BIOLOGY

TISSUES

CHAPTER

2. TISSUE ::
Contents
Definition :

Introduction

A group of physically linked cells of the same type

or of the mixed type, having a common origin same
structure and performing an identical function.

Plant Tissues
Meristematic

3. PLANT TISSUES ::

Permanent

The plant body is made up of different kinds of

tissues. These are basically of two types :
Meristamatic and Permanent.

Vascular Tissue system

AnimalTissue

3.1 Meristematic Tissues :

Epithelial

Definition :

Connective

A localized group of young cells, possessing the

ability of divisions, is known as meristematic tissue
and the region is known as meristem.

Nervous

Occurence :

Muscular

1. INTRODUCTION :

They are present only at growing region like

shoot tip, root tip and cambium.

Characteristic :

Study of tissue is called histology.

The meristematic cells have thin cell walls.

Plant Tissues
Meristematic
(Cells are capable of cell division)
Apical

Lateral

Permanent
(Mature cells incapable of cell division)

Intercalary
Simple
Protective and supporting
(Tissue composed of single
type of cells)
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Complex
conducting
(Tissue composed of
more than one type of cell)
Xylem

Phloem

BIOLOGY
They are compactly arranged with no intercellular
spaces.

Meristematic cells are similar in structure.

They may be spherical, oval, polygonal or
rectangular in shape.

They contain dense or abundant cytoplasm with

a prominent nucleus.

The vacuoles in these cells are either small and

only a few or are even absent.

The endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are

not fully developed.

These are the most metabolically active cells.

They divide continuously helping in increasing
the length and girth of the plant.

They are capable of cell division and have

allow fallen stems of cereals to become erect.

Unlike other meristems, intercaary meristems are
ultimately get fully used up in the formation of
permanent tissues. However, the intercalary
meristem present at the base of Pinus leaf (basal
meristem) lives almost throughout the lfe of the
leaf.

(C) Lateral Meristems :

They are located along the lateral sides of stems
and roots. Their activity results in radial growth
and hence an increase in the girth or diameter of
the organs. e.g. intra and inter-fascicular cambium
in stems, vascular cambium in roots, acessary
cambium, cork cambium and wound cambium.
They are secondary meristems except
intrafascicular cambium.

totipotency so they are capable of giving rise to

all the various all types the body of an organism.

Apical meristem

Description of Apical, lateral & intercalary

meristen :
Intercalary meristem

(A) Apical Meristems :

The apical meristems are present at the tips of
stem, root and branches. They arise from
promeristem and form growing point at the apices
of stems and roots. Apical meristem are
responsible for growth in length. The initiation
ofgrowth may takes place by the meristematic
activity of a single apical cell (as in higher algal
forms, bryophytes and pteridophytes) or a group
of apical cells or apical initials (as in
spermatophytes). The shoot meristems are
terminal, while the root apical meristems are subterminal.

(B) Intercalary Meristems :

They are the portions of the apical meristems,
which got separated from them by the formation
of permanent tissues in between. They are
commonly found at the bases of leaves (e.g.
Pinus), above the nodes (e.g. grasses) or just
below the nodes (e.g. mint). Intercalary meristems
help in elongation of the plant organs. They also

Lateral meristem
a

DIFFERENTTYPESOFMERISTEMSONTHEBASIS
OF POSITION IN PLANT BODY

3.2 Permanent Tissues :

Definition :
These tissues are derived from the meristematic tissues
but their cells have lost the ability of division and
have attained their different forms.
They are of these types-Simple, Complex and
Secretory (Special).

BIOLOGY
(I) Simple Permanent Tissues :

Chlorenchyma -

These tissues are made up of cells which are

When parenchyma is richly supplied with

structurally and functionally similar. These are of

three types -

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

chloroplasts, it is called chlorenchyma.

They are found in leaf mesophyll, sepals,

phyllaclades, phyllodes, cladodes etc. It is
photosynthetic in function and posses
chlorophyll.

Protective tissue (Special)

(A) Parenchyma :
The parenchyma tissue is composed of living
cells which are variable in thin morphology and
physiology but generally having thin wall and a
polyhedral shape and concern with vegetative
activities of the plant.

Chlorenchyma
(B) Collenchyma :

They have inter cellular spaces between them.

It was discovered and coined by schleiden (1839).

They act as storage for food and water.

The cells are living with intercellular space in

between the cells or junctional places filled with
cellulose and pectin.

Generally they are longer than parenchyma

Usually they are known as living mechanical
tissue owing to their supportive functions.

It provides flexibility and strength to young plant

organ.

Parenchyma
Types of Parenchyma :
Aerenchyma In hydrophytes, the intercellular space between
cells become wide & filled with air.

Such a parenchymatous tissue having large air

spaces is called Aerenchyma.

These help in gaseous exchange and provide

buoyancy to plant.

Collenchyma
(C) Sclerenchyma :
They were discovered and coined by
Mettenius (1805).
The cells are long, narrow, pointed at ends, thick
walled and lignified. They are the dead cells.

It impart hardness to plant parts and give

mechanical strength.

Aerenchyma

BIOLOGY
Each stomata is bounded by a pair of specialised
epidermal cells called guard cells.

The stomata allows gaseous exchange to occur

during photosynthesis and respiration.

Structure of Stomata :
Sclerenchyma

Epidermal cell

Subsidiary cells

Stoma

Nucleus

(D) Protective Tissue :

It includes epidermis and cork.
Epidermis It is usually present in the outermost layer of the
plant body such as leaves, flowers, stem and
roots.

Epidermis is one cell thick and is covered with

Chloroplast

cuticle.

Cuticle is a water proof layer of a waxy substance

called cutin which is secreted by epidermal cells.

The main function of epidermis is to protect the

(A)

Guard ells

(B)

(A) Lower epidermis of a leaf to show stomata

(B) Structure of one stomata

plant from desication and infection.

Cork As roots and stem grow older with time (increase

in girth), tissues at the periphery become cork cell.

Cork cells are dead cells and they do not have

any intercellular spaces.

The walls of cork cells are heavily thickened by

the deposition of an organic substance
(a fatty substance), called suberin.

Cork is protective in function. cork cells prevent

desiccation (loss of water from plant body),
infection and mechanical injury.

Cork is produced by cork cambium commereially

it is obtained from oak (quercus suber).

Cork is used for making insulation boards, sports

goods, bottle corks etc.

Stomata Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at some

places due to the presence of small pores, called
stomata.

Opening & Closing of Stomata :

Stomata opens in presence of light, at high
temperature & at low CO2 concentration.

When guard cells becomes turgid stomatal pore

opens , while when they becomes flaccid
stomatal pore closes.
Due to endo-osmosis guard cells becomes
turgid while due to exo-osmosis guard cells
becomes flaccid.
Due to increase in the amount of osmotically
active sugars in guard cells, their osmotic
pressure increases and water enters inside the
cells increasing the turgidity of cells and hence
stomata opens.

When amount of sugar decreases, stomata

closes. Several theories have been proposed by
the scientist to explain the opening and closing
of stomata.

BIOLOGY
(II) Complex Permanent Tissues :
A complex tissues can be defined as a collection
of different types of cells that help in the
performance of a common function.

The important complex tissues in vascular plants

are xylem and phloem. Both these together called
as vascular tissues.

Both these tissues are an assemblage of living

and dead cells and may be primary or secondary,
depending upon their mode of origin.

Complex tissue transport water, mineral salts

(nutrients) and food material to various parts of
plant body.

Complex tissues are of following two

types :

They help in conduction of water in

pteridophytes and gymnosperms and provide
mechanical support plants.

Xylem Vessels The cells are long and tubular with lignified cell
wall.

The cross wall (end wall) at both the ends

dissolves and form a pipe like channel.

They help in ascent of sap in angiosperms.

Xylem Fibre Long and narrow sclerenchymatous fibers with
tapering end. The wall is heavily lignified leaving
a very narrow Lumen.

It provides tensile strength and mechanical

strength.

(A) Xylem :
Its main function is conduction of water and
mineral salts from root to the top of plant.

Primary xylem elements originate from

procambuim of apical meristem.

Secondary xylem elements originate from the

vascular cambium of lateral meristem.

The xylem elements are of 4 types : xylem

tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma.

Xylem Parenchyma They are thin walled living cells present in both
primary and secondary xylem.

They store food materials.

(B) Phloem :
The dead matter in them is known as bast.
Its main function is conduction of food material
from leaves to other plant parts.

The phloem elements are of four type : Sieve

t ub es , C o mp a ni o n
paranchyma.

ce l ls ,

Fi b r e s

an d

Sleve tube

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Phloem
parenchyma
cells

(F)

(A - B) Vessel (C - D) Trachied (E) Fibre

(F) Wood parenchyma

Companion
cell

Sieve tube
plastids

Xylem Tracheids These are lignified and dead cells with bordered
pits.

Callose
Sieve plate
Fig. L. S. OF PHLOEM

BIOLOGY
Sieve Tubes These are living but lack nucleus at maturity.
Cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose.
The transverse walls of sieve tube form sieve
plate.

They help in conduction of food material.

Companion Cells The cells are living, thin walled, narrow and found
attached to the lateral side of sieve element.

They are absent in pteridophytes and

gymnosperms.

They support the sieve tube in transport of food.

Phloem Fibers (bast fibres) These are sclerenchymatous fibers having thick
wall and narrow Luman.

They provide mechanical support to the plant.

Phloem Parenchyma These are living and thin walled cells.

Types of Vascular Bundles :

4.1 Conjoint :
Xylem and phloem elements lie close together
forming a vascular bundle, eg. stems.

There are two types :

(A) Collateral :
When xylem and phloem lie together on the same
radius : xylem being internal and pholem being
external.

They are of two types open and closed vascular

bundles.

When cambuim is present between xylem and

phloem it is open as in dicot and conifer
gymnosperm stems and when there is no
cambium, vascular bundle is said to be closed
Ex. Monocot stems.

(B) Bicollateral :
When two phloem patches are found external

They are absent all monocots and some dicots.

and internal to the centrally placed xylem in a

collateral vascular bundle.

The chief function of parenchyma is to store

Two cambium strips lie between phloem and

food material and other substances like mucilage,

tanins and resins.

4. VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM ::

It is the complex tissue system, consisting mainly
of vascular bundles which are distributed in stele.

The chief constituents of vascular bundle are

xylem, phloem and combium.

The xylem and phloem bundles help in mechanical

support and also in conduction of water, mineral
salts and manufactures food materials.

The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring

around the pith surrounded by endodermis.

The central cylinder is called stele. First formed

xylem is called protoxylem and metaxylem formed
later.

xylem Ex. Cucurbita.

4.2 Concentric :
Xylem and phloem are found in circles, one
covering another. It is of 2 types :

(A) Amphivasal :
Pholem is surrounded by xylem; also called
leptocentric.

Ex. Dracaena and yucca.

(B) Amphicribral :
Xylem is surrounded by phloem ; also called
hadrocentric; eg. polypodium.

Ex. Lycopodium, Selaginella.

4.3 Radial :
Xylem and phloem tissues occur separately on
different radii, eg. roots.

BIOLOGY
(B) Mesarch :

4.4 Exarch, Mesarch and Endarch vascular

Bundles :

Protoxylem is surrounded on both sides by

This classification is based on the relationship

metaxylem eg. Leaf.

of metaxylem and protoxylem.

(C) Endarch :

(A) Exarch :

Protoxylem is located towards the centre and

Protoxylem is located out wardly and metaxylem

metaxylem towards the periphery eg. Stem.

towards the centre eg. roots.

Conjoint
Bicollateral

Collateral
Closed

Phloem

Outer phloem

Open

Cambium

Xylem

Inner
cambium
Inner
phloem

Outer cambium

Concentric
Amphivasal

Amphicribral
Phloem

Phloem

Xylem

Xylem

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VASCULAR BUNDLES

BIOLOGY
ANIMAL TISSUES
5. ANIMAL TISSUE ::

Mayer introduced the term Histology

Definition :
Tissue is assambly of cell with same origin structure
and function.

Historical Account :

Types of Animal Tissues :

Based on the location and function, the animal tissue
are classified into Four types -

Bichat introduced the term tissue.

[Link].

Marcello Malpighi is the Founder of

Histology.

Type

Origin

Function

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Ectoderm, Endoderm,
Mesoderm
Mesoderm

3
4

Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

Protection, Secretion,
absorption etc.
Support, binding, storage
protection, circulation
Contraction and movement
Conduction and Irritability

Mesoderm
Ectoderm
(from neural plate )

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple epithelia
(One-cell thick)

Compound epithelia
(Many-cell thick)

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated

Squamous

Keratinized

Nonkeratinized

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Skeletal tissues

Connective tissues
proper

Vascular tissues
Bone

Cartilage

Blood

Lymph

Areolar Adipose White fibrous Yellow fibrous

tissue
tissue
tissue
tissue

NERVOUS TISSUES
Neurons

Neuroglia cells

MUSCULAR TISSUES
Viscral

Cardiac

Skeletal

BIOLOGY
5.1 Epithelial Tissue :
Covering and Lining Epithelium :
Covering and lining epithelium are classified on the
basis of arrangement of layers cell shapes and
functions.

SUMMARY CHART OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

S tructure

Location

Function

A lveoli, Bowman's
caps ule, blood ves s el
(endothelium) heart,
vis ceral and peritoneal
lining of coelom
(mes othelium)

Filtration, abs orption

and s eceretion

Surface of ovary, inner

s urface of cornea and
lens of eye, kidney
tubules s alivary and
pancreatic ducts and
thyroid ves icles .

Secretion and
abs orption.

Lines s tomach, s mall and

large intes tine, diges tive
glands and gallbladder.

Secretion and
abs orption.

Oviduct, fallopian tube,

neurocoel of CNS, few
portions of upper
res piratory tract.

M ovement of gametes ,
cerebros pinal fluid and
mucus by ciliary
action.

S imple S quamous

Single layer of flat s cale-like

cells , large centrally located
nucleus .

S imple cuboidal

Single layer of cube-s haped

cells , centrally located
nucleus

S imple Columnar (Nonciliated)

Single layer of nonciliated
rectangular cells , contains
goblet cells nuclei at bas es
of cells .
S imple Columnar (Ciliated)
Single layer of ciliated
rectangular cells , contain
goblet cells , nuclei at bas es
of cells .
S tratified S quamous

Non k eratinized

M outh, oes ophagus , part

Several layers of cells , deep
of epiglottis and vagina.
layers are cuboidal to
columnar, s urface layers flat
Keratinized
and s cale-like.
Dry s urface of s kin.

Protection and
abs orption

Imperneable to water

Diagram

BIOLOGY
Discharged cell is replaced by new cell, eg.

(A) Glands -

sebaceous gland.

Definition :
A cell, a tissue or an organ which secretes certain
chemical compounds required for particular
functions is called a gland.

Glands in a vertebrate body may originate from

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

(d) Apocrine :
Secretory products accumulate at the apical
margin.

It pinches off from rest of the cell.

The cell repairs the lost part eg. mammary glands.

Cell of the gland are secretory in nature.

(e) Merocrine :

Types of Glands :

No damage to the cell secretion diffuses out

through the cell surface eg. pancreas, salivary
gland.

On basis of presence of absente of duct.

(a) Exocrine gland gland with duct eg. salivary, tear, gastric and

5.2 Muscular Tissue :

Locomotion and movements are due to muscular

intestinal glands.

tissues contain highly contractile muscle cells.

(b) Endocrine gland Gland without ducts, secrete hormones passing

directly to blood eg. pituitary, thyroids, adrenals
etc.

On basis of mode of secretion.

(c) Holocrine :
Complete cell is filled with secretory products.
The cell dies and discharges the contents.

It is made up of muscle fibres.

On the basis of their structures and functions,
they can be divided as striated, unstriated and
cardiac muscles.

Muscle is a contractile tissue which brings about

movements, regarded as motors of the body.

Muscle cells are elongated slender like cells and

called muscle fibres.

The muscles are of three types : as compared

below :
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF STRIATED UNSTRIATED AND CARDIAC MUSCLES
Characteristics

Striped

Unstriped

Cardiac

Location

Occur in the body wall, limbs,

tongue, pharynx and
beginning of oesophagus

Occur in the wall of hollow

viscera, iris of the eye and
dermis of the skin.

Occur in the walls of

heart, pulmonary veins
and superior venacava.

Other names

Also called striated, skeletal

and voluntary muscle fibres

Also called non-striated,

smooth, visceral and
involuntary muscle fibres.

Also called heart muscle

fibres.

Shape

Cylindrical

Spindle

Cylindrial

Action

Voluntary

Involuntary

Involuntary

Light & Dark

bands

Present

Absent

Absent

Branching

Absent

Absent

Present

BIOLOGY
5.3 Connective Tissues :
Tissues which bind together the various tissues
in an organ to support different parts of the
body and form packaging around different
organs.

5.4 Connective Tissue Proper :

It includes fatty tissues.
Areolar Tissues It is the simplest type of connective tissue
distributed widely in the body of animals.
(Areolar tissue is found between skin and
muscles).

(b) Yellow fibrous connective tissue It is made up of a matrix containing only elastic
fibres.

Ex.- Ligaments (connecting two bones).

5.5 Skeletal Connective Tissue :

The skeletal or supporting tissue includes cartilage
and bone which form the endoskeleton of vertebrate
body. It is of two types :
(A) Cartilage

(B) Bones

(A) Cartilage :
Cartilage is semirigid skeletal connective tissue.

It consists of the matrix, fibres and some cells.

Type of Cartilage :

(a) Matrix -

Hyaline Cartilage -

It is sticky mass of amorphous (transparent) semi-

It is most primitive cartilage type.

solid and jelly-like ground substances in which

fibres and cells remained embedded.

(b) Fibres They are of two types :

White collagen fibres

Yellow elastic fibres

Its matrix is transparent, homogenous and pearly

white or bluish green in colour.

It gives glass like appearance.

Occurence :
Hyaline cartilage is found at End of limb bone Nasal
septum.

(c) Cells

Perichondrium

Fibroblast - Form matrix and fibres.

Chondroblast
Matrix

Mast cell - Secrete histamine heparin and

serotonin.

Lacuna
White Fibres

Adipose Tissue Fibroblast cells become enlarged, and small fat

Nest of
Chondroblasts

globules in these cells join together to form a

large globule.

It helps in maintaing the body temperature.

It also acts as a shock absorber.
It occurs beneath the skin and in the connective
tissue surrounding the heart and kidney.

(a) White fibrous connective tissue It is made up of a matrix containing bundles of

collagen fibres which are almost in elastic and
has a great tensile strengt.

Ex. Tendons (Connecting muscle to bone).

[Link]

White Fibrous Cartilage Its matrix is rich in bundles of this thick white
collagen fibres.

It is toughest and less flexible.

Occurence :
White fibrous cartilage is found at Intervertebral disc
which acts as shock absorber.

BIOLOGY
Yellow Elastic Cartilage -

(b) Cartilagenous bones or replacing bones :

Its matrix is packed with yellow or elastic fibres.

These bones are formed by ossification of the

cartilage, eg. girdle bones, limb bones.

It appears yellow and opaque.

(c) Sesamoid bone :

Occurence :

These bones are formed by ossification of the

tendon, eg. patella and fabella located on the knee
cap.

It is found in pinna of ear and at the tip of nose.

Calcified Cartilage It calcified cartilage matrix is deposited with calcium

5.6 Vascular Tissue :

salt.

It is brittle, inelastic and very hard.

Occurence :
It is found in the suprascapula of pectoral girdle of frog,
Vertebrae of shark.

(B) Bone :

Fluid Connective Tissue :

Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of
body and maintains a continuity in the body. It
includes blood and lymph.

(A) Blood It is a fluid connective tissue.

The bone cells are of following there kinds -

(a) Bone forming cells (osteoblast)

BLOOD

(b) Bone maintaining cells (osteocyte)

(c) Bone dissolving cells (osteoclast)
Type of bone :

Plasma
Serum

Corpuscle
Protein

(a) Dermal bones or membranous bones (investing bones) :

These bones are formed by ossification of the
dermis of the bone, eg. Phalanges and Clavicle.
Articular ligament
Synovial fluid
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Marrow cavity
Marrow
Shaft

RBC

WBC

Granulocyte

Platelet

Agranulocyte

Functions of blood Blood transports nutrients, hormones and

vitamins to the tissues and transports excretory
products from the tissues to the liver and kidney.

The red blood corpuscles (RBCs) carry oxygen

to the tissues for the oxidation of food stuff.

The white blood cells (WBCs) fight disease

either by engulfing and destroying foreign bo
dies or by producing antitoxins and antibodies
that neutralise and harmful effects of germs.

Granulocytes include neutorphils, eosinophils

Compact bone
Periosteum

and basophils.

Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and

monocytes.

Blood platelets disintegrate at the site of injury

Blood vessel

PARTS OFALONGBONE

and help in the clotting of blood.

BIOLOGY
It is made of highly specialised cells called nerve

(B) Lymph -

cells or neurons.

Nature :
Lymph is a colourless fluid that has filtered out
of the blood capillaries. Red blood corpuscles
and some blood proteins are absent in it. In the
lymph, white blood cells are found in abundance.

It has the ability to receive stimuli from within or

outside the body.

It conducts impulse to different parts of the body

which travels from one neuron to another neuron.

Functions :

Nerve cell do not divide.

Lymph transports the nutrients (oxygen, glucose)

Each neuron has following three parts -

that may have filtered out of the blood capillaries

back into the heart to be recirculated in the body.

The cyton or cell body which contains a central

It brings CO2 and nitrogenous wastes from tissue

fluid to blood.

The dendrons which are short processes arising

5.7 Nervous Tissue :

from the cyton and further branching into

dendrites.

Characteristics Brain, Spinal cord and nerves are all composed

of nervous tissue.

Single long process is called axon.

5.7.1 Neuroglia or Glial Cells :

Dendrite
Nissil granules
Nucleolus
Neurofibrils

Nucleus

Dendron
Cell body or
cyton

Mitochindrion

Axon
Nucleus

nucleus and cytoplasm with characteristic deeply

stained particles, called Nissls granules
(i.e. RER).

Neurofibril node
(Node of ranvier)
Neurilemma
Myelin sheath of
schwann cell
Axolemma

Synaptic bulb
Axon terminal

NEURON OR NERVE FIBRE

These are non nervous cells which lie between

the neurons of CNS, ganglia and retina of the
eye.

These are many times (10 times approx) more

numerous than neurons.

BIOLOGY
EXERCISE - 1

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS

C. LONG ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS

(More than 6070 words)

Q.1

Define a tissue ?

Q.2

What is Histology ?

Q.3

Which tissue is involved in the transportation of

water in plants ?

Q.4

Which tissue is responsible for the formation of

Aerenchyma ?

Q.5

Write fuction of phloem ?

Q.6

Give main function of sclerenchyma ?

Q.7

Name four types of xylem elements ?

Q.8

Name fluid connective tissue ?

Q.16

Differentiate between striped, unstriped and

cardiac muscle.

Q.17

Name the componants and state the function of

xylem tissue.
Write the functions of simple permanent tissue
in plants ?

Q.18

Q.19

How many types of elements are present in the

phloem ? Name tham.

Q.20

What is vascular bundle ? Give the structure of

various types of vascular bundles with well
labelled diagrams and examples ?

D. FILL IN THE BLANKS

Q.9

What is the nature of mammary gland on the

basis of mode of secretion ?

Q.10

Mention two function of nervous tissue.

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS

(About 3040 words)
Q.11

What is tendon. State its function ?

Q.12

Give two difference between blood and lymph ?

Q.13

What is parenchyma ? How does it differ from

sclerenchyma ?

Q.14

Name the complex tissue in plants. State their

function ?

Q.15

Q.21

Water and minerals are conducted by ............ in

plants.

Q.22

In higher plants food is conducted by....................

Q.23

Blood is a................tissue.

Q.24

A tendon attaches a ........... to a ............. .

Q.25

Cardiac muscle is found in ............. .

E. TRUE OR FALSE
Q.26

Mast cell secrete Heparin.

Q.27

Osteoblast form bone.

Q.28

Alveoli is lined with columnar epithelium.

Q.29

White blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues for

the oxidation of food stuff.

Q.30

Pinna is formed of cartilage.

Q.31

Unstriped muscles occur in the wall of hollow

viscera, iris of eye and dermis of the skin.

What is exocrine gland ?

BIOLOGY
Q.32

Yellow fibres provide elasticity to the tissues.

Q.33

Parenchyma is a dead tissue.

Q.34

Lymphocyte and monocyte are granulocytes.

Q.43

Blood cells which deal with immune reaction.

-

Q.44

Blood RBC

F. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

H. MATCH THE COLUMNS
Q.35

White fibres of connective tissue are made up

of
(a) Elastin
(b) Reticular fibre
(c) Collagen
(d) Myosin

Q.36

Fluid part of blood after removal of corpuscles

is
(a) Plasma
(b) Lymph
(c) Serum
(d) Vaccine

Q.37

Which type of tissue forms glands ?

(a) Epithelial
(b) Connective
(c) Nervous
(d) Muscle

Q.38

Exocrine gland is
(a) Liver
(b) Pancreas
(c) Thymus
(d) Adrenal

Q.39

Which of the following tissues is composed of

mainly dead cells ?
(a) Phloem
(b) Epidermis
(c) Xylem
(d) Endodermis

G. FILL THE BOX WITH APPROPRIATE WORD

Q.40

Cells of plant tissue capable of division.

-

Q.41

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Each of the tissues listed in the left hand column

is related to one of the words in the right hand
column.
Column - I
Column - II
Squamous epitheium
a. Tip of nose
Elastic cartilage
b. Blood capillary
Columnar epithelum
c. Intestine
Granulocyte
d. Coelomic lining
Agranulocyte
e. Eosinophill
f. Monocyte
g. Platelet
h. Tip of bones

I. ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

The following questions consist of two statement
each : assertion (A) and reason (R). To answer these
questions, mark the correct alternative as described
below :
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not correct
explanation of A.
(c) If A is false but R is true.
(d) If both A and R are false.

Plant tissue concerned with the transportation of

food.

Q.42

Q.45

Q.46

A : In dicot stem, the vascular bundles are open.

R : Cambium is present between xylem and
phloem of vascular bundle in dicot stem.

Q.47

A : Exocrine gland are without ducts secrete

hormones passing directly to blood.
R : Endocrine gland are with duct.

Plant tissue concerned with conduction of water

and minerals.

BIOLOGY

EXERCISE - 2

A. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1

Primary tissues of a plant

(a) Are present only in embryo
(b) Are present only in the seedling
(c) Are responsible for adding to the length of
roots and shoots
(d) Are responsible for adding to the diameter of
existing roots and shoots

Q.2

Which of the following tissues is composed of

dead cells
(a) Ground tissue
(b) Xylem
(c) Phloem
(d) Epidermis

Q.3

Collenchyma is
(a) Commonly present in roots
(b) Always present in roots
(c) Rarely present in roots
(d) Never present in roots

Q.4

Q.5

White fibres connects

(a) Cartilage with muscle
(b) Bone with muscle
(c) Cartilage with muscle
(d) Bone with bone
Neuroglia in nervous system is a type of
(a) Vascular tissue
(b) Actin
(c) Muscular tissue
(d) Connective tissue

Q.7

Lymph can be defined as

(a) Blood minus plasma
(b) Blood minus RBCs
(c) Blood minus WBCs
(d) Blood without RBCs

Q.8

Aerenchyma is found is
(a) Sciophytes
(b) Hydrilla
(c) Lithophytes
(d) Hydrophytes

Q.9

Which is not a component of xylem ?

(a) Tracheid
(b) Companion cell
(c) Sieve tube
(d) Wood parenchyma

Q.10

Aerenchyma provides
(a) Flexibility of plants
(b) Buoyancy to plants
(c) Mechanical strength to plants
(d) Help floating

C. PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

PASSAGE (Q.11 TO Q. 15)
This tissue is of mesodermal origin whose main
function is allow movement & locomotion. It is of
three types. Type I is present in pumping organ of
body. Type II is present in internal organs and type
III remain attached to skeleton.

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.11

Identify the tissue discussed above ?

Q.6

Q.12

Name type-I tissue & give its two characters ?

Q.13

Name type II and give its two characters ?

Q.14

Name type III and its two characters ?

Q.15

Name another tissue of mesodermal origin.

Nerve is
(a) A group of fibres bound by a membrane
(b) A group of fibres bound together by loose
connective tissue
(c) A group of neurons only
(d) None of these

BIOLOGY
ANSWER
EXERCISE -1
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS

F. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.

35. a
38. a

A group of cells having a common origin and

performing similar functions are called tissue.
2. Study of tissue is Histrology.
3. Xylem.
4. Parenchyma
5. Transport of food material.
6. Mechanical and protective in function.
7. Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres.
8. Blood and Lymph.
9. Apocrine
10. Excitability and conductivity.

36. a
39. c

36. a

37. a

G. FILL THE BOX WITH APPROPRIATE WORD

40. Meristematic tissue
42. Xylem
44. Lymph

41. Phloem
43. Lymph

H. MATCH THE COLUMNS

45. 1-b, d ;

2-a ;

3-c ;

4-f ;

5-e

I. ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

D. FILL IN THE BLANKS
21. Xylem
23. Connective
25. Heart

46. a

47. d

22. Phloem
24. Muscle and Bone

E. TRUE OR FALSE
26. True
29. False
32. True

27. True
30. True
33. False

28. False
31. True
34. False

EXERCISE -2
C. PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

A. SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1.
4.

c
b

2.
5.

b
d

3.

B. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

6.

7.

b, d

9.

b, c

10. b, d

8.

b, d

PASSAGE (Q.11 TO Q. 15)

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Muscular
Cardiac Muscle
Visceral - It is spindle shaped and involuntary.
Skeletal - it is voluntary and striated.
Connective.