Chapter 4 DECIMALS Example:

i) 7.9 4.4 Multiplication and Division of

4.1 Decimals and Fractions 1 digit to the right of the decimal Decimals
1. A decimal is a fraction with a point To multiply decimals
denominator of 10 or a power of 10. Therefore, 7.9 has 1 decimal point. (a) Multiply the decimals in the same way as
2. To convert a fraction into a decimal, whole numbers.
divide the numerator by the ii) 7.94 (b) The number of decimal places in the
denominator. 2 digits to the right of the decimal answer is equal to the sum of decimal
3. To change a decimal into a fraction. point places in the individual decimals.
Divide it by the power of 10 such as 10, Therefore, 7.94 has 2 decimal points.
100, 1 000,.. Example :
Example: iii) 7.948 i) 3.45 x 1.7 = 5.865
3 digits to the right of the decimal
2 point 3.45 ( 2 d.p.)
i) = 0.4
5 Therefore, 7.948 has 3 decimal x 1.7 ( 1 d.p.)
0.4 is read as zero point four points. 2415
8 345
ii) 3.08 = 3 + 4.3 Addition and Subtraction of 5.865 ( 3 d.p.)
100
Decimals
3.08 is read as three point zero eight 6.9 690
ii) 6.9 ÷ 0.03 = =
To add or subtract decimals, arrange the 0.03 3
4.2 Place Value and Digit Value digits of the same place value in the same = 230
1. vertical column.
Tens units Decimal tenths hundredths Example: 4.5 Combined Operations
point 27.064 +1.3 + 0.91 = 29.274 In performing the combined operations of
1 2 . 4 5 decimals, we follow the same rule as
27 . 064 those for whole nuir
12.45 = 10 + 2 + 0.4 +0.05 1. 3 (a) Work out the expressions in brackets.
4 5 + 0 . 91 (b) Do multiplication and division from left
= 10 + 2 + + 29 . 274
10 100 to right.
(c) Do addition and subtraction from left to
right.
2. The decimal places are the places Example:
occupied by the digit after the decimal 6x ( 4.1 – 2.12 ) ÷ 0.8
point. = 6 x 1.98 ÷ 0.8
= 11.88 / 0.8
= 14.85 1. To find the percentage of a quantity,
change into fraction and multiply by the 5. Increase may be dividend, commission,
quantity. simple interest or profit.
Chapter 5 PERCENTAGES (%)
Increase
5.1 Percentages Example: 30% of 400 = % increase x original value
30
= x 400 Final value
1. Percentage is a fraction out of 100. 100
2. Change a fraction into a percentage, = 120 = Original value + increase
multiply it by 100%.
2. To find the percentage one number is of Example :
3 another, change both quantities to the
Example: x 100% = 75% 300 is increased by 20 %
same unit, form a fraction and multiply
4 by 100%
Value of increase =
3. To change a decimal into a percentage, Example: 3 of 10 20
multiply by 100%. x300 = 60
3 100
= x 100%
Example: 0.29 x 100% = 29% 10
= 30% Final value = 300 +60
4. To change a percentage into fraction, = 360
divide by 100% and reduce to its lowest 3. To find a number given the percentage,
terms. first find the value of 6. Decrease may be discount or loss.
1 % then find the value of 100% of the
30 number. Decrease
Example:1.30% = 1 + = % decrease x original value
100
Example:
3 Given 10% of a number = 50 Final value
=1
10 = Original value - decrease
50
5. To change a percentage into a decimal, 1% of a number 50 =
10 Example:
divide by 100%.
50 Selling price = RM 500
The number = x 100
16 10 Discount = 30%
Example: 16% =
100
= 500 30
Decrease = xRM 500
= 0.16 100
4. To find the percentage increase or = RM 150
5.2 Perform computations decrease Selling price = 500 – 150
Percentage change = =RM 350

change in value x 100%

original value