Workshop on Essential Abstractions in GCC

GCC for Cross Compilation

GCC Resource Center
(www.cse.iitb.ac.in/grc)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
July 2010
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Outline 1/15
Outline
Overview
Building Binutils
Building First GCC
Installing Header Files
Building Second GCC
Building Final C Libraries
Final Build
Using the Cross Compiler Tool Chain
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
Part 1
Overview
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 2/15
Overview of the Cross Compilation Procedure
1. Build a cross compiler with certain facilities disabled (First GCC
build).
2. Congure the C library using the compiler built in Step 1. Build a
few of the C run-time object les, but not rest of the library. Install
the librarys header les and run-time object le, and create dummy
libc.so.
3. Build a second cross-compiler (Second GCC build), using the header
les and object les installed in Step 2.
4. Congure, build and install fresh C library, using the compiler built
in Step 3.
5. Build a third cross compiler (Third GCC build), based on the C
library built in Step 4.
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 3/15
Why Such a Complex Procedure?
GCC4.5.0
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 3/15
Why Such a Complex Procedure?
GCC4.5.0 GNU C Libraries
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 3/15
Why Such a Complex Procedure?
GCC4.5.0 GNU C Libraries
GCC requires the C library headers and some object le
to compile its own libraries
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 3/15
Why Such a Complex Procedure?
GCC4.5.0 GNU C Libraries
C library depends on GCCs libraries
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 4/15
Downloading Source Tarballs
Download the latest version of source tarballs
Tar File Name Download URL
gcc-4.5.0.tar.gz gcc.cybermirror.org/releases/gcc-4.5.0/
binutils-2.20.tar.gz ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/
Latest revision of EGLIBC svn co svn://svn.eglibc.org/trunk eglibc
linux-2.6.33.3.tar.gz www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 5/15
Setting Up the Environment for Cross Compilation
Create a folder crossbuild that will contain the crossbuilt compiler
sources and binaries.
$.mkdir crossbuild
$.cd crossbuild
Create independent folders that will contain the source code of gcc-4.5.0,
binutil, and eglibc.
crossbuild$.mkdir gcc
crossbuild$.mkdir eglibc
crossbuild$.mkdir binutils
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 5/15
Setting Up the Environment for Cross Compilation
Create a folder that will contain the cross toolchain.
crossbuild$.mkdir install
Create a folder that will have a complete EGLIBC installation, as well as all
the header les, library les, and the startup C les for the target system.
crossbuild$.mkdir sysroot
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 5/15
Setting Up the Environment for Cross Compilation
Create a folder that will contain the cross toolchain.
crossbuild$.mkdir install
Create a folder that will have a complete EGLIBC installation, as well as all
the header les, library les, and the startup C les for the target system.
crossbuild$.mkdir sysroot
sysroot standard linux directory layout
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Overview 6/15
Setting the Environment Variables
Set the environment variables to generalize the later steps for cross
build.
crossbuild$.export prefix=<path_to crossbuild/install>
crossbuild$.export sysroot=<path_to crossbuild/sysroot>
crossbuild$.export host=i686-pc-linux-gnu
crossbuild$.export build=i686-pc-linux-gnu
crossbuild$.export target=mips-linux OR
export target=powerpc-linux
crossbuild$.export linuxarch=mips OR
export linuxarch=powerpc
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Part 2
Building Binutils
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Binutils 7/15
Building Binutils
Change the working directory to binutils.
crossbuild$. cd binutils
Untar the binutil source tarball here.
crossbuild/binutils$. tar -xvf binutils-2.20.tar.gz
Make a build directory to congure and build the binutils, and go to that
dicrectory.
crossbuild/binutils$. mkdir build
crossbuild/binutils$. cd build
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Binutils 7/15
Building Binutils
Congure the binutils:
crossbuild/binutils/build$. ../binutils-2.20/configure
--target=$target --prefix=$prefix --with-sysroot=$sysroot
Install the binutils:
crossbuild/binutils/build$. make
crossbuild/binutils/build$. make install
Change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/binutils/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
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Part 3
Building First GCC
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building First GCC 8/15
Building First GCC
Change the working directory to gcc.
crossbuild$. cd gcc
Untar the gcc-4.5.0 source tarball here.
crossbuild/gcc$. tar -xvf gcc-4.5.0.tar.gz
Make a build directory to congure and build gcc, and go to that directory.
crossbuild/gcc$. mkdir build
crossbuild/gcc$. cd build
libgcc and other libraries are built using libc headers. Shared libraries like
libgcc_s.so are to be compiled against EGLIBC headers (not installed
yet), and linked against libc.so (not built yet). We need congure time
options to tell GCC not to build libgcc_s.so.
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building First GCC 8/15
Building First GCC
Congure gcc:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. ../gcc-4.5.0/configure
--target=$target --prefix=$prefix --without-headers
--with-newlib --disable-shared --disable-threads
--disable-libssp --disable-libgomp --disable-libmudflap
--enable-languages=c
--without-headers build libgcc without any headers at all.
--with-newlib use newlib header while building other libraries than
libgcc.
Using both the options together results in libgcc being built without
requiring the presence of any header, and other libraries being built with
newlib headers.
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building First GCC 8/15
Building First GCC
Install gcc in the install folder:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make all-gcc
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
install-gcc
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
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Part 4
Installing Header Files
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Installing Header Files 9/15
Installing Linux Kernel Headers
Linux makeles are target-specic
Untar the linux kernel source tarball.
crossbuild$.tar -xvf linux-2.6.33.3.tar.gz
Change the working directory to linux-2.6.33.3
crossbuild$.cd linux-2.6.33.3
Install the kernel headers in the sysroot directory:
crossbuild/linux-2.6.33.3$.PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
headers_install CROSS_COMPILE=$target-
INSTALL_HDR_PATH=$sysroot/usr ARCH=$linuxarch
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/linux-2.6.33.3$.cd ~/crossbuild
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Installing Header Files 10/15
Installing EGLIBC Headers and Preliminary Objects
Using the cross compiler that we have just built, congure EGLIBC to
install the headers and build the object les that the full cross compiler
will need.
Change the working directory to eglibc.
crossbuild$. cd eglibc
Check the latest eglibc source revision here.
crossbuild/eglibc$. svn co svn://svn.eglibc.org/trunk
eglibc
Some of the targets are not supported by glibc (e.g. mips). The support
for such targets is provided in the ports folder in eglibc. We need to copy
this folder inside the libc folder to create libraries for the new target.
crossbuild/eglibc$. cp -r eglibc/ports eglibc/libc
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Installing Header Files 10/15
Installing EGLIBC Headers and Preliminary Objects
Make a build directory to congure and build eglibc headers, and go
to that directory.
crossbuild/eglibc$. mkdir build
crossbuild/eglibc$. cd build
Congure eglibc:
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. BUILD_CC=gcc
CC=$prefix/bin/$target-gcc AR=$prefix/bin/$target-ar
RANLIB=$prefix/bin/$target-ranlib ../eglibc/libc/configure
--prefix=/usr --with-headers=$sysroot/usr/include
--build=$build --host=$target --disable-profile
--without-gd --without-cvs --enable-add-ons
EGLIBC must be congured with option --prex=/usr, because the
EGLIBC build system checks whether the prex is /usr, and does
special handling only if that is the case.
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Installing Header Files 10/15
Installing EGLIBC Headers and Preliminary Objects
We can now use the install-headers makele target to install the
headers:
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. make install-headers
install_root=$sysroot \install-bootstrap-headers=yes
install-bootstrap-headers variable requests special handling for certain
tricky header les.
There are a few object les that are needed to link shared libraries. We
will build and install them by hand:
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. mkdir -p $sysroot/usr/lib
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. make csu/subdir_lib
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. cd csu
crossbuild/eglibc/build/csu$. cp crt1.o crti.o crtn.o
$sysroot/usr/lib
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Installing Header Files 10/15
Installing EGLIBC Headers and Preliminary Objects
Finally, libgcc_s.so requires a libc.so to link against. However,
since we will never actually execute its code, it doesnt matter what
it contains. So, treating /dev/null as a C souce code, we produce
a dummy libc.so in one step:
crossbuild/eglibc/build/csu$. $prefix/bin/$target-gcc
-nostdlib -nostartfiles -shared -x c /dev/null -o
$sysroot/usr/lib/libc.so
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
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Part 5
Building Second GCC
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Second GCC 11/15
Building the Second GCC
With the EGLIBC headers and the selected object les installed, build a
GCC that is capable of compiling EGLIBC.
Change the working directory to build directory inside gcc folder.
crossbuild$. cd gcc/build
Clean the build folder.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. rm -rf *
Congure the second gcc:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. ../gcc-4.5.0/configure
--target=$target --prefix=$prefix --with-sysroot=$sysroot
--disable-libssp --disable-libgomp --disable-libmudflap
--enable-languages=c
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Second GCC 11/15
Building the Second GCC
install the second gcc in the install folder:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make install
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
Part 6
Building Final C Libraries
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Final C Libraries 12/15
Building Complete EGLIBC
With the second compiler built and installed, build EGLIBC completely.
Change the working directory to the build directory inside eglibc
folder.
crossbuild$. cd eglibc/build
Clean the build folder.
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. rm -rf *
Congure eglibc:
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. BUILD_CC=gcc
CC=$prefix/bin/$target-gcc AR=$prefix/bin/$target-ar
RANLIB=$prefix/bin/$target-ranlib ../eglibc/libc/configure
--prefix=/usr --with-headers=$sysroot/usr/include
--build=$build --host=$target --disable-profile
--without-gd --without-cvs --enable-add-ons
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Building Final C Libraries 12/15
Building Complete EGLIBC
install the required libraries in $sysroot:
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
crossbuild/eglibc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
install install_root=$sysroot
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
At this point, we have a complete EGLIBC installation in $sysroot, with
header les, library les, and most of the C runtime startup les in place.
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
Part 7
The Final Build
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: The Final Build 13/15
Building fully Cross-compiled GCC
Recompile GCC against this full installation, enabling whatever
languages and libraries you would like to use.
Change the working directory to build directory inside gcc folder.
crossbuild$. cd gcc/build
Clean the build folder.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. rm -rf *
Congure the third gcc:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. ../gcc-4.5.0/configure
--target=$target --prefix=$prefix --with-sysroot=$sysroot
--disable-libssp --disable-libgomp --disable-libmudflap
--enable-languages=c
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: The Final Build 13/15
Building fully Cross-compiled GCC
Install the nal gcc in the install folder:
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make
crossbuild/gcc/build$. PATH=$prefix/bin:$PATH make install
change the working directory back to crossbuild.
crossbuild/gcc/build$. cd ~/crossbuild
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July 2010 Cross-Compilation: The Final Build 14/15
Maintaining $sysroot Folder
Since GCCs installation process is not designed to help construct sysroot
trees, certain libraries must be manually copied into place in the sysroot.
Copy the libgcc_s.so les to the lib folder in $sysroot.
crossbuild$.cp -d $prefix/$target/lib/libgcc_s.so*
$sysroot/lib
If c++ language was enabled, copy the libstdc++.so les to the usr/lib
folder in $sysroot.
crossbuild$.cp -d $prefix/$target/lib/libstdc++.so*
$sysroot/usr/lib
At this point, we have a ready cross compile toolchain in $prex, and
EGLIBC installation in $sysroot.
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay
Part 8
Using the Cross Compiler Tool Chain
July 2010 Cross-Compilation: Using the Cross Compiler Tool Chain 15/15
Testing the Cross Compiler
Sample input le test.c:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a, b, c, *d;
d = &a;
a = b + c;
printf ("%d", a);
return 0;
}
$. $prefix/bin/$target-gcc -o test test.c
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Testing the Cross Compiler
For a powerpc architecture,
$. $prefix/bin/powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc -o test test.c
Use readelf to verify whether the executable is indeed for powerpc
$. $prefix/bin/powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu-readelf -lh test
ELF Header:
Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
...
Type: EXEC (Executable file)
Machine: PowerPC
...
Program Headers:
...
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld.so.1]
...
Essential Abstractions in GCC GCC Resource Center, IIT Bombay