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Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , New

York and London.
D.K. Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley
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Johnson [Link]. Min. USA.
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H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in
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S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.



Introduction
to
Hydrogeology
Introduction
to
Hydrogeology
Hydrology: Processes governing the depletion
and replenishment of water resources of land
areas of the earth.
Dealing with ground water
Hydrogeology: Mode of occurrence,
distribution, movement and chemistry of
water occurring in the subsurface in
relation to the geological environment.
Geohydrology: Emphasising the
hydrologic aspect.



Dealing with surface water
Potamology: Science of surface
stream
Limnology: Science of Lakes
Cryology: Science of snow and ice
Dealing with air water
Hydrometeorology
Climetology
Importance
Evaluation of surface water- required
parameters- precipitation, infiltration, slope
Evaluation of ground water-required
parameters-geometry of basin, storage, yield,
properties of aquifer
Mineral prospecting and mining- Sulphide
minerals-1ppm Zinc
Evaluation of sites for geotechnical
construction reservoir and dam

Problem related to pollution
Proper management of water resource-
Problem-
excess extraction of ground water
depletion of water level, subsidence of
land surface---- both by artificial recharge
Excess use of surface water for irrigation
water logging---by conjuctive use

Groundwater development
Stratigraphy
Petrography
Structural Geology
Geomorphology
------ Presence of aquifer, type of
aquifer, dimension of aquifer,
lithofacies variation productivity,
quality of water, structure of
formation


Water resource

Ocean- 97%
Ice caps 2%
Deep ground water 0.31%

Fresh water 0.69% (surface water 3%,
subsurface 97%)

Hydrogeology and
environment
Construction of reservoirshallow water
table
Deforestation---reduce infiltration and
recharge, increase runoff and erosion and
evaporation
Waste disposal--- water quality (water
pollution)

Hydrogeological
classification of rocks

Consolidated (hard)
Unconsolidated (soft)



Hydrologic cycle: The circulation of
water from the ocean to the
atmosphere, atmosphere to the
lithosphere and lithosphere to the
ocean occurring through complex and
independent process including
precipitation, runoff, ground water
flow, evaporation and transpiration, is
called hydrologic cycle.
The stages of the Hydrological Cycle.

Hydrologic cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Field capacity
Wilting point
Consumptive use
Conjunctive use
Infiltration
Run off

[Link]: It is
atmospheric discharge of
water in the form of the solid,
liquid from the earth surface.
The distribution of water on
the surface and subsurface is
governed by duration and
intensity of precipitations.
Types of precipitation
Cyclonic
Convective
Orographic
Forms of Precipitation
Drizzle--.1-.5mm
Rain-- >.5mm
Glaze
Sleet ice pellets14mm
Snowice crystal
Hail->5mm
Dew
2. Evaporation and transpiration:
It is the process by which water is
returned to the atmosphere.

Evaporation:
Sublimation:
Transpiration:


Factors affecting evaporation
Meteorological
Radiation,temperature,humidi
ty,wind, pressure
Physical factors: water quality,
shape and size of evaporating
surface

(i) Wilting point: Lowest amount of moisture
that is held by soil, not available for
transpiration by vegetation, is the wilting
point

(ii)Field capacity: The maximum water that
the soil can hold against the force of gravity.

Available soil moisture: Difference between
field capacity and wilting point
1. Transpiration: The part of water
reaching the ground is evaporated
through the leaves.
2. Evapo-transpiration:The umulative
loss by evaporation and transpiration

(i) Consumptive use: Term includes
water used in plant metabolism and
evapo-transpiration.

4. Infiltration: Moving of
precipitated water in to
subsurface. The rate of
infiltration depends on
the rain fall intensity,
duration and texture of
materials.
Runoff. Runoff is the water
discharged through stream
consisting wholly, or in
part, of water contributed
by overland flow (surface
runoff) and ground water
flow (base flow).
Vertical distribution
of water or kind of
ground water
Zone of aeration
Zone of saturation

Above water table
Soil water
Pellicular water
Vadose
Pearched water
Capillary water


Below water table
Free water
Confined water
Fixed water
Connet water



Zone of saturation
Aquifer
Aquitard
Aquiclude
Aquifuge
Types of aquifer
Unconfined or water table or
phreatic
Confined or artesian or
pressure
Leaky or semi confined


Piezometric
surface