Operating System Tutorial

An Operating System(OS) is a software that manages and handles hardware and software resources of a computing device.

• Manages computer resources such as CPU, memory, and files
• Acts as an interface between user and hardware
• Performs core functions like process, memory, and file management
• Organizes system resources similar to different departments in a government
• Examples include Linux, Unix, Windows 11, MS-DOS, Android, macOS, and iOS

Basics

This section introduces the fundamentals of operating systems.

1. Introduction
2. Types of OS
3. Kernel in OS
4. System Call
5. System Initialization

Process Scheduling

Focuses on process management and scheduling in operating systems.

1. Process Introduction
2. Process Control Block
3. Process Table
4. Process Management Introduction
5. Process States
6. Process Scheduler
7. CPU Scheduling Algorithms
8. Preemptive vs Non-Preemptive
9. Dispatcher vs scheduler
10. Starvation and Aging

Quiz: CPU Scheduling

Process Synchronization

Covers synchronization and IPC concepts.

1. Inter Process Communication
2. Process Synchronization
3. Race Condition
4. Critical Section
5. Solutions to Process Synchronization Problems
6. Peterson’s Algorithm
7. Dekker’s algorithm
8. Bakery Algorithm
9. Hardware Based Solutions
10. Semaphores
11. Mutex vs. Semaphore
12. Monitors
13. Priority Inversion
14. Classical IPC Problems 

Quiz: Process Synchronization in OS

Deadlock

Explains deadlock in operating systems.

1. Introduction
2. Deadlock Handling
3. Deadlock Prevention
4. Banker’s Algorithm for Deadlock Avoidance
5. Detection And Recovery
6. Starvation, and Livelock
7. Resource Allocation Graph (RAG)
8. Methods of resource allocation
9. Program for Deadlock free condition

Quiz: Deadlock

Multithreading

Focuses on multithreading concepts in operating systems.

1. Operating System | Thread
2. User Level Vs Kernel Level threads
3. Process-based and Thread-based Multitasking
4. Multi threading models
5. Benefits of Multithreading

Quiz: Multithreading

Memory Management

Introduces the fundamentals of memory management in operating systems.

1. Basics

• Introduction to memory and memory units
• Memory Management in Operating System
• Logical and Physical Address in Operating System

2. Contiguous Allocation

• Implementation of Contiguous Memory Management
• Internal Fragmentation
• External Fragmentation
• Program for Next Fit algorithm in Memory Management
• Buddy System: Memory allocation technique

3. Non-Contiguous Allocation

• Non-Contiguous Allocation in Operating System
• Paging
• Page Table Entries in Page Table
• Segmentation
• Segmentation with Paging

4. Advanced Memory Concepts

• Overlays in Memory Management
• Virtual Memory
• Demand Paging
• Page Fault Handling
• Swap Space

5. Page Replacement & Thrashing

• Page Replacement Algorithms
• Belady’s Anomaly
• Second Chance (or Clock) Page Replacement Policy
• Techniques to handle Thrashing
• Working Set in Paging

6. Kernel & System-Level Concepts

• Allocating kernel memory (buddy system and slab system)
• Memory Interleaving
• Operating system based Virtualization

Quiz: Memory Management

Disk Management

Explains disk and file management in operating systems.

1. File Systems
2. Unix File System
3. File Directory | Path Name
4. Structures of Directory
5. File Allocation Methods
6. File Access Methods
7. Secondary memory
8. Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
9. Disk Scheduling Algorithms
10. Program for SSTF disk scheduling algorithm
11. What exactly Spooling is all about?
12. Spooling vs Buffering
13. Free space management

Quiz: Input Output Systems

Important Links

1. Last Minute Notes (LMNs) | Operating Systems
2. Commonly Asked Operating Systems Interview Questions
3. 'Quizzes' on Operating Systems !
4. GATE CSE Previous Year Questions