-bit video gaming, weve honed in on themes in Geology and
paleontology as a way to represent the past and examine where we came from. And plus,
dinosaurs are just really awesome.
Fig 105: Triceratron, electro hip-hop with geologic themes.
Additional media
triceratron, cro-magnon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7eD-mlpvcU
[ 68
Fig 107: Geology Rocks! Greg Graffin, lead singer of the legendary
punk rock band Bad Religion.
Greg Graffin earned a masters degree in geology from UCLA and
received his ph.D. from Cornell University. Now he is a lecturer of
paleontology and Life Sciences in UCLA; and he continues to rock!
photo by Richard Acosta (Creative Commons License).
]
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dedicated an album to trilobites (Trilobyte), with a beautiful cover inspired by the tribal
world and paleontology. Trilbit come from the same land of Uakti, but they have little to
share with the famous instrumental group. Their music is space rock with strong electronic
components and we dont know what is the exact role of Geology for them. Further research
is required; since than we can only notice the preponderant presence of the trilobites in
their videos and artwork. Trilobites are also cited by Mastodon a heavy metal band of
Atlanta - in the song Trilobite.
From the band name, we breathe a paleontological atmosphere, also reflected in the titles
of their songs: Trilobite, Iron Tusk, Megalodon. Even the artwork has some geologic
reference: in the bands logo appears a saber tooth tiger, sometimes a big deer (maybe
Megaceros? ). Other times the references are in the lyrics: in Siberian Divide (played in
collaboration with the frontman of the Mars Volta) there is also Brontotherium .
One of the most excellent examples of geologic music, shortly cited previously, is
Burgess Shale, a work for orchestra of Rand Steiger. The author puts in music eight
Cambrian organisms, each of which is represented by a section of the work. The authors
words are undoubtedly the most appropriate to comment Burgess Shale:
The piece begins with an introduction, followed by eight sections, each focussing on one
creature, and then a concluding sections. Each creature has a particular kind of material
associated with it, defined by instrumentation, pitch material, and tempo. Besides having
a dedicated section, each creature has its own recurring cycle of appearances throughout
the piece.
So while the piece progresses through the main sections, little snippets of the other sections
interrupt and comment onwww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
their progression.
Steiger describes the introduction of his orchestral piece: The piece begins with a kind
of cracking open sound, the reveals a 24 note frozen chord played quietly by divided
strings. I think of this part as a kind of fossilized music which gradually comes to life [...].
Fig 109: Rand Steiger dedicated a section of his orchestral work
to Opabinia, an enigmatic cambrian creature. With Steigers
words: This section features principal trumpet, echoed by
muted trumpets and accompanied buy a series of five note
chords played by ringing percussion and keyboards, doubled
by strings. The tempo is somewhat fast and the trumpet
parts are somewhat virtuosic Illustration by Arthur Weasley
(reproduced under Creative Commons 3.0 license).
<< [the] creatures [from Burgess shale] and their history were firmly embedded in my
consciousness and i discovered that they suggested an interesting program for my
concerto for orchestra. >>
rand steiger
It has also to be cited the classic work of Bruce Odland and Sam Auinger Requiem for fossil
fuels, of clear ecological matrix (it has been proposed to the festival the Ear for the Earth,
which has been presented like a worldwide network for environmental sound art).
A social message is also given by Do the Evolution (of pearl Jam) although it deals
only marginally with evolution. In fact the main focus of the song are the cruel habits of
humankind. The correspondent music video featuring various prehistoric animals - won a
Grammy Award for the Best Music Video (1999).
]
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Evolution has been cited various times in music. One of the most suggestive examples is
given in Walt Disneys Fantasia, a mix of animation and classical music. In Fantasia
Stravinskys The Rite of Spring accompanies the natural history of Earth. The same
happens in the music video Right here, right now (music by Fat Boy Slim) but with clear
humorous intent.
We conclude this short and incomplete glimpse of paleontology and music with
pterodactyl.
The artwork of their albums refers (graphically) to the punk/grunge tradition and sometimes
it cites the classics of the paleontological illustration. We suggest to visit their site, with a
very peculiar interface: is this new medium art?
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Disney and Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAYA486cFm4
Fat Boy Slim, Right here, right now
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DajTbUhRykU&NR=1
pearl Jam, Do the evolution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=copOYXvEsRs
Bruce odland e sam auinger ,requiem for fossil fuels
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8-9gqtJxCo
pterodactyl
http://www.pterodactyl.info
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
19. Geologic hazards (and their
interferences)
paleontology is not the only discipline to be represented in Geological Art. In fact several
musicians have been attracted by geological hazards such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
landslides. Why? There is a psychological explanation for this attraction. Natural hazards
deeply affect our psyche and they influence our most primitive emotions. The psychological
aspect of natural hazards is treated by Bell et al. (2006) in Environmental psychology
where they define the main features of violent geological phenomena: sudden, powerful
and uncontrollable.
Sudden (and dangerous): violent geological phenomena evoke adrenaline. powerful:
]
[ 71
natural hazards affect our mystical side, because they represent the mysterious, violent
forces of Gaia. Uncontrollable: such phenomena symbolize freedom, as no one can really
control them. For these reasons, geological hazards are widely portrayed in music.
For instance volcanoes have been portrayed by Genesis, a progressive rock band formed in
1967. Genesis - among the 30- top selling bands of all time wrote Dance on a Volcano:
Through a crack in Mother Earth
Blazing hot, the molten rock
Spills out over the land
And the lavas the lover who licks your
boots away, hey! hey! hey!
If you dont want to boil as well
B - B - Better start the dance
D - D - Do you want to dance with me
- from Dance on a Volcano by Genesis
Fig 111: Genesis and the italian progressive band le Orme (the Footprints). 1973.
Upper row: Michi Dei Rossi, Mike Rutherford, Steve hackett, peter Gabriel and Tony
Banks; Lower Row: Tony pagliuca, Aldo Tagliapietra and phil Collins.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Magma De Futura
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a73XLkf43-s&feature=related
stevie nicks, landslide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhNrrrCCTdA
Dixie chicks, landslide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DkD4kjJwG4
heroes del silencio, avalancha
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s7nFvIuU_0
Volcanoes are also discussed by the eruptive guitar of Eddie Van halen (Van halen,
Eruption). Curiously, Eddie and his brother Alex also founded a band named Genesis,
homonym of the mentioned prog-rock group . When they discovered that a band named
Genesis was already existing, they changed the name to Mammoth and then Van
halen. Less known than Genesis and van halen, the Budos Band has been inspired by
Volcanoes with Volcano Song. Funky and hallucinogenic atmospheres accompany the
progress of boiling magma. A fan video uses the afro-beat rythms of the Budos to
comment Volcano, an animated cartoon of 1942 (part o This is the case of Earthquakes,
another geological hazard frequently appearing in music. For instance, Richter Scale is
often cited: there are bands named after the seismic magnitude scale (the Richter Scales,
and Richter Scale), albums (Five on the Open-Ended Richter Scale by Einstrzende
Neubauten, and 7.5 On The Richter Scale by Stan Kenton And his Orchestra).
]
[ 7
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Genesis Dance on a volcano
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50CKhBaChTQ
Eddie van Halen Eruption
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_lwocmL9dQ
Budos Band, the volcano song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTi7I92ArXU&feature=related
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
Richter Scale Lovequake
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bejA4efMX50
Killer Shock Waves
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWdOv96ZNvI
EPMD Richter Scale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKIKhKLr4Fw
Trail of the Dead Richter Scale Madness
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjvF9SpoJhU
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
The previous chapter presented various geologic interferences in music, which is not the
case of the Birdsongs of the Mesozoic. They evoke Geology right from the gorgeous
covers of their albums and they deal with many branches of Earth Sciences. They cite
tectonics (Faultline), pyroclastic flows (pyroclastics), geochronology (Triassic
Jurassic Cretaceous), general Geology (Sonic Geology), geochemistry (the Iridium
Controversy) and much more. This band formed in the 80s with complex and psychedelic
musical atmospheres, stirring classic music, rock, minimalism, and jazz. Many label them
as progressive Rock, even if one of the aptest descriptions has been given by the NY
Times:
We are very curious about them, thus we have interviewed Erik Lindgren (EL) and Ken Field
(KF) of the Birdsongs of the Mesozoic.
the iridium controversy, Faultline, pop triassic, sonic Geology, ... : there are
clear references to Geology in your music. Why? What exactly draws you to that field?
]
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KF: Starting with the bands name we have been interested in using paleontological and
prehistoric phrases. The geologic references started, I believe, with 1989s Faultline. The
word itself is relatively benign-sounding, but the physical implications are dramatic and
powerful, as with many geologic concepts and terms that we have subsequently mployed.
We are a group that mixes primitive acoustic sounds with contemporary lectronic elements.
I think the physicality implicit in some of our geologic references serves to nicely balance
the more intellectual aspects of our sound.
Fig 113: Faultline (Cuneiform Rune 19, 1989), cover design
by Martin Swope.
]
[ 7
tell a story, with a beginning, middle, and end, with is a good balance between repetition,
development, and new content.
how important do you think it is for artists to know about Geology, and why?
EL: As an artist, I think its important to go back to source which always seems to reference
the natural world. With rocks, there are always fascinating facets to be viewed in geodes and
the beautiful layers exposed in slate. I find the more you look, the more you see and this is
similar with music which often employs lines of horizontal melodic content (counterpoint)
and vertical chordal richness (harmony).
Your albums are wonderfully illustrated with
themes from paleontology, tectonics, igneous
Geology. In which way do you influence the visual
artists illustrating your albums?
KF: Graphic artist Diane Menyuk has illustrated
most of our recent CDs. We supply her with the
CD title, and she does the rest. It is a testament to
her creativity and design sense that her creations
work so well with our music. Artists Stephen
Elston and Roger Dean have also created great
artwork for our CD covers in much the same
manner.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Fig 114: pyroclastics (Cuneiform Rune 35, 1992), cover art by Stephen Elston.
your albums are wonderfully illustrated with themes from paleontology, tectonics, igneous Geology.
In which way do you influence the visual artists illustrating your albums?
KF: Graphic artist Diane Menyuk has illustrated most of our recent CDs. We supply her with the CD title,
and she does the rest. It is a testament to her creativity and design sense that her creations work so
well with our music. Artists Stephen Elston and Roger Dean have also created great artwork for our CD
covers in much the same manner.
Fig 116: Sonic Geology (Rykodisc RCD 20073, 1988), cover design by heidi price & Birdsongs of the Mesozoic.
Fig 115: Dancing on AA (Cuneiform Rune 69, 1995), cover design by Diane Menyuk. The title is referring to a
peculiar kind of lava.
]
[ 75
Your music covers many aspects of Geology: Paleontology (the fossil record), geophysics
(magnetic flip), sedimentary/igneous geology (Pyroclastics), tectonics (Faultline),
.. What is your favourite field of Geology?
KF: As a kid I was fascinated by magnets, and the idea that the earths magnetic poles
can flip periodically was quite intriguing to me. But I have to say that my experience with
Birdsongs on the Big Island of hawaii watching the hot lava flow out of the earth was quite
a visceral moment, akin to seeing the life-blood of the earth flowing past us, and really
stuck with me.
]
[ 76
labels are misleading. however, your music reminds me of progessive classics: il Balletto
di Bronzo, Bando del mutuo soccorso, yes, king crimson. am i right? What are
the other influences for your sound?
EL: We have many diverse musical influences within the ensemble. All of us came of age
during the late 60s which objectively was a magical time for music. My background is in
classical music and I received an MA in music composition and piano. I especially admire
French composers such as Debussy, Ravel, and Satie along with Stravinsky, Steve Reich,
and Latin American composers Alberto Ginastera and Astor piazzolla. paradoxically Ive
always appreciated crude 60s garage and psychedelic rock and run the reissue record label
Arf Arf which documents that vibrant era. Although I grew up with progressive rock bands
like Genesis, Yes, and Emerson Lake & palmer, they really werent that big an influence on
me personally,. But I did enjoy early King Crimson, Magma, and Egg a lot which seemed
to have more content than the typical prog rock bands which I often felt were shallow or
complex for the sake of being complex.
Fig 117: The Birdsongs of the Mesozoic
ADDITIONAL MEDIA
magma, une musique venue dailleurs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G90O0hf5G-o
viesi, magma under the snow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlKfZGSn7tc
la monja enana, el dinosaurio chiquitn
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEsU9mmDGLo
Dinosaur Jr, Freak scene
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxLpEX2bt8w
]
[ 77
22. Conclusions
<< It is self-evident that nothing concerning art is self-evident. >>
Theodor Adorno
]
[ 78
]
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2.Geologic shapes: Geologic thinkers are attracted aesthetically from natural environments
and shapes. This aspect often includes multiple aspects of Nature (i.e. Lithosphere and
Biosphere); it is not a case that many geologic thinkers are outdoor enthusiasts (and
vice-versa). The focus of geologic thinkers can be just morphological, but in many
cases geologic thinkers are also able to read the landscapes by understanding the
geomorphic processes (see next point).
3.perception of environment: The geologic thinker perceives the environment differently
than others. Our environment is not seen as a stable and unchanging, but landscapes (and
their aesthetic beauty) are the result of long-lasting geologic processes. Landscapes are
continuously changing under their eyes.
4.Geologic phenomena: This point comes as the natural consequence of the previous ones.
Geologic thinkers are naturally attracted by those geologic phenomena that profoundly
shape the landscape. For instance, in this contribution we have seen a deep interest for
continental drift, sedimentation and volcanic eruptions.
5.evolution of life: The history of life is written within rocks. Geologic thinkers are well
aware of this and, consequently, they are frequently attracted by prehistoric creatures and
scenarios. part of this attraction comes from the sense of mystery evoked by lost worlds.
Albert Einstein said: The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the
source of all true art and science.
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
Fig 120: John Wolseley, The spore-bearing bodies of Cyttaria in Tasmania and patagonia and their
Nothofagus hosts.
[ 80
Nevertheless, we have not yet a satisfactory definition of Geologic Art. Geologic Art as
Art inspired by Geology offers an attractive and plain explanation, although this proposal
in the end is rejected because it cannot account for some problems. As we pointed out in
the introduction, the major problem is defining what is inspired by Geology. A similar
problem emerges from thewww.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
brilliant definition given by Marli Miller. In her interview she
defined Geologic Art as Art that acknowledges or consciously illustrates some aspect of
Earth processes. Is it really possible to recognize the conscious aspect?
For this reason, the aforementioned six points are crucial conclusions, because if we are
to understand what is Geologic Art, we must seek to find out what elements are at its
basis.
Geologic Art and Scientific Geology
To this end, one of the most useful parts of the present work, are the interviews, which
attempt to record the major aspects of Geologic Art. In fact the rapid evolution of
Contemporary Art makes it imperative to document the existing diversity of Geologic Art;
in more colloquial terms, our unorthodox approach demonstrated to be a powerful tool
to explore and register such a difficult and understudied field.
Throughout our work, we have been struck by the range of opinions and experiences on
expressing Geology by Art. In
particular, we have been particularly inspired by the words of Stacy Levy during her
interview. We feel the artists words as the ideal conclusion for this contribution:
Art and Science are deeply connected but they have been forced apart for some reason.
I feel that art needs to be brought back together with science so that we can understand
how the world works the more visceral way that art allows. Art can tell part of the story of
the Earth.
acknoWleDGements
I thank all the artists that collaborated to this work. I thank Chiara Santesso for manuscript
revision and I am grateful to Carlos Neto de Carvalho for inviting me to provide this
contribution. I thank Tamara Rodriguez Alvarez for precious discussions on Cinema and
]
[ 81
Geology.I am indebted to Joana Castro Rodriguez and Marco Zuri for suggestions on
Geology and Music.
electronic version
point your browser to www.tracemaker.com and follow the links for finding the electronic
version of this contribution. This is helpful for opening the links suggested in the additional
media boxes.
Disclaimer
I, Andrea Baucon, the author and copyright holder of this work (Geology and Art: an unorthodox
perspective), has published or hereby publishes it under the following license: the work is licensed under
the Creative Commons License: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0.
In other words (1) You must attribute the work to Andrea Baucon. (2) You may not alter, transform, or build
upon this work. (3) You may not use this work for or directed toward commercial advantage or private
monetary compensation.
(for more detailed information: license deed at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ and
complete legal code at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode) The copyright of each
figure pertains to artists, photographers, illustrators or those who are entitled.
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Geologist. AEG News, 45(4) and 46(1-3).
Andrews, S., 1994, Uncle Skinny www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
and the Sireen of Yellowstone. In The Armchair Detective, 27(2):. 158-162
Andrews, S., 2002, Fault Line, St. Martins Minotaur, New York, 307 pp.
Battles D.A, hudak J.R 2005. Exploring the Interrelationships of Art and Geology. Journal of Geoscience
Education, v. 53 (2): 176-183
Baucon, A. 2008. The Da Vinci Ichnocode: Leonardos trace fossils and the Age of Naturalists. proceedings
of Ichnia 2008, International Ichnological Congress, Krakow.
Bedell, R. 2001. The Anatomy of Nature: Geology and American Landscape painting 1825-1875. princeton,
princeton press, 185 pp.
Bell, p.A, Greene, T.C., Fisher J. 2006. Environmental psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 634 pp.
Bengston, S. 2000. Teasing Fossils out of Shales with Cameras and Computers. paleontologia Electronica,
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Boyle, B. 1992. Fossil detail leaps with double polarization. professional photographers of Canada, 22:1012.
Breyer J., Butcher W. 2003. Nothing new under the earth: the geology of Jules Vernes journey to the Centre
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Cita, M.B., Chiesa, S., Massiotta p., 2001. Geologia dei Vini. Italia Settentrionale. Firenze, Bema editrice, 128 pp.
Currie, p.J. 1994. Dinosaurs of pellucidar. Burroughs Bullettin. Burroughs Bulletin 17
Currie, p.J. 1993. On Mahars, gryfs and the paleontology of Edgar Rice Burroughs. Burroughs Bulletin 16
Currie, p.J. 1996. Dinosaurs in The Land That Time Forgot. Burroughs Bulletin 25
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Davidson J.p. 2008. A history of paleontology Illustration. Indiana University press, Bloomington &
Indianapolis, 217pp.
Debus A. 2006. Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey. McFarland, 220 pp.
Debus A., Debus D. 2002. paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art. McFarland, 293 pp.
Dowse M., Metacalf M. 2008 Art and geology: positive energy of New Mexico. proceedings of International
Geological Congress, Oslo
Ekdale A.A, Tripp A. 2005. paleontological Sonification: Letting Music Bring Fossils to Your Ears Journal of
Geoscience Education, 53(3): 271-280
Gjevik B., Moe h. & Ommundsen A. 1997. Sources of the Maelstrom, Nature, 388(28): 837-838.
Gould, S.J. 1998. Times Arrow, Times Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time.
harvard University press, 240 pp.
harrell, J.A. and V.M. Brown, 1992, The worlds oldest surviving geological map - the 1150 BC Turin papyrus
from Egypt. Journal of Geology 100 (1992): 3-18.
heringman, N. 2004. Romantic Rocks, Aesthetic Geology. Cornell University press, 320 pp.
huggett, R. 1995 Geoecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Routledge, London, 344 pp.
Lanzendorf J. 2000. Dinosaur Imagery: The Science of Lost Worlds and Jurassic Art. Academic press, 200 pp.
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Maltman A. 2008. The Role of Vineyard Geology in Wine Typicity. Journal of Wine Research, 19(1): 1 - 17
Marcucci, E.,1956. Les Illustrations des Voyages Extraordinaires de Jules Verne. Bordeaux: Ed. Socit Jules
Verne, pp. 1819.
Mayor, A. 2001. The first fossil hunters - paleontology in Greek and Roman times. princeton press, 361 pp.
Moore L.B. 2000. Scientific Illustration Techniques and handmade Mineral paints for Geoscience Classes.
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page B., Allmon W. 2001. Rock of Ages, Sands of Time. University Of Chicago press, 371 pp.
preiss B., Silverberg R. 1992. The Ultimate Dinosaur. Byron preiss publications, 336 pp.
Quinn M., 2001. Research Set to Music: The Climage Symphony and Other Sonifications of Ice Core, Radar,
DNA, Seismic, and Solar Wind Data. proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Auditory Display,
Espoo, Finland, July 29-August 1, 2001
Rayner, R.J. 1992. A method of improving contrast in illustrations of coalified fossils. palaeontologia
Africana, 29:4549 pp.
Rudwick M.J.S. 1995. Scenes from Deep Time: Early pictorial Representations of the prehistoric World.
University Of Chicago press, 294 pp.
Ruggieri, G. La scoperta dei fossili il romanzo della paleontologia. Arnoldo Mondadori Editori, 122 pp.
Rule, A., Carnicelli A., Kane S. 2004. Using poetry to Teach about Minerals in Earth Science Class. Journal of
Geoscience Education, 4(1): 10-14
]
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www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
]
andrea Baucon, palaeontlogo e artista visual.
Andrea Baucon um cientista bastante activo, dedicando-se ao estudo de vestgios do comportamento de
organismos actuais e do passado (Icnologia). O autor utiliza a informao icnolgica para compreender as
interaces entre os organismos e o ambiente, especialmente no que diz respeito evoluo comportamental.
Baucon participou em diversas misses paleontolgicas baseadas no registo fssil de portugal, Monglia e
Alpes.
Os estudos de Andrea Baucon tm revolucionado o modo como considerada a histria da paleontologia,
descobrindo que Leonardo da Vinci tambm foi o fundador da Icnologia, uma das suas disciplinas. Atravs do
estudo minucioso dos Manuscritos de Leonardo, Baucon demonstrou a importncia do binmio Geologia
e Arte. Ele debruou-se sobre este assunto no apenas num ponto de vista puramente histrico, como
tambm realizou trabalhos artsticos unindo as Cincias da Terra com a Arte. Baucon o criador da Trilogia
Geodelica, uma instalao Video Art que congrega msica, fsseis, animaes, arte fractal e lminas
delgadas petrogrficas. o realizador do documentrio Mongolia in Super8 (que filmou com uma cmara
antiga), tendo ainda criado Alice in pixedelia, um filme de animao musical psicadlico. Baucon encontrase
a trabalhar actualmente num projecto extremamente inovador: uma banda desenhada que funde as
personalidades fundadoras da paleontologia com ilustrao da poca Vitoriana, grficos 8-bit e os desenhos
ilustrativos dos tratados naturalistas da Renascena.
[ 8
Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional UNESCO European and Global Geopark. Gabinete de Geologia e
de paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano. Av. Joaquim Moro 6060-101 Idanha-a-Nova.
E-mail: [email protected].
]
[ 85
[ 86
Erges foram largamente escavados em busca do mais precioso metal o ouro. O Aurifer
Tagus, tal como o descreveu o grande naturalista romano do sc. I d.C., plnio-o-Velho,
foi uma das mais importantes reas de explorao aurfera do Imprio Romano. O ouro
ter sido extrado aos quilos na rea da Charneca e do Conhal do Arneiro, por desmonte
de milhes de metros cbicos de rochas sedimentares brandas em vastas frentes de
explorao, atravs da injeco de gua canalizada dos rios para o efeito. As pedras maiores
eram retiradas dos canais de evacuao de sedimentos por triagem manual e empilhadas
ao longo das margens do canal, em amontoados cnicos ou rectilneos que particularizam
a paisagem desta regio. Este novo modo de explorao dos recursos naturais, a larga
escala, concebido pela romanizao, transformou radicalmente toda a paisagem. Largas
extenses de terreno foram rebaixadas e os sedimentos lavados, por gravidade, em caixas
e pratos ou bateias, aqui chamadas de concas. So gestos milenares que foram repetidos
incessantemente ao longo destes rios e que por aqui os pode encontrar nos dias de hoje,
por exemplo, na aldeia de Foz do Cobro. Gestos que reproduzem o transporte e deposio
das partculas sedimentares nos rios, consoante a energia das guas. Gestos aprendidos
com a observao atenta da Natureza.
Com a construo da portugalidade crescem basties defensivos no topo das serranias,
protegendo os frteis vales e as fronteiras geogrficas. Os castelos de Monsanto, Idanha-aNova, Castelo Branco, Rdo e Amieira do Tejo olham a Meseta Meridional e o vale do Tejo
Internacional dominando as terras templrias agrcolas da Aafa. O ouro agora lquido
e escorre dos lagares de varas com o sabor intenso do azeite. Os castelos de fronteira e a
www.kaipachanews.blogspot.pe
agricultura potenciam o desenvolvimento
das reas urbanas, de que expoente mximo a
cidade de Castelo Branco.
No entretanto, a Cultura deixa de se materializar na Natureza para passar esta a ser
representada no imaginrio atravs da Arte. O bordado de Castelo Branco simplifica a
apropriao cultural da paisagem: tudo o que admira nos horizontes do Geopark Naturtejo
tem acrescido uma convivncia multimilenar que soube aproveitar cada rocha, cada curso
de gua, como matria-prima ou recurso energtico.
Mas proponho-lhe agora olhar atravs do Tempo, mesmo para alm da existncia humana.
Como seria esta paisagem antes da sua ampla transformao pelo homem, como evoluiu
com as variaes climticas do passado?
Etapa segunda: 10000000 de anos atrs!
Serra da Gardunha: o domnio da gua. O mais precioso lquido corre aqui superfcie e
infiltra-se nas profundezas da crusta terrestre, seguindo a densa rede de fracturas que
assola o granito. Se bem que o levantamento tectnico da Serra da Gardunha se deu em
simultneo com a Serra da Estrela, h 10 milhes de anos, foi a gua que transformou
a fisionomia da serra, que moldou cada forma grantica, desde a estrutura cristalina
dos seus minerais dimenso das montanhas. Nas suas deambulaes pelo interior da
terra, a gua enriquecida em cidos orgnicos resultantes da decomposio da matria
vegetal acumulada nos solos. Este lquido corri facilmente o mineral mais abundante nos
granitos, as plagioclases, transformando-o em caulinite, um mineral do grupo das argilas.
Esta alterao qumica do granito vai fragiliz-lo, permitindo a sua rpida eroso atravs da
escorrncia da gua das chuvas no seu caminho para os rios.
O anfiteatro natural de Casal da Serra particularmente revelador: um gigantesco caos
de blocos expostos pela eroso das guas das nascentes do rio Ocreza, transportados
pela vertente abaixo ou simplesmente descobertos, dispostos de um modo naturalmente
]
[ 87
desordenado. passear pelos caos de blocos apreciar a regularidade artstica com que a
gua cria formas no granito, se as condies prevalecentes forem as mesmas. A alterao
qumica dos granitos gerou bolas e a curiosa descamao em polgonos. A dimenso
ciclpica destas rochas inspira-o tal como encheu de espanto o homem do Neoltico. A
sacralizao da paisagem levou construo de mimetismos monumentais, como a Anta
de S. Gens, bem como toda uma cultura em torno da rocha que daqui se espalhou pela
Europa e Norte de frica o Megalitismo.
Com a alternncia climtica entre perodos quentes e hmidos, com perodos de clima
tipicamente mediterrnico, mais secos mas com chuvas concentradas, ao longo dos ltimos
10 milhes de anos, os granitos foram sendo moldados pelas guas subterrneas e pelas
guas de escorrncia superficial, ao ritmo das estaes do ano. Esses ritmos climticos
esculpiram os molhos de cogumelos petrificados gigantes que se erguem no granito de
Nisaou o arquiplago de montanhas que se levanta quase vertical da aplanao, os
clebres inselbergs de Monsanto. Do mesmo modo que, volvidos milhes de anos, o
arteso molda a argila resultante da alterao do granito, com auxlio da gua, no clebre
barro pedrado de Nisa.
Enquanto as rochas se modificavam em profundidade davam-se intensas transformaes
na paisagem. Na constante dana das placas tectnicas, o continente africano colidiu com
a pennsula Ibrica, reactivando antigos acidentes tectnicos que delimitam as montanhas
do territrio. A Falha do ponsul ergueu lentamente a Meseta Meridional por 120 km,
desde o Arneiro para alm das Termas de Monfortinho, limitando a rea deprimida do Alto
Alentejo.
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h 10000000 de anos, no poderia encontrar aqui o Tejo. Mas existia um rio, bem diferente
do actual. Era um rio imenso, sem vale, que corria sorumbtico por esta vasta rea aplanada
atravs de mltiplos canais que se entranavam. Num clima mais quente e seco do que o
actual, a paisagem era dominada por uma savana de esparsos sobreiros. Mas junto a este
rio, a floresta era luxuriante. Entre ulmeiros e choupos erguiam-se grandes Annonoxylon
teixeirae, anoneiras parentes prximas da pimenta-de-frica.
Depois de mortas, os seus troncos foram transportados pelas guas do rio e cobertos por
areias. A transferncia de slica dos pequenos gros de quartzo para o lenho em decomposio
levou fossilizao destas rvores extraordinrias, por um processo conhecido como
silicificao. Muito mais tarde, estes monumentos naturais tero sido desenterrados pelos
romanos numa mina de ouro situada na Charneca do Rdo. A sua histria fascinante
feita de viagens e de encontros, veculos de conhecimento e admirao.
Com a aproximao da Era Glacial produziram-se profundas alteraes climticas que, no
s transformaram o vasto rio de canais entraados no Tejo que hoje conhecemos como
tambm levaram substituio da floresta hmida por carvalhais, azinhais e bosques onde
imperava o resistente zimbro. J o pinhal uma metfora da humanizao generalizada
da paisagem do Geopark. Ainda assim, a flora autctone de caractersticas mediterrnicas
encontra-se enraizada na cultura popular, na herldica ou celebrada nos monumentos vivos
ou em mais de 71 topnimos de lugares, de que so exemplos Rosmaninhal ou Salgueiro
do Campo. A floresta autctone ainda pode ser descoberta nos lugares mais recnditos,
nos vales mais profundos ou nas montanhas mais declivosas. So os ltimos habitats que
suportam a maior diversidade biolgica da regio mediterrnica. Locais onde espcies em
risco de extino encontram o seu derradeiro paraso.
A pergunta que agora lhe assalta a mente quando e como surge o granito que enriquece
[ 88
de formas o Geopark Naturtejo. Que foras poderosas tero trazido estas rochas das
entranhas escaldantes da crusta terrestre at aos cumes das mais altas montanhas?
Etapa terceira: 300000000 de anos atrs!
Todas as perspectivas invocam a grandiosidade da torre de pedra de Monsanto. Runa
natural que se ergue intensamente vertical da aplanao adjacente, Monsanto tolhe-nos os
sentidos pela sua grandiosidade e opulncia granticas. Aparentemente nico, cada penedo
foi moldado e erguido pelos elementos ao longo de milhes de anos, segundo padres que
nos excitam a imaginao. O sbio e primordial entendimento das paisagens pelo homem
fez desta varanda suspensa para a imensido do espao um modo de vida, um estado de
esprito, uma fora do ser e do querer. Mas como que nos surge a Nave de pedra, no
dizer de Fernando Namora? Ter que recuar no Tempo e descer alguns quilmetros no
interior da crusta terrestre.
h pouco mais de 300000000 de anos, uma gigantesca massa de silicatos, vulgarmente
conhecida como magma, possuindo mais de uma centena de quilmetros cbicos de volume
e uma temperatura superior a 700C instalara-se e arrefecia lentamente. O resultado do
arrefecimento do lquido magmtico originou a cristalizao sucessiva dos minerais que
constituem o granito: plagioclases, micas e quartzo, um aps o outro. Os minerais so
maiores e mais perfeitos quando o arrefecimento extremamente lento. Mas a viagem
desta massa de granito, por milhares de metros, at superfcie da crusta ter sido apenas
um lento processo erosivo, resultante da aco climtica, dia aps dia?
para que se perceba a universalidade dos fenmenos teremos que atravessar outra
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paisagem geolgica. A imponncia
das fragas quartzticas de Almouro entalhadas por
um Ocreza ainda de contornos selvagens, num desfiladeiro majestoso onde o silncio s
interrompido pelo voo do grifo, o seu prximo destino. Uma Natureza desconcertante,
outrora adocicada pelos socalcos para a oliveira, num trabalho hercleo s por si
patrimnio da humanidade. Ter agora que empreender uma fantstica viagem atravs
das ngremes ladeiras para descobrir o enigma do granito de Monsanto. De facto, as rochas
que aqui observa tm uma origem mais antiga e so, na realidade, quartzitos. incrvel,
mas estas durssimas rochas esto intensamente dobradas! Que foras incomensurveis
tero deformado rochas como se fossem plasticina? Estas foras s se explicam escala da
formao das grandes cordilheiras de montanhas. h 300000000 de milhes de anos este
territrio foi apanhado no meio da coliso entre as placas tectnicas que, ao reunirem-se,
formaram o supercontinente pangea. Os fundos marinhos foram erguidos altitude das
mais altas montanhas: milhares de metros de sedimentos foram comprimidos, dobrados
e erguidos na vertical; as areias e lamas foram metamorfizadas nos quartzitos e nos xistos
que compuseram, em gigantescos dobramentos, uma fantstica cordilheira montanhosa
que se estendia dos Urais aos Apalaches, nos E.U.A. a Cordilheira Varisca.
Do mesmo modo que os quartzitos das portas de Almouro, tambm os granitos de
Monsanto, da Gardunha ou de Nisa foram envolvidos nos levantamentos tectnicos,
deformados e fracturados por gigantescas falhas. Esta a origem da nossa Falha do
ponsul. Esta falha uma das mais importantes estruturas tectnicas activas de toda a
regio. Do penedo Gordo as vistas so grandiosas, permitindo acompanhar o gigantesco
degrau morfolgico que esta falha determina, desde a Serrinha do Arneiro, passando pela
escarpa de Idanha-a-Nova at aos relevos de penha Garcia, deslocando rochas por mais de
1 km. Nas Termas de Monfortinho, a actividade da falha materializa-se num invulgar osis
de bem-estar, onde as guas mineralizadas pelo calor geotrmico nos reconciliam com a
Natureza.
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[ 90
de recursos alimentares, que encontramos por todo o lado ao longo da Rota dos Fsseis.
Em nenhum outro lugar se encontram estes icnofsseis to bem expostos, to bem
preservados e to diversificados com em penha Garcia, afirmou Adolf Seilacher, prmio
Crafoord pela Real Academia de Cincias da Sucia, quando desenvolveu estudos
paleontolgicos no vale do ponsul. De facto, penha Garcia permanece um livro aberto
Cincia: muitas das histrias nele contidas continuam a assombrar-nos a cada nova
descoberta. Rochas xistentas mais antigas existentes em Salvaterra do Extremo, com 600
milhes de anos, relatam a existncia de um oceano pejado de icebergs, quando o planeta
era uma bola de gelo e a vida era to s unicelular. So os fsseis mais antigos encontrados
em portugal.
E muito mais h por desvendar, num dilogo que se estabelece continuamente entre a
rocha e a curiosidade humana, em busca das suas origens no tempo profundo.
etapa derradeira: de volta ao presente?
O fim da viagem pelo Geopark Naturtejo o retorno realidade e rotinas do quotidiano.
O que fica desta fantstica viagem, desta experincia fascinante? percorreu o territrio
em busca das marcas do Tempo mais profundo. O seu olhar atravessou 600 milhes
de anos e um conjunto de acontecimentos que se interligam e que compem a nossa
histria Geolgica. Uma histria feita de ciclos de acumulao dos sedimentos nas bacias
ocenicas, de construo das montanhas nas orogenias e do seu arrasamento pelos
agentes de eroso. Descobriu que a biodiversidade no o resultado de um momento mas
da complexidade dos ambientes e paisagens geolgicas, numa interaco evolutiva muito
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superior escala do homem.
Que os vales e montanhas determinaram modos de vida e
que as rochas preencheram a curiosidade e necessidade humanas. Que os minerais so a
clula elementar deste corpo dinmico a que chamamos Terra. Ser que habitamos um ser
vivo? Com o que acabou de descobrir, no se sente mais vivo? Questione-se sempre e viaje.
J Leite de Vasconcelos afirmava que viajar a melhor maneira de aprender. E existem
mais 32 geoparques espalhados pela Europa onde poder descobrir os mistrios da nossa
Me-Terra. porque s amamos e protegemos o que conhecemos
simplesmente impressionante como o Rio Tejo, esse rio maior da pennsula Ibrica,
corre entrincheirado, submisso, entre gigantes quartzticos pr-histricos, nesta regio
do Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional. Assistir das portas do Rdo ao pr-do-sol
permite-nos contemplar as cambiantes de cor na muralha quartztica e a suavidade com
que o Tejo hoje a cruza. A grandeza e emoo do cenrio faz-nos perceber a expresso
tens um corao maior do que as Portas.
]
[ 91
1. introDuo
O Geopark Naturtejo, no ano de 2006 foi integrado nas Redes Europeia e Global de
Geoparques da UNESCO. O territrio Naturtejo localiza-se na zona centro de portugal,
fazendo fronteira a Este com Espanha. Este territrio compreende cerca de 4600 Km2
pertencentes aos concelhos de Castelo Branco, Idanha-a-Nova, Vila Velha de Rdo,
proena-a-Nova, Oleiros e Nisa (Fig. 1). Estes seis Municpios associaram-se em 2004 e
formaram uma empresa intermunicipal de turismo a NATURTEJO EIM, que a entidade
responsvel pela criao e gesto do Geopark Naturtejo.
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[ 9
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Fig 2.Troncos fsseis no jardim da CACTEJO.
]
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Fig. 6. Aspecto geral do interior da Casa dos
Fsseis
]
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na ltima sala, sero estimulados a utilizar simultaneamente trs dos rgos dos
sentidos: a viso, o tacto e a audio, j que podem apreciar e tocar seis lajes de quartzito,
encontradas soltas no vale do ponsul, com icnofsseis produzidos pelas Trilobites de
penha Garcia, enquanto ouvem testemunhos orais de alguns habitantes da aldeia, acerca
dos fsseis.
[ 98
Fig. 8. Carta geolgica simplificada do territrio do Geopark Naturtejo. Adaptada da Carta Geolgica de
portugal na Escala 1:500 000 de Oliveira et al., 1992, por Joo Geraldes.
]
[ 99
passagem por localidades, com o intuito de poder desenvolver o comrcio local, atravs da
compra de produtos locais e artesanato. Claro est que durante a realizao de percursos
pedestres existe um conjunto de regras de tica e conduta que protegem o meio ambiente,
evitam acidentes e proporcionam o bem-estar aos seus utilizadores.
As Rotas/percursos pedestres includos nos programas Educativos do Geopark Naturtejo
so todos de pequena rota, isto , com extenses inferiores a 30 km, segundo a classificao
apresentada pela Federao de Campismo e Montanhismo de portugal, que a entidade
que faz homologao de percursos pedestres no nosso pas. Os percursos pedestres
marcados, realizados parcialmente, includos nos programas Educativos, e que permitem
conhecer/percorrer os geomonumentos so:
pR3 Rota dos fsseis, 3 km, grau de dificuldade baixo; marcado em 2003;
pR5 Rota dos barrocais de Monsanto, 7 km de extenso, grau de dificuldade mdio;
marcado em 2005;
pR2 Segredos do Vale Mouro, 6,5 km de extenso grau de dificuldade baixo;
marcado em 2004;
pR1 Rota da Gardunha, - 17,5 km de extenso (variante de 9 km) grau de dificuldade
elevado; marcado em 2005;
pR4 - Trilhos do Conhal 9,8 km grau de dificuldade mdio, marcado em 2005.
3. A ESCOLA VAI AO GEOPARK E O GEOPARK VAI ESCOLA PROGRAMAS EDUCATIvOS DO
Geopark naturteJo
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Tabela I Contedos programticos de Cincias Naturais, a explorar durante a Sada de Campo E (com
base no Currculo Nacional do Ensino Bsico
http://www.dgidc.min-edu.pt/programs/programas.asp). Adaptada de Catana (2008).
Cincias Naturais
Educao Fsica
Geopark e Geomonumento
Fsseis e histria da Cincia
Grandes etapas da histria da Terra
Teorias da Deriva Continental e da Tectnica de placas
Falhas e dobras
Minerais e Rochas
Tipos de Rochas e Ciclo das Rochas
Utilizao das rochas pelo homem
paisagens modeladas por aco da gua
Floresta: fonte de riqueza e Vida
Fotossntese
Teias alimentares
Recursos Naturais
Ciclo da gua
hidrologia e eroso
Incndios Florestais
poluio atmosfrica
Qualidade do Ar
Desenvolvimento Sustentvel
proteco e Conservao da Natureza
Actividades de Explorao da
Natureza:
Trilho pedestre
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A Tabela II inclui os contedos
programticos de Estudo do Meio a explorar durante a Sada
de Campo I.
Tabela II Contedos programticos de Estudo do Meio, a explorar durante a Sada de Campo I (com
base no Currculo Nacional do Ensino Bsico
http://www.dgidc.min-edu.pt/programs/programas.asp). Adaptada de Catana (2008).
Bloco 3
descoberta do
Ambiente Natural
Bloco
descoberta das
relaes entre espaos
Bloco 5
descoberta dos
materiais e objectos
Os aspectos fsicos do
meio local
Os astros
Os seres vivos do seu
ambiente
Localizar espaos em
relao a um ponto
de referncia
Realizar
experincias com
alguns materiais de
uso corrente (barro
e areia)
Manusear objectos
em situaes
concretas (lupa,
bssola, martelo de
gelogo)
Bloco 6
descoberta das inter-relaes entre a Natureza
e a sociedade
A agricultura do meio
local
A explorao florestal
do meio local
A explorao mineral
do meio local
O turismo no meio
local
As construes do
meio local
A qualidade do
Ambiente
]
[ 30
n de sadas campo/
actividades
n de
alunos
( 6
anos)
n de
profs.
Escolas do
Geopark
Escolas
n de escolas
(diferentes)
18
716
64
15
186
17
22
902
81
16
24
No ano lectivo 2006/2007, antes de se ter iniciado o projecto Educativo, participaram 170
alunos em sadas de campo e palestras organizadas pelo Geopark [2].
]
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No ano lectivo 2007/2008 (Tabela III) participaram no conjunto dos dois tipos de programas
Educativos do Geopark Naturtejo, 902 alunos e 81 professores, o que totaliza 983, em 6
meses, designadamente, entre Fevereiro e Julho de 2008. Das 24 Instituies Educativas
que aderiram a este projecto Educativo, 16 eram Escolas do Geopark e 8 eram Escolas
portuguesas localizadas fora do territrio Naturtejo.
As disciplinas no mbito das quais decorreram os programas Educativos do Ano Lectivo
2007/2008 foram 7, nomeadamente, Estudo do Meio (1 ao 4 anos); Cincias Naturais (7
e 8 anos); Biologia e Geologia (10, 11 e 12 anos); Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural (11
ano); Geologia (12 ano); Temas e Exemplos de Geoconservao (1 ano do Mestrado em
patrimnio Geolgico e Geoconservao); patrimnio (Universidade Snior de Castelo
Branco).
As Sadas de Campo mais solicitadas foram a A (Figs. 9 e 10) e a C (Figs. 11 e 12), em ex acquo,
seguidas da Sada de Campo D (Figuras 13 e 14) e a menos solicitada foi a E. Daqui se pode
inferir que o geomonumento mais procurado nas sadas de campo foi o parque Icnolgico
de penha Garcia, j que integra as Sadas de Campo A e C.
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devero elaborar-se mais recursos educativos a usar pelos alunos e professores, antes,
durante e depois das sadas de campo, tais como: guies com actividades pedaggicas, filmes,
textos com questes para reflexo e debate nas aulas, bibliografia, glossrio, sugestes
de actividades experimentais e bancos de imagens, que podero ser disponibilizados no
Website do Geopark;
podero ser acrescentadas novas propostas de sadas de campo que incluam outros
stios de interesse Geolgico do Geopark, para complementar o conhecimento da histria
Geolgica do seu territrio.
O Ano Lectivo 2008/2009 reserva ainda o desafio da internacionalizao dos programas
Educativos, uma vez que j se alargou a sua divulgao efectiva ao contexto Ibrico.
Este um projecto educativo em permanente construo que dever ser reajustado, com
base nas experincias que vo sendo adquiridas no seu decurso.
Bibliografia
Bonito J. 2001. As Actividades prticas no ensino das Geocincias: um estudo que procura a conceptualizao.
Temas de Investigao 17. Ministrio da Educao. Instituto de Inovao Educacional. Lisboa, 290 p.
Braga T. 2007. Pedestrianismo e percursos pedestres. Amigos dos Aores Associao Ecolgica. pico da
pedra, 79 p.
Brilha J. 2005. Patrimnio Geolgico e Geoconservao. A conservao da natureza na sua vertente geolgica.
palimage Editores, Braga, 199 p.
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Catana M. M. 2007. presidente do ICNB inaugurou a Exposio O Mundo das Trilobites de Samuel Gon III e
visitou o parque Icnolgico de penha Garcia. Raiano Ano XXXIV N. 372 24 de Maio de 2007 publicao
Mensal. p. 11.
Catana M. M. (Coord.) 2008. Os Programas Educativos do Geopark Naturtejo/Los Programas Educativos del
Geopark Naturtejo. Naturtejo EIM, 60 p.
Catana M. M. 2008a. Valorizar e Divulgar o Patrimnio Geolgico do Geopark Naturtejo. Estratgias para o Parque
Icnolgico de Penha Garcia. Tese de Mestrado em patrimnio Geolgico e Geoconservao, Universidade do
Minho. Vol. 1, 279 p + Vol. 2, 159 p. + 1 DVD anexo.
Catana M. M. & Caetano Alves M.I. 2008. Los programas Educativos del Geopark Naturtejo (portugal) para
Escuelas: Un aprendizage significativo en el campo. In: Actas del XV Simposio sobre Enseanza de la Geologa,
A. Calonge, L. Rebollo; M. D. Lpez-Carrillo, A. Rodrigo e I. Rbano (Eds.). publicaciones del Instituto Geolgico
y Minero de Espaa. Srie: Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, Madrid, N. 11, 73-81.
Compiani M. & Carneiro C. 1993. Os papis didticos das excurses geolgicas Investigaciones y experincias
educativas. Enseanza de las Cincias de la Tierra, (1.2), 90-98.
Dourado, L. 2006. Concepes e prticas dos professores de Cincias Naturais relativas implementao
integrada do trabalho laboratorial e do trabalho de campo. Revista Electrnica de Enseanza de las Cincias.
5.1.,192-212.
Eder W. & patzak M. 2004. Geoparks geological attractions: A tool for public education, recreation and
sustainable economic development. Episodes, Vol. 27, N. 3, 162-164.
Freitas M. 1999. Os Museus e o Ensino das Cincias. Comunicar Cincia, Ano I, N. 3, Setembro/Outubro.
Ministrio da Educao Departamento do Ensino Secundrio, p. 7.
Galopim de Carvalho, A. M. 1989. Exomuseu de Geologia. 1 Encontro Nacional de Ambiente, Turismo e Cultura,
Sintra, 1-4.
Galopim de Carvalho A. M. 1998. Geomonumentos Uma reflexo sobre a sua classificao e enquadramento
num projecto alargado de defesa e valorizao do patrimnio. Comum. do Inst. Geol. Min., T. 84, Fasc. 2, G3G5.
]
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]
maria manuela catana concluiu a licenciatura em Ensino da Biologia-Geolgia na Faculdade de Cincias da
Universidade do porto. Leccionou disciplinas na sua rea de formao, a alunos do 2 e 3s Ciclos do Ensino
Bsico e do Ensino Secundrio, em escolas pblicas e privadas, entre 2001 e 2008. Em Dezembro de 2008
concluiu o Mestrado em patrimnio Geolgico e Geoconservao, no Departamento de Cincias da Terra da
Universidade do Minho, com a defesa da dissertao: Valorizar e divulgar o Patrimnio Geolgico do Geopark
Naturtejo. Estratgias para o Parque Icnolgico de Penha Garcia. Desde 2007 a responsvel pelos programas
Educativos do Geopark Naturtejo da Meseta Meridional. Actualmente desempenha funes no Gabinete de
Geologia e paleontologia do Centro Cultural Raiano, da Cmara Municipal de Idanha-a-Nova.
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(no mbito da exposio fotogrfica de pedro Martins A Natureza das paisagens viagem ao Interior, adaptado)
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[
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