CAST IRON /STEEL (ALLOY OF Fe & C) If C%
Hardness Brittleness Ductility Castability Formability Weldability Machinability
Increases Decreases
PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON High Compressive strength . High Damping capacity . ( generally with Gray C.I from which lathe bed are made .) High Casting capability. High Machinability .( even it is hard and brittle ) , so its exception . Poor Weldability because of high % of carbon . Poor Formability .
IRON
STEEL
.008% to 2% Carbon
CAST IRON 2% to 6.67% C
PLAIN STEEL
ALLOY STEEL
Low Carbon Steel Upto .35% C Parts , Components
Medium Carbon Steel
High Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel 18 : 8 Cr : Ni Syringes,knifes,
HIGH Speed Steel
TUNGSTEN BASED
.35% to .83% C
.83% to 2% C
MOLEYBEDNUM BASED
Screw drivers, Knife, Shafts, Chiesels
Cutting tools,Single point , Chiesel, Dril bits, Hacksaw Blade
Shaving Blades. (Diificult to machine , difficult to weld ) . More tougher and harder.
W : Cr : V 18 : 4 : 1
10 % TO 12% Moleybednum
Cutting tool materials
Used in industries nowdays, Cheaper
TUNGSTEN ( W)
Has Hot hardness Property
( improved hardness even at high temperatures)
TUNGSTEN based H.S.S W : Cr : V (18 : 4 : 1)
CHROMIUM (Cr)
Improves Corrosion Resistance as well as Strength of material.
VANADIUM (V)
Improves Impact Strength , Fatigue Strength of the Material
IRON
STEEL
.008% to 2% Carbon
CAST IRON
2% to 6.67% C
Through Hardening (Quenching)
Through Annealing
GRAY C.I (soft)
WHITE C.I(hard)
MALLEABLE C.I
DUCTILE C.I (spheroidical
C.I)
ALLOY C.I
1. Self Lubricating Property. 2. when cut , Gray colour appears on cutting portion. 3. Carbon content is in the form of Graphite 4.In Lathe Stock , where tailstock move ( sideways) , made up of Gray C.I
1.mostly water quenching. (rapid cooling in water) 2.Railway Tracks, Railway wheels.
1. As compared to other C.I , Malleable C.I has more malleability
1.By small addition of magnesium or cerium . 2.Has more fluidity and castibility. 3.In general it is used for intricated castings as well as big sized castings due to excellent casting property.
1. By small addition of alloying elements like Nickel , Chromium , Moleybednu m, Vanadium.
NICKEL
Improves machinability and corrosion resistance .
CHROMIUM
Improves corrosion resistance and prevents formation of graphite .
ALLOY C.I
MOLEYBEDNUM
Improves strength and wear reasistance property , but decrease the machinability. Improves carbide formation and this improves the impact strength and hardness .
VANADIUM
ANNEALING (furnace cooling)
1.For softening , improving the ductility of metals through very slow cooling in furnace . 2.internal stresses can be relieved.
3.Remove surface defects.
NORMALIZING (air cooling)
1.Similar to annealing, but cooling rate is higher than annealing.
2.So, softness is less compared to annealing. 1.Rapid cooling in the form of water quenching or oil quenching . 2. More internal stresses produced . 3.Surface cracks produced . 1. Always done after hardening process to remove internal stresses and surface defects
HEATING ABOVE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES.
HARDENING
HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES
(rapid cooling)or (Quenching)
TEMPERING
2.Improves toughness
3. But loss in surface hardness occurs .
ALWAYS DONE BELOW LOWER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. (Heat around 200 deg - 300 deg celsius , maintain temp. for long period of time and furnace cooling is done .)
CASE HARDENING
1. Used to generate outer surface hardening .
Carburizing , Nitriding , Cyaniding , Flame Hardening , Induction Hardening .
AUSTENITE (727 deg celsius)
Water Quenching
will form
Oil Quenching /cooling
will form
Air cooling
will form
Furnace cooling
will form
( Martensite Structure ) ( More hard and brittle)
( Very fine Pearlite )
( Fine Pearlite )
( Coarse Pearlite )
Lower critical temp.
( after this phase change , properties change occurs) upper critical temp.
Critical temp.
Temperatures
( after this no change occurs) It is approxi. equal to 40% of melting point of the metal , but it depend upon prior working of the metal
Working on metal below rec. temp. is called Cold Working and above this temp. is called hot working processes.
Recrystallization temp.
1539
BCC
1403
delta -Iron
TEMP
FCC
908 768
Non-magnetic
gamma - Iron
BCC
magnetic
alpha - Iron
IRON
