MM 416E ENERGY ENGINEERING

COMPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prof. Dr. enol BAKAYA
PART-1
GENERAL CONCEPTS
Utilization Factors:
Demand for electricity varies from hour to hour and from season to season. Depending on the energy
demand and the economical conditions a power plant may be loaded at its full capacity or at partial load
or shut down.

Actual production time in a year

8760

FT =

Time utilization factor:

FC =

Capacity Factor:

FL =

Load utilization factor:

Power output of the plant

Installation capacity

Actual production
Annual max imum production

Reserve Calculations:
t
E (t ) = E0 .e t
a

tD =

R
ln 0 + 1
E0

, tD: depletion time

Heating Value, Energy Released in Combustion:

.
kJ
kg F
Q F = m& F
LHV
kg F
s

Heat Transferred to Working Fluid in Boiler:

.

Q B = Q F . B

where hB: Boiler efficiency

TPP Efficiency:
TPP =

Pel
.

QF

kWhel

Annual Electricity Generation:

h
E = AEG = PIC [kWel ].FL [].8760
a

[kWt ]

Annual Fuel Consumption:

h t
t
AFC = m& fuel .FL [].8760 =
h
a a
kWhel
AEG

kg
a
AFC =
=
kWhel a
kWht
HU

TPP
kg F
kWht

PART-2
COST ANALYSIS
General energy conversion system:

General energy production and profit analysis:

Profit spoon:

Total Production Cost:

Fuel Cost:

CT = C F + C Amr + C Pers + COth

TL F
g

kg F

CF =
kWh
kWhel
t
HU

TPP
kg
F

kWht

Amortization Cost: C Amr

TL Amr
YA

=
kWhel
E

TL

kWel

Amortization Ratio: AR =

F (F + 1)n A

(F + 1)

nA

TL F

kWhel

TL Amr

kWhel

1
Yearly Amortization: YA = TIC [TL Amr ]. AR

Total Investment Cost: TIC = IC [kWel ].SIC

TL

kWhel

TL Amr

[TL]
1
a

Example 1.
For a TPP the following data are given:
PIC=300 MWe, SIC=1,5x109 [TL/kWe], TPP=0,30 [kWhe/kWht], Hu=4305 [kcal/kg], gF=100x106
[TL/t], FL=0,75 [-], F=15 [%], nAmr=10 years, nEC=30 years, nphs=40 years, use linear amortization
a)
b)
c)
d)

Calculate annual fuel consumption [t/a].

Calculate annual electricity generation [kWh/a].
Calculate CF [TL- F/kWhel], CAm [TL-Am/kWhel], Cother=0, CT [TL/kWhel].
Calculate total profit [TL] in economical life time (Csell=140x103 [TL/kWhe]=constant, CF
increases after nAmr linearly to 115x103 [TL/kWhel] at nEC).
e) How can you utilize TPP between nEC and nphy.
4

Answer:
.
t
h t
a) AFC = M F .FL [].8760 =
h
a a
.

300.000[kWe ]
PIC [kWt ]
kg F
tF
= 200.000
MF =
=
= 200
h
h
kWht
kWhel
4305 kWht
HU
.TPP []
0,30

861 kg F
kg F
kWht
.
t F
h
t F
AFC = 200
.0,75[].8760 = 1,314 x106

h
a
a

h
b) E = PIC [kWel ].FL [].8760
a
kWhe
h
E = 300.000[kWe ].0,75[].8760 = 1,971x10 9

a
a

TL

TL F
t
gF
100 x10 6

t 1000kg F = 66,7 x10 3 TL F

kg F
c) C F =
=

kWh e
kWhe
kWhel 4305 kWht
kWht

LHV
x0,3

TPP kWh
861 kg F
kg F
t
kWht

C Amr

TL Amr
YA

a
,
=
kWhel
AEG

YA = TYxAO

TL
12
TY = PIC xSIC = 300.000kWe x1,5 x10 9
= 450 x10 [TL ]
kWe

0,15(0,15 + 1)10
F (F + 1) A
1
0,2
=
AO =
nA
10
(F + 1) 1 (0,15 + 1) 1
a
n

1
TL
YA = 450 x1012 [TL ]x0,2 = 90 x1012
a
a
TL Amr
90 x1012

TL Amr
a

C Amr =
= 45,7 x10 3

kWhe
kWhe
1,971x10 9

a
TL
CT = C F + C Amr + C Pers + COth = 112,4 x10 3

kWhe

d)
TL kWhe
3
3
9
12
C profit n Amr = [C sell CT ]
xE
xn Amr [a ] = 140 x10 112,4 x10 x 1,971x10 x10 = 544 x10 [TL ]
kWh
a

TL/kWhe

][

Csell
CPro.-nAmr-nEC

CProfit-nAmr

CF=CT

CT
CAmr

CF
n [a]

C F C FnAmr
xEx(nEC n Amr )
C Pr ofit n Amr nEC = C sell C Fnec + nec

115 x10 3 66,7 x10 3

x1,971x10 9 x(30 10) = 1,94 x1015 [TL ]
C Pr ofit n Amr nEC = 140 x10 3 115 x10 3 +
2

15
C Pr ofit total = C Pr ofit n Amr + C Pr ofit n Amr nEC = 2,484 x10 [TL ]

e) ......Peak Load .....

PART-3
COMBUSTION AND EMISSION ANALYSIS

Combustion analysis:
Fuel Demand:

kg

m& fuel

Q[kWt ]
=
kWht
LHV
. B []
kg F
6

m& fuel =

Pel [kWel ]
kWhel
kWht
. PP
LHV

kg F
kWht

Combustion Air Demand:

3
& = m& kg F . Nm A

a
fuel

a
h kg F

Nm 3 A
a = n. at

kg F

[Nm3-A/ h]

Combustion Gas Flow:

Nm 3 G
kg F
&
fg Dry wet = m& fuel
. fg Dry wet

h
kg F

fg dry wet = fgt dry wet + (n 1). at ,

Nm 3 G

fg = fg dry + H 2O

H 2O = 1.244( w + 9m H ) , [Nm3/kg fuel] solid and liquid fuels

n
H 2O = ( H 2 + Cm H n ) , [Nm3/ Nm3fuel] gas fuels
2
m3 &
T + 273
&
fg T = fg 00 C .
273
h

n=

21
21 O2

Emission analysis:
Total Emission:

Nm 3 fg dry
kg pol.
&
&
m pol = M

. fg dry
3
h

Nm fg dry

[kg-pol/h]

kg pol
kg pol
kWhel
kg Fuel
m& pol = M F
.m& fuel
m& pol = M kWhel
.EG

h
kg fuel
kWhel

Nm 3 Em 6
Volume based Emission Factor: V V
10 = [ ppm]
3
Nm fg dry
Mass Based Emission factor:

kg Em
M

Nm3 Em
kmol Em = ppm M
= V

3
6
3
Nm fg dry V Nm Em 10 Vkmol
kmol

kmol Em

Fuel Related Emission Factor: M F

Boiler Related Emission :

kg Em

3
Nm fg dry

kg. pol
M

ppm Nm pol
kmol. pol
= 6
fg dry
10 Nm 3 fg Dry
Nm 3 . pol
Vkmol

kmol. pol

kg pol
kg F

kg pol
1 kg F 1
[]

kg F LHV kWht B

kg pol

kWht

]
]

M Q = M F

kg pol
1
Emission Emitted Per kWhel : M El = M F

kg F LHV

kg F 1

kWht PP

kg pol

kWhel

Example 2.
Make the following emission calculations for the TPP given in Example 1. The following data is given:
SO2=2000 [ppm], O2=7 [%], VHth=VGth-dry=5 [Nm3/kg-F].
a) Calculate SOel [kg-SO2/kWhel].
b) Calculate annual SO2 emission ASO2 [t-SO2/a].
Answer:
a)

SO el
2

n=

kg.SO2
M

Nm 3 fg Dry 1 kg F 1
ppm Nm SO2
kmol.SO2
= 6

fg dry

10 Nm 3 fg Dry
kg F H u kWht TPP
Nm 3 .SO2

Vkmol

kmol.SO2

]
]

kWht kg SO2

kWh
e
kWhe

21
= 1,5
21 7

Nm 3 fg dry wet
fg dry wet = fgt dry wet + (n 1). at = 5 + (1,5 1) = 7,5

kg F

SO el
2

kg.SO2
64
Nm 3 fg Dry 1 kg F 1 kWht
kmol.SO2
200 ppm Nm SO2

7,5
=
x

106 Nm 3 fg Dry
Nm 3 .SO2 kg F 4305 kWht 0,3 kWhe
22,4

861
kmol.SO2

kg SO2

kWhe

SO el = 0,02857
2

b)

kg SO2 kWhe
kg SO2
1 t SO2
9 kWhe
= 0,02857
A SO2 = SO2 el
xE
x1,971x10

a 1000 kg SO2
kWhe a
kWhe
t SO2
A SO2 = 56311,5

PART-4
THERMAL POWER SYSTEMS, SYSTEM STRUCTURE,
ENERGY CONVERSION AND APPLICATIONS

Rankine PC (ST-TPP):

TPP net = RPC . B . SP . M . G . IC . Tr

Pel = PT . M . G

RPC =

PT PP
QB

PT = PTi
i =1

Power cycle analysis:

kJ
1-2s (Isentropic specific pumping work)
kg
P
wp,s = h2 s h1 = P

kJ
1-2 (Actual specific pumping work)
kg
wP = h2 h1

wP =

wP , S

PP
W . P

kg kJ
Pel = m& water .wP = [kWel ]
s kg

2-3 Boiler (steam generation)

kJ
q SG = q B = h3 h2
kg

.
.
kJ
kg
Q& B = m 3 (h3 h2 ) = m F .LHV . B []
s
kg

10

[kW]

3-4 Specific Turbine work

wT = h3 h4 = T .wT , S

wT .S = h3 h4 s

T =

h3 h4
h3 h4 s

4-1 Condensation (Condenser)

qCond = h4 h1

TCond = TCO + T Apr

TCO = TCi + TCT

Steam generation process analysis:

q SG = q PH + q EV + q SH

q PH = h2 h2

q EV = h2 h2

Reheat Pressure:

q SG = h3 h2 = Tm (S 3 S 2 )

11

q SH = h3 h2

12

General Rankine power cycle thermal power plants:

13

14

Example 3.
The flow diagram of a TPP- steam power cycle is given below.

550 C

360 [t/h]
100 [bar]

m4= 0.05 m3
m5= 0.10 m3
m6= 0.15 m3

MF

PelGr

6
7

Pex 4

CT

TP=0
1
200 C

11

10

35 C

22 C
mCW

9 TP=0
8

150 C

100 C

38 C

a) Sketch the steam power cycle on h-s diagram.

b) Calculate the extraction pressures Pex4 - Pex6 (bar) and extraction steam mass flow rates m4 m6 [kg/s]
( TAPP = 5 C)
c) Calculate PelGR [MWe] (M= 1, G= 0.98, x7 = 0.95 )
d) Calculate mCW [t/h] and mCW / m3
(CPW= 4.18 kj/kg0C)
e) Calculate the fuel consumption MF [t/h] (Hu = 5 kWht / kg-F , B= 0.85)

Answer:
a)

15

b) Condenser:

Extraction Pressures:
T(C)
4
Tc=205, Pex4=16bar
Tc=155, Pex5=5,5bar

200

Tc=105, Pex6=1,2bar

150
100
38

11

10

9=8

A(m2)

m& 3 = 360t / h = 100kg / s , m& 4 = 0,05m& 3 = 5kg / s , m& 5 = 0,10m& 3 = 10kg / s , m& 6 = 0,15m& 3 = 15kg / s
c)

From Mollier Chart:

h3(100 bar,550C)=3500 kJ/kg
h7(x7=0,95 ; 0,075 bar) = 2450 kJ/kg
Interceptions of Pex with turbine expansion line:
h4= 3165 kJ/kg , h5 = 2990 kJ/kg , h6 = 2770 kJ/kg
PelGR = [m& 3 (h3 h4 ) + (m& 3 m& 4 )(h4 h5 ) + (m& 3 m& 4 m& 5 )(h5 h6 ) + (m& 3 m& 4 m& 5 m& 6 )(h6 h7 )]x M x G
PelGR = 89.401kWe = 89,4 MWe

16

d)

7
35C
22C

8
38C

m& 7 h7 + m& cw (c pw x 22) = m& 7 h8 + m& cw (c pw x35)

m& cw =

m& 7 (h7 h8 ) (m& 3 m& 4 m& 5 m& 6 )(h7 c pw x38) (100 5 10 15)(2450 4,18 x38)
=
=
= 2951kg / s
c pw (35 22)
c pw (35 22)
4,18(35 22)

m& cw
= 29,51
m& 3

e) M F =

QJG
m& (h h ) 100(kg / s)(3500 4,18 x 200)(kJ / kg )
= 3 3 2 =
= 62682kg / h = 62,7t / h
H u x B
H u x B
5(kWht / kg F ) x0,85

Example 4.
For a coal fired TPP the following data are given:

360 t/h
40 bar, 550 0C

Pel

31

~~

32
4

B
MF
1

7
HE1

Wp~0
T~0

29 0C
CT
20 0C

t1t2=165 oC, t3=550 oC, P3=40 bar,

m1=m2=m3=360 t/h, x4=0,95, tcwi=20 oC,
tcwo=29 oC, t6=40 oC, t7=115 oC,
All Heat Exchangers: TAPR=5 oC,
TSC=2 oC, Cpw=4.18 [kJ/kgoC]

HE2 321
311

a) Calculate steam pressures P4, P31, P32 [bar] and condensate outlet temperatures t311, t321 [oC] (For all
pipes and HEs: P~0, Q~0).
b) Sketch the steam power cycle on h-s diagram and determine h3, h31, h32, h4 [kJ/kg].
c) Calculate extraction mass flow rates m31, m32 and m4 [kg/s].
d) Calculate power generated Pel [MWe] (m=1, G=0,98).
e) Calculate coal consumption MF [t/h] (B=0,85, Hu=4305 kcal/kg).

17

Answer:
a)

b)

18

h3 (550 0 C ,40bar ) = 3560kj / kg

h31 = 3195kj / kg
h32 = 2925kj / kg
h4 = 2565kj / kg
c)
m1 = m2 = m3 = m7 = m6 = 360t / h = 100kg / s
m& 7 (h7 h1 ) = m& 31 (h31 h34 )
m& 31 = 100kg / s

m& 32 = 100

4.18 (165 115)

= 8.38kg / s
3195 4.18 168

4.18 (115 40)

= 12.89kg / s
2925 4.18 118

m& 4 = m& 3 m& 31 m& 32 = 78.73kg / s

Pel= [ m& 3(h3-h31) + ( m& 3- m& 31)(h31-h32) + ( m& 3- m& 31- m& 32)(h32-h4)] . M.G
=100(3560-3195) + ( 100-8.38) (3195-2925) + (100-8.38-12.89) (2925-2565)
Pel=89.6 MWel
d)
M& F H u B = m& 3 (h3 h2 )
100kg / s (3560 4.18 165)kj / kg
= 18.77 kg / s
M& F =
4305kcal / kg 4.18kj / kcal 0.85
M& = 67.6[t / h ]
F

19

Brayton Power Cycle (GT-TPP):

PGT el = m& G (wT wC ). M . G

BPC =

wT wC
qCC

GT = BPC . CC . M . G
net

kJ
1-2s (Isentropic Compression work)
kg

wC , S

P
= h2 s h1 = c p1 .T1 . 2
P1

k 1
k

wC , S = C P1 2 S (t 2 S t1 )

1-2( Poly. Comp. Work)

wC = h2 h1 =

wC , S

kg kJ
PCom = m& G .wC
s kg

= C P1 2 (t 2 t1 )

[kW]

2-3 (Heat Gen.)

qCC = h3 h2

kJ
kg

qCC = C p 23 (t 3 t 2 )

3-4s (Isent. Exp. Process)

wT , S = h3 h4 s = C P3 4 s (t 3 t 4 s )

wT , S

k 1

4
= c P 3 .T3 . 1
P3

3-4([Link])

wT = h3 h4 = C P3 4 (t 3 t 4 ) = T .wT , S

[kJ/kg]
20

[kJ/kg]

Example 5.
The flow diagram of a simple GT-Power plant is given below.

t1 = 30 oC, t2= 300 oC t3 = 850 oC

3
2

CC

t4 = 500 oC, m = 1 , G = 0,97, CC = 0,98

Pel

CPG = 1 [ kj / kg 0C] = cont., mG = 80 [kg/s]

1
4

NO=1000 [ppm]
O2 = 15 [%]

a) Skech the GT-Power cycle on h s diagram

b) Calculate Pel [MWe]
c) Calculate emission factor el [kg-NO / kWhel] and M NO [kg NO / h]
(VGth = 10 Nm3 / kg, VHth = 9.5 Nm3 / kg, Hu = 10 kWh /kg, MN= 14 kg/kmol, MO = 16 kg/kmol)
d) Calculate CT [TL / kWhel]) (Coth = 1 [Ykr / kWhel], gF =1 [YTL/kg], F = 10 [%] , n Amr = 10 years,
SIC= 700 [YTL / kWe, FL = 0.4 )
e) Selling price of electricity for the time being is approximately 10 Ykr / kWhel . Discuss the results. What can you
do to this plant so that it can be operated economically?

Answer:
a) h-s diagram

b)

c)

21

d) 

e) ...............

GT with waste-heat heat-exchanger (WH-HE):

22

WH HE =

T2 T2
T4 T2

Example 6.
A gas turbine system to generate electricity and process steam for a textile industry is given below.

VNG
2
M

Pel
T

O2 = 15%
NO = 350 ppm

t1=20oC, t2=270oC, t3=900oC, t4=500oC,

CPG=1[kJ/kgoC]=const., MG=100[kg/s], CC=0.98,
M=1.0, G=0.97, MNO=30[kg-NO/kmol]

5
WHHE

Process Steam

a) Calculate GT [%] and Pel [MWe].

b) Calculate natural gas consumption VNG [Nm3/h] (Hu=8610 [kcal/Nm3]).
c) Calculate NO [kg-NO/kWhe] and MNO [kg-NO/h] (VHth=10.2 Nm3/ Nm3NG, VGth-Dry=9.2 Nm3/ Nm3NG).
Answer:

a) WC= CPG (t2-t1) =1 (270-20)= 250 kj/kg

WT= 1 (900-500) = 400 kj/kg
qCC= 1 (900-270) = 630 kj/kg
Pel= M& G ( WT- WC) M.G = 100(400-250) 0.97 1=14.6 MWe

GT =

WT WC
400 250
CC . M . G =
0.97 0.98 1 = 22.6%
630
qCC

b)
qCC

1 s
Nm 3
kcal
kj
h
&
.H u .
4.18
= V NG .
3 CC
&
h
kcal 3600 s M G kg
Nm

q 3600 M& G
630 3600 100
V&NG = CC
= 6430.4 Nm 3 / h
=
H u CC 4.18 8610 0.98 4.18

c)
n=

21
= 3.5
21 15

VG-Dry =9,2 +(3,5-1).10,2 = 34,7 [Nm3GDry/Nm3NG ]

23

GT with Reheat
WT1 =

WC

( )

PGT = m& G wT2 . M . G

GT =

wT 2
. M . G
q cc1 q cc2
+

cc

Co-Generation PP:

CPP =

Pel + Q& Ind

m& F .LHV

Combined Cycle PP

24

cc

Pel GT + Pel ST
m& F .LHV
Waste Heat Recovery

CCPP =

Texhaust

min.

> Tdew

25

26

27

Critical insulation thickness?

28