NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
LEARNING GOALS
NODAL ANALYSIS
LOOP ANALYSIS
Develop systematic techniques to determine
all the voltages and currents in a circuit
that contain multi nodes and loops.
KCL for nodal analysis (Nodal Voltage), KVL
for loop analysis(Loop Currents), Ohms law
to calculate additional parameters.
NODE ANALYSIS
O
One
e of
o the
t e systematic
syste t c ways
ys to
determine every voltage and
current in a circuit
The variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages
-- The voltages
g of each node with respect
p
to a pre-selected
p
reference node (or ground).
Generally, the ground is selected to which largest number of
branches are connected.
connected
All other nodes are defined with reference to ground node and
g
positive
p
sign.
g The resulted analysis
y
will indicate
are designated
the actual polarity.
IT IS INSTRUCTIVE TO START THE PRESENTATION WITH
A RECAP OF A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/
PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS
COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT
4k || 12k 12k
SECOND: BACKTRACK USING KVL, KCL OHMS
6k
I3
OHM' S : I 2 =
Va
6k
KCL : I1 I 2 I 3 = 0
OHM' S : Vb = 3k * I 3
OTHER OPTIONS...
6k || 6k
FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT
KCL : I 5 + I 4 I 3 = 0
OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5
I1 =
12
I3
4 + 12
Vb = 4k * I 4
I4 =
12V
12k
Va =
3
(12)
3+9
THE NODE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE
KVL
KVL
THERE ARE FIVE NODES.
IF ONE NODE IS SELECTED AS
REFERENCE THEN THERE ARE
FOUR VOLTAGES WITH RESPECT
TO THE REFERENCE NODE
KVL
+Vc + V5 Vb = 0
VS + V1 + Va = 0 Va + V3 + Vb = 0
V1 = VS Va
V3 = Va Vb
REFERENCE
ONCE THE VOLTAGES ARE
KNOWN THE CURRENTS CAN
BE COMPUTED USING OHMS
LAW
WHAT IS THE PATTERN???
THEOREM: IF ALL NODE VOLTAGES WITH
RESPECT TO A COMMON REFERENCE NODE
ARE KNOWN THEN ONE CAN DETERMINE
ANY OTHER ELECTRICAL VARIABLE FOR
THE CIRCUIT
v R = vm v N
+ vR
A GENERAL VIEW
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENTS IS IRRELEVANT
+ vR
v R'
USING THE LEFT-RIGHT REFERENCE DIRECTION
THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RESISTOR MUST
HAVE THE POLARITY SHOWN
v vN
OHM' S LAW i = m
R
' PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION RULES!
i =i
i'
+
IF THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION IS
REVERSED ...
THE PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION WILL ASSIGN
THE REVERSE REFERENCE POLARITY TO THE
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR
OHM' S LAW i ' =
v N vm
R
DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL
+ V12
+
4V
2V
+
THE STATEMENT V1 = 4V IS MEANINGLESS
UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED
BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL
SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.
ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH
RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT
V12 = _____?
V12 = _____?
Current Directions
THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS
VS
Va
Vb
Vc
1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT
A REFERENCE NODE
2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES
@Va : I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
Va Vs Va Va Vb
+
+
=0
9k
6k
3k
@Vb : I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = 0
REFERENCE
3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(
(Considering
id i
High
i h voltage
l
at
each Node)
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
THE NODE VOLTAGES ...
Vb Va Vb Vb Vc
+
+
=0
3k
4k
9k
SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING
THESE EQUATIONS...
@Vc : I 5 + I 6 = 0
Vc Vb Vc
+
=0
9k
3k
AND PRACTICE WRITING
THESE DIRECTLY
WHEN WRITING A NODE EQUATION...
AT EACH NODE ONE CAN CHOSE ARBITRARY
DIRECTIONS FOR THE CURRENTS
Va
Vb
R1
R3
I 1'
CURRENTS LEAVING = 0
Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc
+
+
=0
R3
R1
R2
CURRENTS INTO NODE = 0
I1 I 2 I 3 = 0
R3
I 3'
R2
Vc
I 2'
d
I2
AND SELECT ANY FORM OF KCL.
WHEN THE CURRENTS ARE REPLACED IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES THE NODE EQUATIONS
THAT RESULT ARE THE SAME OR EQUIVALENT
I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
Vd
I3
R2
Vd
Va
R1
Vc
I1
Vb
Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc
=0
R3
R1
R2
CURRENTS LEAVING = 0
I1' + I 2' I 3' = 0
Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
CURRENTS INTO NODE = 0
I1' I 2' + I 3' = 0
Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
WHEN WRITING THE NODE EQUATIONS
WRITE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES.
BY DEFAULT USE KCL IN THE FORM
SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING = 0
SUM-OF-CURRENTS-LEAVING
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR THE
CURRENTS DOES NOT AFFECT THE NODE
EQUATION
CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
Can we add algebraically the current
sources?
sources
?
HINT: THE FORMAL MANIPULATION OF
EQUATIONS
Q
MAY BE SIMPLER IF ONE
USES CONDUCTANCES INSTEAD OF
RESISTANCES.
@ NODE 1
USING RESISTANCES i A +
v1 v1 v2
+
=0
R1
R2
WITH CONDUCTANCES i A + G1v1 + G2 (v1 v 2 ) = 0
REORDERING TERMS
@ NODE 2
REORDERING TERMS
THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM
OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
THE MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC
EQUATIONS CAN BE EFFICIENTLY DONE
USING MATRIX ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE
WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS
@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS
LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION
REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2
i2 +
v2 v1 v2 v1
+
=0
R4
R3
OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WRITING NODE EQUATIONS
BB
MARK THE NODES
(TO INSURE THAT
NONE IS MISSING)
15mA
A
VA
8k
2k
8k
2k
WRITE KCL AT EACH NODE IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
SELECT AS
REFERENCE
VA VA
+
+ 15mA = 0
2 k 8k
V V
@ B B + B 15mA = 0
8k 2 k
@A
A MODEL IS SOLVED BY MANIPULATION OF
EQUATIONS AND USING MATRIX ANALYSIS
NUMERICAL MODEL
LEARNING EXAMPLE
USE GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
i A = 12mA, i B = 4mA
THE NODE EQUATIONS
R1 = 12k, R2 = R3 = 6k
ALTERNATIVE MANIPULATION
THE MODEL
* / 12k
REPLACE VALUES AND SWITCH NOTATION
TO UPPER CASE
RIGHT HAND
SIDE IS
VOLTS.
COEFFS ARE
NUMBERS
U
S
* / 6k
3V1 2V2 = 12
V1 + 2V2 = 24 * / 3 (and add equations)
4V2 = 60[V ]
ADD EQS 2V = 12[V ]
1
SOLUTION USING MATRIX ALGEBRA
PLACE IN MATRIX FORM
AND DO THE MATRIX ALGEBRA ...
USE MATRIX ANALYSIS TO SHOW SOLUTION
PERFORM THE MATRIX MANIPULATIONS
Adj ( A)
A =
| A|
1
FOR THE ADJOINT REPLACE
EACH ELEMENT BY ITS
COFACTOR
Draw Circuit again and write nodal
voltage and brabch currents
AN EXAMPLE OF NODE ANALYSIS
Rearranging terms ...
@ v1
@ v2
COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
@ v3
= CONDUCTANCES CONNECTED TO NODE
= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 2
= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 3
= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 2 & 3
WRITING EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
FOR CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT
SOURCES THE MATRIX IS ALWAYS SYMMETRIC
THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE POSITIVE
THE OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE NEGATIVE
Conductances connected to node 1
Conductances between 1 and 2
Conductances between 1 and 3
Conductances between 2 and 3
VALID ONLY FOR CIRCUITS
WITHOUT DEPENDENT
SOURCES
LEARNING EXTENSION
V1 V1 V2 USING
+
6k
12k
V V V
@V2 : 2mA + 2 + 2 1 = 0
6k
12k
@V1 : 4mA +
BY INSPECTION
1
1
1
+
V
V2 = 4mA
A
1
12k
6k 12k
1 1
1
+ +
V2 = 2mA
12k 6k 12k
Home work:
Examples: 3.2
E: 3.1, 3.2,
P 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
KCL
LEARNING EXTENSION
6mA
I3
I1
I2
N d analysis
Node
l i
V
@ V1 : 1 + 2mA + 6mA = 0 V1 = 16V
2k
V V
@V : 6mA + 2 + 2 = 0 V2 = 12V
2
6k
IN MOST CASES THERE
ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYS OF SOLVING A
PROBLEM
NODE EQS. BY INSPECTION
1
V1 + (0 )V2 = (2 + 6 )mA
2k
(0)V1 + 1 + 1 V2 = 6mA
6k 3k
3k
I 1 = 8mA
3k
I2 =
(6mA) = 2mA
3k + 6k
6k
I3 =
(6mA) = 4mA
3k + 6k
CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY
USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!
Once node
d voltages
l
are known
k
I1 =
V1
2k
I2 =
V2
6k
I3 =
V2
3k
LEARNING EXAMPLE
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES CANNOT
BE MODELED BY INSPECTION. THE SYMMETRY
IS LOST.
LOST
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS USING DEPENDENT
SOURCES AS REGULAR SOURCES.
FOR EACH DEPENDENT SOURCE WE ADD
ONE EQUATION EXPRESSING THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE NODE VOLTAGES
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
1
1
1
2
+
v
+
v2 = 0
1
12k 6k
3k 6k
1
1
1
v1 +
+ v2 = 2mA
6k
12k 3k
* / 4k
* / 6k
v v v
io + 1 + 1 2 = 0
R1
R2
v
v v
iA + 2 + 2 1 = 0
R2
R3
MODEL FOR
CONTROLLING VARIABLE
io =
v2
R3
V1 + 2V2 = 0
REPLACE AND REARRANGE
1
1
1
v1 + v2 = 0
+
R1 R2
R3 R2
1
1
1
v1 +
+
v2 = i A
R2
R2 R3
V1 + 3V2 = 12[V ]
ADDING THE EQUATIONS
V1 =
24
V
5
5V2 = 12[V ]
LEARNING EXAMPLE: CIRCUIT WITH VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT
REPLACE AND REARRANGE
CONTINUE WITH GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION...
ELIMINATION
WRITE NODE EQUATIONS. TREAT DEPENDENT
SOURCE AS REGULAR SOURCE
OR USE MATRIX ALGEBRA
EXPRESS CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
FOUR EQUATIONS IN OUR UNKNOWNS. SOLVE
USING FAVORITE TECHNIQUE
USING MATLAB TO SOLVE THE NODE EQUATIONS
R1 = 1k, R2 = R3 = 2k,
R4 = 4k, i A = 2mA, i B = 4mA,
= 2[ A / V ]
DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
DEFINE THE MATRIX G
Entries in a row are
separated by commas
(or plain spaces).
Rows are separated by
semi colon
R1=1000;R2=2000;R3=2000;
R4=4000; %resistances in Ohm
iA=0.002;iB=0.004; %sources in Amps
alpha=2; %gain of dependent source
G=[(1/R1+1/R2),
[(
), -1/R1,, 0;; %first row of the matrix
-1/R1, (1/R1+alpha+1/R2), -(alpha+1/R2); %second row
0, -1/R2, (1/R2+1/R4)], %third row. End in comma to have the echo
G=
0.0015 -0.0010
0
-0.0010 2.0015 -2.0005
0 -0.0005 0.0008
DEFINE RIGHT HAND SIDE VECTOR
I=[iA;-iA;iB]; %end in ";" to skip echo
V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo
SOLVE LINEAR EQUATION
V=
11.9940
15.9910
15.9940
LEARNING EXTENSION: FIND NODE VOLTAGES
REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k
2V1 V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.
V1 + 2V2 = 0
5V1 = 80V V1 = 16V
NODE EQUATIONS
V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V V
V
@V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0
10k
10k
@V1 :
CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE
VOLTAGES)
IO =
V1
10k
REPLACE
V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V2 V1
V
V
+2 1 + 2 =0
10k
10k 10k
V2 =
V1
V2 = 8V
2
FIND THE VOLTAGE VO
NODE EQUATIONS
LEARNING EXTENSION
NOTICE REPLACEMENT OF DEPENDENT SOURCE
IN TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGE
Vx Vx
+
= 0 * / 6k
3k 6k
V
V
V
x + O + O = 0 * / 12k
6k 12k 12k
2mA +
3V x = 12[V ] V x = 4[V ]
2VO 2V x = 0 VO = 4[V ]
Home work
Example: 3.4
E: 3.3,
3 3 3.4,
3 4
P: 3.44, 3.45, 3.48, 3.50
