ATM
by YUSUF KURT
YEDTEPE UNIVERSITY Computer Engineering Dept.
OUTLINE
Introduction to ATM Principal Characteristics of ATM Why ATM? ATM Networks and Interfaces How Does ATM Work? ATM Protocol Architecture Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) IP OVER ATM
2
WHATS ATM?
ATM is Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
ATM is a connection-oriented, high-speed, lowdelay switching and transmission technology that uses short and fixed-size packets, called cells, to transport information.
ATM is originally the transfer mode for
implementing Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) but it is also implemented in non-ISDN environments where very high data rates are required
3
BROADBAND AND B-ISDN
Broadband: "A service or system requiring transmission channel capable of supporting rates greater than the primary rate.
Broadband-Integrated Service Digital Network (B-ISDN): A standard for transmitting voice, video and data at the same time over fiber optic telephone lines The goal of B-ISDN is to accommodate all existing services along with those that will come in the future. The services that BISDN will support include (1) narrowband services, such as voice, voiceband data, facsimile, telemetry, videotex, electronic mail, (2) wideband services such as T1, and (3) broadband services such as video conference, high speed data, video on demand. BISDN is also to support point-to-point, pointto-multipoint and multipoint-to-multipoint connectivities.
4
Used in both WAN and LAN settings Signaling (connection setup) Protocol: Packets are called cells (53 bytes)
ATM OVERVIEW
5-byte header + 48-byte payload Commonly transmitted over SONET other physical layers possible Connections can be switched (SVC), or permanent (PVC). ATM operates on a best effort basis. ATM guarantees that cells will not be disordered. Two types of connections: Point-to-point Multipoint (Multicast) Four Types of Services: CBR (Constant Bit Rate) VBR (Variable Bit Rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate) Flow Control, Rate-based, Creditbased UBR (Unspecific Bit Rate) No Flow control.
ATM Characteristics
No error protection or flow control on a link-by-link basis. ATM operates in a connection-oriented mode. The header functionality is reduced. The information field length is relatively small and fixed. All data types are the same
Why ATM?
International standard-based technology (for
interoperability)
Low network latency (for voice, video, and real-time
applications)
Low variance of delay (for voice and video transmission)
Guaranteed quality of service
High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per second)
Bandwidth flexibility (dynamically assigned to users)
7
Why ATM? (cont)
Scalability (capacity may be increased on demand) Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no degradation in performance as
traffic load or number of users increases)
Supports a wide range of user access speeds Appropriate (seamless integration) for LANs, MANs, and WANs Supports audio, video, imagery, and data traffic (for integrated
services)
ATM NETWORKS
Public ATM Network:
Provided by public telecommunications carriers (e.g., AT&T, MCI WorldCom, and Sprint) Interconnects private ATM networks Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs Interconnects individual users
Private ATM Network:
Owned by private organizations Interconnects low speed/shared medium LANs (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network Interconnects individual users as the front-end LAN for high performance or multimedia applications
9
Switches in the middle
End systems of ATM
10
File Server Voice
FDDI Ethernet
Video Edge Switch
PBX
FDDI Ethernet
Private ATM Network
Public ATM Network
Private ATM Switch
Mainframe Computer
Token Ring
Edge Switch Edge Switch Mainframe Computer Token Ring PBX
Edge Switch
FDDI
Voice
Video
Ethernet
Video
11
ATM Interfaces
Private UNI P-NNI Public UNI
Private ATM WAN
Public ATM Network
B-ICI
Private ATM LAN
Public ATM Network
12
How ATM Works?
ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end connection must be
established and routing tables setup prior to cell transmission
Once a connection is established, the ATM network will provide endto-end Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users
All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data is divided into 53byte cells and routed in sequence across the ATM network
Routing information is carried in the header of each cell Routing decisions and switching are performed by hardware in ATM
switches
Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the
destination
13
User Applications
Voice Video Data
User Applications
Voice Video Data
BISDN Services
BISDN Services
Segmentation Multiplexing
Reassembly
Demultiplexing
H
Workstation
H
Workstation
ATM Network
H H
14
B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model
Source: Stallings: Data and Computer Communications
15
ATM Protocol Reference Model
CLNS data CONS data Signaling & control
Plane management functions
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
16
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
17
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
18
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
19
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
20
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
21
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
22
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
23
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
24
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
25
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
26
ATM Protocol Reference Model
Plane management functions
CLNS data
CONS data
Signaling & control
Video
Convergence SAR ATM Access control
CBR
Physical Layer
Voice
27
ATM Physical Layer
28
TCS
Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TCS): adapts ATM layer above to PMD sublayer below
Header checksum generation: 8 bits CRC Cell delineation With unstructured PMD sublayer, transmission of idle cells when no data cells to send
29
Physical Medium Dependent sublayer
Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer: depends on physical
medium being used
SONET/SDH: (Synchronous Optical Network / Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy) transmission frame structure (like a container carrying bits); bit synchronization; bandwidth partitions (TDM); several speeds: OC3 = 155.52 Mbps; OC12 = 622.08 Mbps; OC48 = 2.45 Gbps, OC192 = 9.6 Gbps TI/T3: transmission frame structure (old telephone hierarchy): 1.5 Mbps/ 45 Mbps unstructured: just cells (busy/idle)
30
ATM LAYER
The ATM layer provides for the transparent transport of fixed sized
ATM layer service data units between communicating upper layer entities (e.g., ATM Adaptation Layer).
An interface between the AAL and the physical layer
31
ATM CELL
5-byte ATM cell header 48-byte payload
Why?: small payload -> short cell-creation delay for digitized voice
5 Bytes Header
48 Bytes Payload
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
32
ATM CELL HEADER FORMAT (UNI)
GFC: Generic Flow Control VPI: Virtual Path Identifier VCI: Virtual Circuit Identifier PTI: Payload Type Indicator CLP: Cell Loss Priority HEC: Header Error Control
33
ATM CELL HEADER FORMAT (NNI)
VPI: Virtual Path Identifier VCI: Virtual Circuit Identifier PTI: Payload Type Indicator CLP: Cell Loss Priority HEC: Header Error Control
34
ATM SERVICES
Service: transport cells across ATM network analogous to IP network layer very different services than IP network layer Guarantees ?
Network Architecture Internet
Service Model
Congestion Bandwidth Loss Order Timing feedback no yes yes no no no no (inferred via loss) no congestion no congestion yes no
35
best effort none
ATM
ATM ATM ATM
CBR
VBR ABR UBR
constant rate guaranteed rate guaranteed minimum none
yes
yes yes yes
yes
yes no no
no
ATM VIRTUAL CIRCUITS
VC transport: cells carried on VC from source to destination
call setup, teardown for each call before data can flow each packet carries VC identifier (not destination ID) every switch on source-dest path maintain state for each passing connection link,switch resources (bandwidth, buffers) may be allocated to VC: to get circuit-like perf.
Permanent VCs (PVCs)
long lasting connections typically: permanent route between to IP routers
Switched VCs (SVC):
dynamically set up on per-call basis
36
Virtual Channels
The virtual channel (VC) is the fundamental unit of
transport in a B-ISDN. Each ATM cell contains an explicit label in its header to identify the virtual channel.
a Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)
A virtual channel (VC) is a communication channel that
provides for the transport of ATM cells between two or more endpoints for information transfer.
A Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) identifies a particular
VC within a particular VP over a UNI or NNI.
A specific value of VCI has no end-to-end meaning.
37
Virtual Paths
A Virtual Path (VP) is a group of Virtual Channels that are carried on
the same physical facility and share the same Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) value.
The VP boundaries are delimited by Virtual Path Terminators (VPT). AT VPTs, both VPI and VCI are processed. Between VPTs associated with the same VP, only the VPI values
are processed (and translated) at ATM network elements.
The VCI values are processed only at VPTs, and are not translated
at intermediate ATM network elements.
38
ATM Virtual Connections
Virtual Paths Physical Link
Virtual Channels
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 39
ATM Layer Functions
Cell multiplexing and switching
Cell rate decoupling
Cell discrimination based on pre-defined VPI/VCI Quality of Service (QoS) Payload type characterization Generic flow control
Loss priority indication and Selective cell discarding
Traffic shaping
40
ATM ADAPTATION LAYER (AAL)
adapts upper layers (IP or native ATM applications) to
ATM layer below AAL exists only in end systems, not in switches AAL layer segment (header/trailer fields, data) fragmented across multiple ATM cells
AAL Services
Handle transmission errors Segmentation/reassembly (SAR) Handle lost and misinserted cell conditions Flow control and timing control
41
User information
User information
AAL
ATM PHY ATM PHY
AAL ATM PHY ATM PHY
End system Network End system
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 42
AAL SUBLAYERS
AAL layer has 2 sublayers:
Convergence Sublayer (CS) Supports specific applications using AAL manages the flow of data to and from SAR sublayer Timing and cell loss recovery Segmentation and Reassembly Layer (SAR) Packages data from CS into cells and unpacks at other end
43
ATM ADAPTATION LAYER (AAL) SERVICE CLASSES AND AAL TYPES
44
AAL 1 (Constant Bit Rate) Functions
Constant-bit-rate source SAR simply packs bits into cells and unpacks them at destination Emulation of DS1 and DS3 Circuits Distribution with forward error correction Handle cell delay for constant bit rate Transfer timing information between source and destination Transfer structure information (structure pointer) Provide indication of unrecoverable lost or errored information
SAR PDU
Header SN SNP 47 Octets Payload
CSI Seq
1 3
Count
CRC EP
3 1
45
AAL 2 Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
ATM PDU SAR PDU
Header SN IT 47 Octets Payload LI CRC
SN: Sequence number IT: Information Type:BOM,COM,EOM,SSM Length Indicator
BOM: beginning of message COM: continuation of message EOM end of message
46
AAL 3/4
Convergence Sublayer Protocol Data Unit (CS-PDU)
8 CPI 8 Btag 16 BASize < 64 KB User data 0 24 Pad 8 0 8 Etag 16 Len
CPI: commerce part indicator (version field) Btag/Etag:beginning and ending tag BAsize: hint on amount of buffer space to allocate Length: size of whole PDU
47
Cell Format
40 ATM header 2 Ty pe 4 SEQ 10 MID 352 (44 by tes) Pay load 6 Length 10 CRC-10
Type BOM: beginning of message COM: continuation of message EOM end of message SEQ: sequence of number MID: message id Length: number of bytes of PDU in this cell
48
AAL 3/4
Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer
H
4
Information
User message
Assume null
Information
PAD
T
4
Pad message to multiple of 4 bytes. Add header and trailer.
SAR sublayer
2 44
2 44 2
2 44 2
Each SAR-PDU consists of 2-byte header, 2-byte trailer, and 44-byte payload.
ATM layer
49
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
AAL 5 PDU Structure
is used to transport IP datagrams over ATM networks. The Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer (SEAL),
attempts to reduce the complexity and overhead of AAL 3/4. It eliminates most of the overhead of AAL 3/4. AAL 5 comprises a convergence sublayer and a SAR sublayer, although the SAR is essentially null. Streamlined transport for connection oriented protocols Reduce protocol processing overhead Reduce transmission overhead Ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols
50
AAL5
CS-PDU Format
< 64 KB Data 0 47 by tes Pad 16 16 Len 32 CRC-32
Reserv ed
pad so trailer always falls at end of ATM cell Length: size of PDU (data only) CRC-32 (detects missing or misordered cells) Cell Format end-of-PDU bit in Type field of ATM header
51
AAL 5
Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer
Information
PAD
Information
Assume null
SAR sublayer
48 (0) 48 (0) 48 (1)
Figure 9.18
ATM layer
PTI = 0 PTI = 0
PTI = 1
Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies
52
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks
IP-Over-ATM
Issues: IP datagrams into ATM AAL5 PDUs from IP addresses to ATM addresses just like IP addresses to 802.3 MAC addresses!
Ethernet LANs ATM network
53
Datagram Journey in IP-over-ATM Network
at Source Host:
IP layer maps between IP, ATM dest address (using ARP) passes datagram to AAL5 AAL5 encapsulates data, segments data into cells, passes to ATM layer ATM network: moves cell along VC to destination at Destination Host: AAL5 reassembles cells into original datagram if CRC OK, datagram is passed to IP
54
END
55
