Name Chapter 1--Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

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Question 1

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Question According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with:
Answer
stress
impaired functioning
culturally expected responses
psychotic symptoms
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Question 2

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Question In regard to the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that:
Answer
no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality
personal distress is the one criterion that defines abnormality
the criteria differ depending on the cause of the psychological disorder
the criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction
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Question 3

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Question The criterion that a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality because:
Answer
behavior that occurs infrequently is considered abnormal in every culture
society is less willing to tolerate eccentricity in people who are productive
behaviors vary very little from one culture to another
many people behave in ways that deviate from the average but this doesn't mean that they have a disorder
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Question 4

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Question Which of the following degrees is earned by a psychiatrist?

Answer
Ph.D.
Ed.D.
M.D.
Psy.D.
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Question 5

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Question Behaviors which deviate from the norm:

Answer
are always seen as a disorder if they violate social norms
always constitute a disorder
are typically seen as a disorder when they impair function
are never judged on the basis of the person who does them
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Question 6

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Question The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ____ as described in DSM-IV.
Answer
theoretical perspectives on abnormality
treatments for mental disorders
causes of mental illness
diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders
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Question 7

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Question The behavior of a male rock star who wears heavy make-up is likely to be seen:
Answer
as more abnormal than that of a business man who suddenly starts to do so
as less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success
as less abnormal than that of a female who wears make-up every day
as just as abnormal as that of the business man who starts wearing make-up
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Question 8

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Question The scientific study of psychological disorders is called:

Answer
psychopathology
psychoanalysis
pseudoscience
parapsychology
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Question 9

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Question After college graduation two of your friends are interested in careers in the helping professions. Anna wants to become a
psychiatrist; Carl plans on becoming a psychologist. Since you are taking a course in Abnormal Psychology, they ask you for career
advice. You would tell:
Answer
Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level

Carl to apply to medical school and Anna to study psychology at the graduate level
both of them to apply to medical school
both of them to apply to graduate school
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Question 10

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Question All of the following are ways in which mental health professionals might function as scientist-practitioners EXCEPT:
Answer
analyzing their own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems
evaluating their own assessments and treatments for effectiveness
conducting research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments
using the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures
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Question 11

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Question As used by clinical psychologists, the term "presenting problem" is used to indicate the problem that:
Answer
the patient thinks is most severe
has lasted the longest amount of time
the therapist thinks is most severe
first brought the individual to therapy
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Question 12

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Question Prevalence refers to:

Answer
how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder
how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time
the percentage of males and females who have a disorder
how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time
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Question 13

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Question Incidence refers to:

Answer
how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder
how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time
the percentage of males and females who have a disorder
how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time
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Question 14

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Question A male college student began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, he finds himself
feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his
situation?
Answer
personal distress
cultural factors
impaired functioning
violation of societal norms
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Question 15

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Question Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know
how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the ____ of the disorder.
Answer
prevalence
incidence
recurrence
ratio
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Question 16

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Question In terms of their typical course, schizophrenia follows a chronic course, while mood disorders, including depression, follow a
(n) ____ course.
Answer
episodic
time-limited
guarded
insidious
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Question 17

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Question If a psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset, it means that the symptoms developed:
Answer
suddenly
atypically
gradually
following a previous period of recovery
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Question 18

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Question When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it

would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's:

Answer
diagnosis
prognosis
psychosocial profile
pathology
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Question 19

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Question Developmental psychopathology refers to the study of changes in:

Answer
abnormal behavior
normal behavior
children's behavior, both normal and abnormal
normal adolescent behavior
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Question 20

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Question A disorder which comes on slowly is said to have a(n) ____ onset:
Answer
acute
chronic
insidious
overt
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Question 21

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Question As part of the integrative multidimensional perspective of the textbook, treatments for mental disorders are described:
Answer
in general terms
in association with specific disorders
in separate chapters that focus on different treatment approaches
only for severe cases
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Question 22

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Question At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural
causes that include all of the following EXCEPT:
Answer
magnetic fields
demons and evil spirits
bodily humors
the moon and stars
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Question 23

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Question The biological and psychological models or theories of abnormality derived originally from the ancient Greek concept in which
the:
Answer
mind was considered separate from the body
flow of bodily fluids affected behavior and personality
female reproductive organs were associated with psychopathology
movement of the planets influenced human behavior
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Question 24

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Question Since the time of ancient Greece, the concept of a psyche or soul was similar to that of the:
Answer
brain
mind
body
blood
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Question 25

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Question Towards the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th century, the causes of "madness" were generally attributed
to:
Answer
toxins in the blood
religious delusions
brain disease
demons and witches
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Question 26

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Question Which of the following accurately describes common beliefs about people with psychological disorders during the
14thcentury?
Answer
they were considered to be suffering from religious delusions and were cared for by members of the church communities
they were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes
they were regarded as basically good individuals who were not responsible for their abnormal behavior
they were provided with medical treatments and sometimes hospitalized because mental illness was regarded as
equivalent to physical illness
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Question 27

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Question During the Middle Ages, as well as at other times, mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual
called exorcism in order to:
Answer
cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious
build up muscle strength and make the person healthier
rid the individual's body of evil spirits
prove that the person was not a witch
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Question 28

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Question The treatment given to the mentally ill King Charles VI of France showed that the causes of his disorder were attributed to
____ phenomena.
Answer
natural
supernatural
both natural and supernatural
neither natural nor supernatural
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Question 29

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Question The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept
of ____ as a cause of madness.
Answer
divine punishment
faith healing
hysteria
sorcery
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Question 30

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Question One hot and humid night one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things. You look up at the sky and then say:
"It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word ____ is derived.
Answer
lunatic
idiot
maniac
psychopath
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Question 31

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Question The historic belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, the stars, and the planets influence human behavior is
still held by followers of the pseudoscience called ____.
Answer
graphology
parapsychology
astronomy
astrology
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Question 32

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Question The Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC) suggested that psychological disorders could be negatively influenced by factors
such as:
Answer
family stress
supernatural forces
religion
birth order
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Question 33

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Question Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of psychopathology suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates (400
BC)?
Answer
head injury
brain pathology
genetics
spirit possession
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Question 34

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Question You are listening to old musical tunes including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that
"melancholic," referring to a depressive personality, derives from a Greek word meaning:
Answer
blood
phlegm
yellow bile
black bile
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Question 35

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Question According to Hippocrates' humoral theory, the "choleric" personality is:

Answer
hot-tempered
easy going

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kind
cheap
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Question 36

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Question Based on Hippocrates' humoral theory, "sanguine" describes a person who is:
Answer
pessimistic
pale
cheerful
humorous
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Question 37

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Question Bloodletting, a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors, was accomplished with the use of:
Answer
needles
leeches
tourniquets
bacteria
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Question 38

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Question In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by:
Answer
marriage
pregnancy
childbirth
divorce
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Question 39

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Question In ancient Greece, "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by:
Answer
increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to heat, dryness, moisture or cold
herbal remedies
decreasing both caloric and liquid intake
lowering the person's body temperature for extended periods of time
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Question 40

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Question Induced vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression. As described in "Anatomy of Melancholy," (1621) this could be
accomplished by eating:
Answer
raw meat
ice
coal
tobacco
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Question 41

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Question Somatoform disorders, a current DSM-IV classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect:
Answer
adult males only
adult females only
both males and females of any age
children only
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Question 42

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Question In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century, a physician treating King Charles VI of France
had him moved to the countryside in order to:
Answer
be closer to a hospital that treated mental illness
keep him away from his family
restore the balance in his humors
cure him of hysteria
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Question 43

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Question In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout
history have used treatments such as:
Answer
bloodletting
induced seizures
exorcism
drilling through the skull
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Question 44

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Question The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now
associated with which DSM-IV classification?
Answer

anxiety disorders
neurosis
PMS
somatoform disorders
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Question 45

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Question The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of:
Answer
the "wandering uterus"
an "incompetent cervix"
"penis envy"
"pelvic dysfunction"
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Question 46

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Question Until the 1970's hysterical disorders were diagnosed only in women. In fact the term "hysteria" derives from the Greek
hysteron which means:
Answer
ovary
uterus
pregnancy
vagina
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Question 47

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Question The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the
psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes: ____.
Answer
malaria
Alzheimer's disease
syphilis
hysteria
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Question 48

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Question General paresis is now known as:

Answer
syphilis
AIDS
cancer
paralysis
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Question 49

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Question In the 19th century United States, John Gray, a well-known psychiatrist, believed that mental illness was due to:
Answer
psychological factors
physical causes
social/environmental influences
unknown influences
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Question 50

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Question In the 1930s when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, ____ began to be used
instead.
Answer
bromides
electroconvulsive therapy
megavitamin therapy
moral therapy
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Question 51

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Question Louis Pasteur is known for stating that diseases are caused by
Answer
mosquitoes
humors
diet
germs
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Question 52

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Question The first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders were developed in the:
Answer
late 19th century
early 20th century
1950s
1990s
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Question 53

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Question In the 1800s, an important research and clinical publication read by psychiatrists in the United States was titled:
Answer
Case Studies in Mental Illness
American Journal of Madness
American Journal of Insanity
Lunatics in America
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Question 54

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Question With the discovery of the major tranquilizers called ____, psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and
aggressiveness, were able to be controlled.
Answer
neuroleptics
benzodiazepines
bromides
opiates
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Question 55

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Question Benzodiazepines, or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium, are effective in reducing the symptoms of:
Answer
depression
anxiety
schizophrenia
hysteria
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Question 56

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Question In the late 1800's the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder resulted ironically in reduced interest in treatments
for mental patients because it was thought that:
Answer
physicians should devote more time to the physically ill
patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized
the hospital staff was not adequately trained to administer new treatments
mental illness due to brain pathology was incurable
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Question 57

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Question In contrast to the asylums of the early 18th century, the psychosocial approach called moral therapy advocated all of the
following EXCEPT:
Answer
restraint and seclusion
normal social interaction
individual attention from the hospital staff
lectures on interesting subjects for hospitalized patients
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Question 58

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Question After Philippe Pinel introduced moral therapy as a treatment in mental hospitals in France, a similar type of socially facilitative
environment was first established in a U.S. hospital by:
Answer
Benjamin Rush
William Tuke
Joseph von Medina
Manfred Sakel
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Question 59

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Question The idea that psychological disorders could be classified based on their symptoms, onset, time course and cause is
attributed to:
Answer
Anton Mesner
Emil Kraepelin
John Grey
Dorothea Dix
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Question 60

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Question After the mid 1800s, moral therapy declined as a treatment for the mentally ill because:
Answer
the number of patients in mental institutions also declined
immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population
the number of people available to staff mental hospitals increased
new biologically based treatments became available
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Question 61

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Question You have been asked to give a report on the mental hygiene movement and its foremost crusader Dorothea Dix, who
campaigned for more humane treatment of the insane. After mentioning all of her accomplishments you note the unforeseen
consequence of her efforts, namely:
Answer
a decrease in the number of mental patients in institutions, forcing many to close
an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them
a change from custodial care to moral therapy for institutionalized patients
more patients receiving psychotherapy and fewer receiving medication

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Question 62

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Question Anton Mesmer, an early 18th century physician, purported to be effecting cures in patients by unblocking their flow of a bodily
fluid he called "animal magnetism." In fact, any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to:
Answer
undetectable magnetic fields
chemically induced humoral balance
mental telepathy
the power of suggestion
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Question 63

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Question A "double blind" experiment to ascertain the effectiveness of animal magnetism therapy was conducted by:
Answer
Philippe Pinel
Anton Mesmer
Sigmund Freud
Benjamin Franklin
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Question 64

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Question Moral treatment for mental patients involved:

Answer
treating institutionalized patients as humanely as possible
judging abnormal behavior on the basis of moral values
the use of negative consequences to shape behavior
isolating institutionalized patients until they behaved morally
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Question 65

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Question Which of the following accurately describes the patients of Freud and Breur after they received hypnotherapy for their
psychological disorders?
Answer
feelings of relief and improvement
decreased emotionality while in the hypnotic state
accurate post-hypnotic recall
increased understanding of the causes of their psychological disorder
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Question 66

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Question Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer and Freud
hypothesized the existence of ____, a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology.
Answer
neurosis
the unconscious mind
the Electra complex
catharsis
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Question 67

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Question In using hypnosis to treat patients with psychological disorders, Freud discovered:
Answer
that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events
that patients are unable to process emotionally charged information
that hypnosis was less effective than mesmerism
the existence of conscious memories
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Question 68

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Question In the classic case of Anna O. in 1895, the neurologist Breuer treated her "hysterical" symptoms by using:
Answer
hydrotherapy
hypnosis
faith healing
the placebo effect
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Question 69

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Question Which of the following is NOT included as part of Freud's structure of the mind?
Answer
id
psyche
superego
ego
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Question 70

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Question In Freudian theory "libido" and "thanatos" represent the two basic but opposing drives of:
Answer
life and death
sex and celibacy
good and evil
pleasure and pain

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Question 71

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Question You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how someone could commit such a
horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud, anyone could be a killer or rapist if ____
impulses were not well controlled.
Answer
egoistic
phallic
id
mesmeric
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Question 72

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Question Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id, many people think of it as the:
Answer
death instinct
sex drive
conscience
Oedipal conflict
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Question 73

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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, the ____ develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real
world while still finding ways to meet our basic needs.
Answer
ego
superego
libido
ideal self
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Question 74

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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," so it:
Answer
adheres to social rules and regulations
thinks in an unemotional, logical and rational manner
is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious
utilizes secondary process thinking
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Question 75

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Question A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. You respond
by saying that:
Answer
each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically
id fantasies never become reality
psychologists disproved Freud's theories a long time ago
since id impulses are usually part of consciousness awareness, we can learn to control them
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Question 76

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Question If you were asked to explain Freud's structure of the mind to a friend who was unfamiliar with psychology, you might use an
organizational analogy in which the id would be the employee who comes to work late and takes very long lunch hours, the superego
would be the building security guard, and the ego would be:
Answer
a newly hired employee
a recently fired employee
a manager
a salesperson
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Question 77

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Question Primary thought processes are typically associated with:

Answer
id
ego
superego
defense mechanisms
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Question 78

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Question The ego is thought to operate according to the

Answer
reality principle
internal principle
moral principle
pleasure principle
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Question 79

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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, the conflicts between the id and the superego often lead to feelings of:
Answer
anxiety
desire

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depression
anger
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Question 80

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Question According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defense, which function as:
Answer
reality-based actions
unconscious protective processes
conscious efforts to maintain control
primitive emotional responses
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Question 81

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Question As used in modern terminology to reflect coping styles, defense mechanisms:

Answer
can be either adaptive or maladaptive
are always maladaptive
are never adaptive
are always self-defeating
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Question 82

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Question Which of the following is an example of the maladaptive, self-defeating type of defensive mechanism?
Answer
a phobia
sublimation
a hallucinatory experience
amnesia
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Question 83

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Question In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual unconsciously block disturbing wishes, thoughts or
experiences from awareness?
Answer
rationalization
reaction formation
repression
displacement
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Question 84

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Question Accusing your partner of being mad at you after they have aggravated you is an example of:
Answer
displacement
sublimation
repression
projection
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Question 85

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Question In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings,
impulses, or thoughts to another person?
Answer
denial
projection
displacement
sublimation
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Question 86

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Question Playing a rough game of football after a bad day at school is an example of:
Answer
denial
displacement
sublimation
repression
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Question 87

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Question According to psychoanalytic theory, the conflicts between the id and the superego often lead to feelings of:
Answer
anxiety
desire
depression
anger
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Question 88

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Question Mrs. B. received a very poor rating by her supervisor who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When
she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. She responded by yelling: "Leave me alone! Can't you see I'm tired?"
According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as:
Answer
displacement

projection
repression
rationalization
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Question 89

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Question A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the
Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the ____ stage.
Answer
oral
anal
phallic
genital
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Question 90

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Question The Oedipus complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development, is characterized by a threeto five-year-old boy who:
Answer
represses his need for genital self-stimulation
loves his mother but has feelings of anger and envy toward his father
loves his father but has feelings of anger and envy toward his mother
fantasizes about tragic Greek heroes
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Question 91

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Question The Electra complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls, is characterized by:
Answer
castration anxiety
Oedipal conflicts
penis envy
latency lust
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Question 92

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Question Which of the following is NOT related to the "collective unconscious" in Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theory?
Answer
accumulated wisdom of society
genetic inheritance of personality traits
individual storage of cultural memories
passing of memories from one generation to another
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Question 93

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Question Borderline Personality Disorder, in which some behavior "borders" on being out of touch with reality, was first associated with
the ideas of:
Answer
Otto Kernberg
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
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Question 94

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Question In their theories about human nature, psychoanalysts Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both:
Answer
regarded human nature as possessing many negative qualities
completely accepted Freud's ideas
believed that there were no barriers to the internal and external growth of the individual
emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization
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Question 95

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Question Anna Freud (1895-1982), a well-known psychoanalyst who developed the concept of "ego psychology," was Sigmund
Freud's:
Answer
wife
sister
cousin
daughter
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Question 96

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Question All of the following are included in the psychoanalytic theories of Carl Jung EXCEPT:
Answer
collective unconscious
sexual drives
spiritual and religious drives
introversion/extroversion
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Question 97

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Question Which of the following is an accurate statement about "stage" theories of development?

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Answer

In Freudian theory, sexual arousal and interest occur during the latency stage.
In Erikson's theory, development occurs across the life span.
In Freudian theory, intrapsychic conflicts are resolved in early childhood.
In Erikson's theory, the final stage of development begins at about age 50.
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Question 98

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Question In psychoanalytic psychotherapy it is important for patients to:

Answer
keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves
make eye contact with the psychoanalyst
describe the content of their dreams to the analyst
remain emotionally detached from the analyst
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Question 99

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Question Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it:
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emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction
requires a long term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed
focuses on social and interpersonal issues
considers past experiences important
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Question 100

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Question Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique:
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is basically unscientific
has been proven effective
has been subject to careful measurement criteria
is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation
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Question 101

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Question The "object" in the object relations school of thought refers to:
Answer
important people in your life
material objects in your home
unconscious processes
Natural objects such as trees
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Question 102

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Question According to object relations theory the objects in your world are either:
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introjected into your ego or assigned conflicting roles in your identity
encompassed in or out of your identity
incorporated in the ego or the super ego
realistic or unrealistic
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Question 103

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Question The concepts of "self-actualizing" and "hierarchy of needs" are associated with the theories of:
Answer
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Carol Jung
Melanie Klein
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Question 104

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Question Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers?
Answer
unconditional positive regard
hierarchy of needs
empathy
person-centered therapy
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Question 105

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Question Humanistic therapists regard ____ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth.
Answer
therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations
relationships (including the therapeutic relationship)
self-esteem
intellectual and moral development
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Question 106

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Question The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by:

Answer
humanistic psychology
psychoanalysis

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Jungian psychology
the behavioral model
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Question 107

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Question Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology?
Answer
introspection (Titchener)
dream analysis (Freud)
systematic desensitization (Wolpe)
conditioning of a fear response (Pavlov)
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Question 108

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Question Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal
psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and well-established treatment. You advise her that ____, based on the mid
20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure.
Answer
systematic desensitization
person centered therapy
exorcism
aversive conditioning
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Question 109

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Question When scientific principles of psychology are applied to clinical problems or psychopathology the procedures implemented are
called:
Answer
clinical psychology
behavior therapy
scientific psychology
the law of effect
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Question 110

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Question The concepts of "self-actualizing" and "hierarchy of needs" are most closely associated with the theories of:
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Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
Melanie Klein
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Question 111

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Question Unconditional positive regard is critical to the:

Answer
object relations approach
humanistic approach
psychoanalytic approach
behavioral approach
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Question 112

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Question A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to:

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be very directive with clients
analyze the client's dreams
emphasize the consequences of the client's actions
take a passive role in their interactions
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Question 113

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Question According to Classical Conditioning, learning occurs when:

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a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
a stimulus is followed by positive consequences
a response is accepted unconditionally
a stimulus and an object are paired together
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Question 114

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Question When a behavior becomes paired with a previously neutral stimulus it is called a(n):
Answer
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
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Question 115

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Question In Classical Conditioning the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period
of time would eventually lead to the:
Answer
extinction of the conditioned response

elimination of the conditioned response

shaping of the conditioned response
forgetting of the response
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Question 116

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Question Which of the following psychologists is well known for conditioning a child named little Albert to fear white rats, beards, and
fur?
Answer
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
John Watson
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Question 117

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Question Operant Conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that:
Answer
behavior operates on the environment
people operate independently of experiences in the real world
conditioning is an unconscious operation
the brain operates independently of behavioral consequences
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Question 118

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Question B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of:
Answer
punishment
positive reinforcements
random reinforcement
internal processes
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Question 119

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Question Shaping a behavior in Operant Conditioning refers to ____ successive approximations to the desired behavior:
Answer
ignoring
punishing
rewarding
chaining
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Question 120

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Question The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be:

Answer
the result of a single cause
multiply determined
impossible to determine
useless to study
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Question 121

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Question The continual interaction of biological, psychological and social influences and their effect on behavior is called the ____
approach.
Answer
sociocultural
psychobiological/biopsychological
systematic
multidimensional integrative
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Question 122

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Question A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological and social factors is said to be taking a(n)
____ approach to understanding psychological disorders:
Answer
applied
practical
psychoanalytical
integrative
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Question 123

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Question As described on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD, Ivan Pavlov's ideas were brought to the United States in the early 20th
century by:
Answer
John B. Watson
Carl Jung
B.F. Skinner
Mary Cover Jones
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Question 124

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Question Behaviorists John Watson and B.F. Skinner believed that both animal and human behaviors are the result of:

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Answer

conditioning
sorcery
unconscious motivation
self-actualization
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Question 125

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Question Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, based his theories of conditioning on the results of experiments he conducted on:
Answer
dogs
humans
rats
pigeons
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Question 126

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Question Discuss the criteria for abnormality and the meanings of psychological disorder, psychological dysfunction and "culturally
expected" behavior.
Answer Behaviors are typically considered to be abnormal if they involve:
-Psychological Dysfunction, or a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
-Personal Distress such that the individual involved is upset or disturbed by the behavior
-Atypical or socially deviant behaviors in relation to cultural or social expectations for the involved individual. However, this
distinction can be difficult to make in some circumstances.
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Question 127

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Question Describe psychoanalytic theory. Refer to concepts such as anxiety, defense mechanisms and psychosexual development.
Answer The Psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud is based on three major concepts:
-Structure of the Mind: According to Freud the mind can be divided into three major parts, the id, the source of our strong
sexual and aggressive feelings or energies which operates on the pleasure principle; the ego, or the part of the mind which
operates on the reality principle to ensure that we act realistically; and the superego, or conscience, which represents the
moral principles of our culture. When these areas are in conflict it can result in anxiety.
-Defense Mechanisms- In order to mediate continuing conflict between the id and the superego, the ego marshals defense
mechanisms or unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions in check. Examples include denial,
displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation.
-Psychosexual Stages of Development- Freud theorized that during infancy and early childhood we pass through
psychosexual stages of development in a specific order which affect our lifetime functioning. These stages include the oral,
anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, and are characterized by distinctive means of gratifying our basic needs and
satisfying our drive for physical pleasure.
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Question 128

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Question Discuss the theories of the psychoanalytic and humanistic researchers who followed Freud, how their concepts related to his
theory, and how these theories are viewed today.
Answer Anna Freud, Sigmund Freud's daughter, explored and extended his work on defense mechanisms and developed the field of
Ego Psychology, while Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg developed the theory of object relations, which is based on studying
how children incorporate images, memories, and the values of important people in their lives.
However, other theorists broke with Freud to develop their own psychological theories. Carl Jung rejected many of the sexual
aspects of Freud's theory, and focused on the concept of the collective unconscious, or wisdom accumulated by society and
culture over time. Alfred Adler focused on people's feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority and coined the term the
inferiority complex. Both of these theories assumed that the basic quality of human nature is positive rather than negative, and
that people could be helped to improve if barriers to growth were removed.
Psychoanalytic theory and its outgrowths have shaped the study of psychopathology and the history of ideas in Western
Civilization, but they have typically been hard to study scientifically, and are not always practical or cost effective in practice.
Humanistic therapies were developed to help people pursue self-actualization or the attainment of their highest potential.
Proponents of these theories include Abraham Maslow, who focused on the hierarchy of needs people experience, and Carl
Rogers, who advocated unconditional positive regard to foster growth. The humanistic approaches were very popular in the
1960's and 1970's and brought about an emphasis on the role of therapists in treatment. However, they did not contribute
much to our understanding of psychopathology, and have fallen out of favor therapeutically.
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Question 129

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Question Explain how the behavioral model developed and how it has influenced the understanding and treatment of psychopathology.
Answer The behavioral model is based on the idea that it should be possible to study behavior using scientific techniques. Ivan Pavlov,
a researcher in Russia, studied the conditioning of responses based on pairing a stimulus that is initially neutral with a stimulus
that typically elicits a natural response. Over time a conditioned response comes to be elicited by the stimulus which is now
called a conditioned stimulus. Psychologists like John B. Watson applied scientific methods to condition behavioral responses
in people. Joseph Wolpe used the principles of classical conditioning to treat phobias using systematic desensitization,
extinguishing fear of objects by showing people that nothing bad really happens in the presence of the feared object or setting.
B.F. Skinner argued that people not only respond to their environments, but act upon them, and developed the theory of
operant conditioning which argues that behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or consequences of the action. Skinner
contended that manipulating reinforcements can shape or create particular behaviors and that these principles can be used
therapeutically.
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Question 130

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Question Explain the concept of a multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology.

Answer As the use of scientific research techniques has continued to expand our understanding of the biological, behavioral, cognitive,
emotional, developmental, and social factors which contribute to behavior, it is increasingly clear that psychopathology is
multiply determined. This understanding now influences our understanding of both the causes and treatments of psychological
disorders.
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