Example

Using the Newton-Raphson PF,

find the power flow solution
1
0.01 + j0.03

y12 = 10 j 20 pu
y13 = 10 j 30 pu
y23 = 16 j 32 pu

Power Systems I

0.02 + j0.04
0.0125 + j0.025
2

3
|V3| = 1.04
200 MW

400 + j 250
S =
= 4.0 j 2.5 pu
100
200
P3sch =
= 2.0 pu
100
sch
2

Slack Bus
V1 = 1.050

400 MW
250 MVAR

Example
Ybus

20 j 50 10 + j 20 10 + j 30
= 10 + j 20 26 j52 16 + j 32

10 + j 30 16 + j 32 26 j 62

31.61.89
53.9 1.90 22.4 2.03
= 22.4 2.03 58.1 1.11 35.8 2.03 angles are in radians

35.8 2.03 67.2 1.17

31.61.89

P2 = V2 V1 Y21 cos(21 2 + 1 )+ V2 Y22 cos(22 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 2 + 3 )

2

P3 = V3 V1 Y31 cos(31 3 + 1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 3 + 2 )+ V3 Y33 cos(33 )

2

Q2 = V2 V1 Y21 sin (21 2 + 1 ) V2 Y22 sin (22 ) V2 V3 Y23 sin (23 2 + 3 )

2

Power Systems I

Example
2

x = 3

V2

P2 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

f (x )= P3 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

Q2 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

V 1.05 22.3 cos(2.03 )+ V 2 58.1 cos( 1.11)+ V 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 + )

21
2
2
2
3
2

2
= V3 1.05 31.6 cos(1.89 3 )+ 1.04 V2 35.8 cos(2.03 3 + 2 )+ 1.04 67.2 cos( 1.17 )

2
(
)
(
)
(
)

V
1
.
05
22
.
3
sin
2
.
03
V
58
.
1
sin
1
.
11
V
1
.
04
35
.
8
sin
2
.
03
2
2
2
2
2
3

P2sch
P2

c = P3 = c f (x )= P3sch

Q2sch

Q2

Power Systems I

P2 (2 , 3 ,V2 ) 4.0

P
(
,
,
V
)
2
.
0
3
2
3
2

2.5
Q2 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

P2 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

P
V
(
,
,
)
3 2 3 2

Q2 (2 , 3 ,V2 )

Example
P2
=
2

j =1, j 2

V j Y2 j sin (2 j 2 + j )

= V2 V1 Y21 sin(21 2 )+ V2 V3 Y23 sin (23 2 + 3 )

= V2 1.05 22.4 sin(2.03 2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 2 + 3 )

P2
= V2 V3 Y23 sin(23 2 + 3 )= V2 1.04 35.8 sin(2.03 2 + 3 )
3
P2
= 2 V2 Y22 cos(22 )+
V2

j =1, j 2

Y2 j cos(2 j 2 + j )

= 2 V2 Y22 cos(22 )+ V2 Y21 cos(21 2 + 1 )+ V2 Y23 cos(23 2 + 3 )

= 2 V2 58.1 cos(2.03)+ 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 2 )
+ 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 2 + 3 )

Power Systems I

Example
P3
= V3 V2 Y32 sin (32 3 + 2 )= 1.04 V2 35.8 sin (2.03 2 + 3 )
2
P3
=
3

j =1, j 3

V j Y3 j sin (3 j 3 + j )

= V3 V1 Y31 sin (31 3 + 1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 sin (32 3 + 2 )

= 1.04 1.05 31.6 sin (1.89 3 )+ 1.04 V2 35.8 sin (2.03 3 + 2 )

P3
= V3 Y32 cos(32 3 + 2 )= 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 2 + 3 )
V2

Power Systems I

Example
Q2
=
2

j =1, j 2

V j Y2 j cos(2 j 2 + j )

= V2 V1 Y21 cos(21 2 + 1 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 2 + 3 )

= V2 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 2 + 3 )

Q2
= V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 2 + 3 )= V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 2 + 3 )
3
Q2
= 2 V2 Y22 sin (22 )
V2

j =1, j 2

Y2 j sin (2 j 2 + j )

= 2 V2 Y22 sin (22 ) V1 Y21 sin (21 2 + 1 ) V3 Y23 sin (23 2 + 3 )

= 2 V2 58.1 sin ( 1.11) 1.05 22.4 sin (2.03 2 )
1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 2 + 3 )

Power Systems I

Example
x [ k + 1] = x [ k ] + J 1 c[ k ]
[ k + 1]

2

= 3
V2

[k ]

2
P2 2 P2 3 P2 V2 P2

= 3 + P3 2 P3 3 P3 V2 P3

V2

Q2

Q2 2 Q2 3 Q2 V2

Power Systems I

[k ]

Newton-Raphson PF Example
P2sch
0.0

x [ 0 ] = 0.0 c[ 0 ] = P3sch

sch

1
.
0
Q

2
x[ 0 ] = J 1c[ 0 ]
x[ 0 ]

x [1]

P2[ 0 ] 4.0
[0]

2
.
0
=
P
3

[0]
Q2

2.5

1.14 2.86
0.562 = 1.438

2.28

0.22

2[ 0 ] 54.28 33.28 24.86 1 2.86 0.04526

[ 0]
= 3 = 33.28 66.04 16.64 1.438 = 0.00772

[
0
]
V2
49.72

0.22

0.02655

27.14 16.64

2[1] 0.0 + ( 0.04526) 0.04526

= 3[1] = 0.0 + ( 0.00772 ) = 0.00772

[
1
]
V2

0.9734

1.0 + ( 0.02655)

Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson PF Example

x [1]

P2sch
0.04526

= 0.00772 c[1] = P3sch

Q2sch

0.9734

P2[1] 4.0
[1]

=
2
.
0
P
3

[1]
Q2

2.5
1

x [1]

51.72 31.77 21.30

= 32.98 65.66 15.38

48.10

28.54 17.40

3.901 0.099
1.978 = 0.0217

2.449

0.051

0.099 0.001795
0.0217 = 0.000985

0.051

0.001767

2[ 2 ] 0.04526 + ( 0.001795) 0.04706

[2]
[2]
x = 3 = 0.00772 + ( 0.000985) = 0.00870

[
2
]
V2

0.9717

0.9734 + ( 0.001767)
Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson PF Example
x [2]

P2sch
0.04706

= 0.00870 c[ 2 ] = P3sch

sch

0
.
9717
Q

P2[1] 4.0
[1]

=
2
.
0
P
3

[1]
Q2

2.5
1

x [ 2 ]

x [ 3]

51.60 31.69 21.14

= 32.93 65.60 15.35

47.95

28.55 17.40

3.999 0.0002
1.999 = 0.00004

2.499

0.0001

0.000216 0.000038
0.000038 = 0.000002

0.000143

0.000004

2[ 3] 0.04706 + ( 0.000038) 0.04706

= 3[ 3] = 0.00870 + ( 0.000002) = 0.008705

[
3
]
V2

0.97168

0.9717 + ( 0.000004)

Power Systems I

Newton-Raphson PF Example
P2sch
0.04706

x [ 3] = 0.008705 c[ 2 ] = P3sch

Q2sch

0.97168

max = 2.5 10 4

P2[1] 4.0
[1]

P
2
.
0
=
3

[1]
Q2

2.5

4.0 0.0000
2.0 = 0.0000

2.5

0.0000

P1 = V1 Y11 cos(11 )+ V1 V2 Y12 cos(12 1 + 2 )+ V1 V3 Y13 cos(13 1 + 3 )

2

Q1 = V1 Y11 sin (11 ) V1 V2 Y12 sin (12 1 + 2 ) V1 V3 Y13 sin (13 1 + 3 )

2

Q3 = V3 V1 Y31 sin (31 3 + 1 ) V3 V2 Y32 sin (32 3 + 2 ) V3 Y33 sin (33 )

2

P1 = 2.1842 pu
Q1 = 1.4085 pu
Q3 = 1.4617 pu
Power Systems I

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

l

Transmission lines and transformers have high X/R ratios

u

Real power change, P

n
n

Reactive power changes, Q

n
n

is less sensitive to changes in the voltage magnitude, |V|

is more sensitive to changes in the phase angle,
is less sensitive to changes in the phase angle ,
is more sensitive to changes in the voltage magnitude, |V|

Jacobian submatrices JQd and JPV tend to be much smaller in

magnitude compared to JPd and JQV

Jacobian submatrices JQd and JPV can be set to zero

P

P
=
J

=
J
0

= P
Q

0
J

Q
=
J

V
=

QV
V V
QV

Power Systems I

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

l

JPV elements

Pi
= Vi Yij cos(ij i + j )
V j
ij 90 i j
Pi
Vi Yij cos(90)= 0.0
V j

JQd elements

Qi
= Vi V j Yij cos(ij i + j )
j
ij 90 i j
Qi
Vi V j Yij cos(90)= 0.0
j

Power Systems I

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

l

The matrix equation is separated into two decoupled

equations
u

requires considerably less time to solve compared to the full

Newton-Raphson method
JPd and JQV submatrices can be further simplified to eliminate the
need for recomputing of the submatrices during each iteration
n
n
n
n

some terms in each element are relatively small and can be

eliminated
the remaining equations consist of constant terms and one variable
term
the one variable term can be moved and coupled with the change in
power variable
the result is a Jacobian matrix with constant term elements

Power Systems I

Jacobian JPd Diagonal Terms

n
Pi
= Vi V j Yij sin (ij i + j )
i j =1
j i

= Vi Yii sin (ii )+

2

VV
j =1

Pi
2
= Vi Yii sin (ii ) Qi
i
Yii sin (ii )= Bii
Vi Vi
2

Power Systems I

Bii > > Qi

Yij sin (ij i + j )

Qi =

VV
j =1

Pi
2
= Vi Bii
i

Pi
= Vi Bii
i

Yij sin (ij i + j )

Jacobian JPd Off-diagonal Terms

Pi
= Vi V j Yij sin (ij i + j )
j
j i 0
Pi
= Vi V j Yij sin (ij )
i

Yij sin (ij )= Bij

Pi
= Vi Bij
i

Power Systems I

V j 1

Jacobian JQV Diagonal Terms

Qi
= 2 Vi Yii sin (ii )
Vi

V
j =1
j i

Yij sin (ij i + j )

n
Qi
1
= Vi Yii sin (ii ) Vi Vi V j Yij sin (ij i + j )
Vi
j =1

Qi
1
= Vi Yii sin (ii )+ Vi Qi
Vi
Yii sin (ii )= Bii

Power Systems I

Bii > > Qi

Qi =

VV
i

j =1

Qi
= Vi Bii
Vi

Yij sin (ij i + j )

Jacobian JQV Off-diagonal Terms

Qi
= Vi Yij sin (ij i + j )
V j
j i 0
Qi
= Vi Yij sin (ij )
V j

Yij sin (ij )= Bij

Qi
= Vi Bij
V j

Power Systems I

Fast Decoupled Power Flow

l

Individual power change equations in JPd and JQV

n

Pi = Vi Bij j

n
Pi
= Bij j
Vi
j =1

n
Qi
= Bij V j
Vi
j =1

j =1
n

Qi = Vi Bij V j
j =1

Matrix equation for JPd and JQV

P
= B

Vi
Q

= B
V
Vi
Power Systems I

P
V

] 1
B
= [

]
B
V = [
V
1

Example
l

Using the fast decoupled PF,

find the power flow solution
1
0.01 + j0.03

y12 = 10 j 20 pu
y13 = 10 j 30 pu
y23 = 16 j 32 pu

Power Systems I

0.02 + j0.04
0.0125 + j0.025
2

3
|V3| = 1.04
200 MW

400 + j 250
S =
= 4.0 j 2.5 pu
100
200
P3sch =
= 2.0 pu
100
sch
2

Slack Bus
V1 = 1.050

400 MW
250 MVAR

Example
52 32
B
=

32
62

0.028182 0.014545
1
[B
] =

0
.
014545
0
.
023636

B
=[
52]

[B
] 1 = [ 0.019231]

Power Systems I

Example
Initial values:

V [ 0]
First iteration:

1.050

=
1
.
00

1.00 0

P2sch 4.0
2[ k ]
0.0

x [ k ] = [ k ] x [ 0 ] = 0.0
y = P3sch =
2
.
0
3

[k ]
Q2sch

2
.
5
V

1.0

2
Pinj 2 (x ) Pinj i = Vi V j Yij cos(ij i + j )

j =1
f (x )= Pinj 3 (x )
n
Qinj 2 (x ) Qinj i = Vi V j Yij sin (ij i + j )

j =1

Power Systems I

Example
V2 2 Y22 cos(22 )+ V2 V1 Y21 cos(21 2 + 1 )+ V2 V3 Y23 cos(23 2 + 3 )
2

V Y cos(33 )+ V3 V1 Y31 cos(31 3 + 1 )+ V3 V2 Y32 cos(32 3 + 2 )

f (x )= 3 2 33
V Y sin ( ) V V Y sin ( + ) V V Y sin ( + )
22
2 1 21
21
2
1
2 3 23
23
2
3
2 22

V2 2 58.1 cos( 1.11)+ V2 1.05 22.4 cos(2.03 2 )+ V2 1.04 35.8 cos(2.03 2 + 3 )

2
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
.
04
67
.
2
cos
1
.
17
1
.
04
1
.
05
31
.
6
cos
1
.
89

1
.
04
V
35
.
8
cos
2
.
03

+
3
2
3
2
=
V 2 58.1 sin ( 1.11) V 1.05 22.4 sin (2.03 ) V 1.04 35.8 sin (2.03 + )
2
2
2
2
2
3

Power Systems I

Example
P2sch

y [ 0 ] = P3sch
Q2sch

P2[ 0] 4.0
[ 0]

P
=
2
.
0
3

[ 0]
Q2

2.5

1.14 2.86
0.562 = 1.438

2.28

0.22

2[ 0 ] 0.028182 0.014545 2.86 1.0 0.06048

=
[0] =

0
.
014545
0
.
023636
1
.
438
1
.
04
0
.
00891

[ V ]= [0.019231][ 0.22 1.0]= [ 0.004231]

[0]
2

2[1] = 0.0 + ( 0.06048)= 0.06048

3[1] = 0.0 + ( 0.00891)= 0.00891

V2[1] = 1.0 + ( 0.004231)= 0.995769

Power Systems I

Example
Remaining iterations:
Iter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

2
-0.060482
-0.056496
-0.044194
-0.044802
-0.047665
-0.047614
-0.046936
-0.046928
-0.047087
-0.047094

Power Systems I

3
-0.008909
-0.007952
-0.008690
-0.008986
-0.008713
-0.008645
-0.008702
-0.008720
-0.008707
-0.008702

|V2|
0.995769
0.965274
0.965711
0.972985
0.973116
0.971414
0.971333
0.971732
0.971762
0.971669

P2
-2.860000
0.175895
0.640309
-0.021395
-0.153368
0.000520
0.035980
0.000948
-0.008442
-0.000470

P3
1.438400
-0.070951
-0.457039
0.001195
0.112899
0.002610
-0.026190
-0.001411
0.006133
0.000510

Q2
-0.220000
-1.579042
0.021948
0.365249
0.006657
-0.086136
-0.004067
0.020119
0.001558
-0.004688