Scanned by Eric Rechlin http:/Awww.hpcalc.org [email protected] Kz BE AD HP 48G Series User’s Guide Roca eS port) rcp VaRegulatory Information U.S.A. The HP 48 generates and uses radio frequency energy and may interfere with radio and television reception. The HP 48 complies with the limits for a Class B computing device as specified in Part. 15 of FCC Rules, which provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. In the unlikely event that there is interference to radio or television reception (which can be determined by turning the unit off and on), try the following: = Reorienting or relocating the receiving antenna. a Relocating the HP 48 with respect to the receiver. For more information, consult your dealer, an experienced radio/television technician, or the following booklet, prepared by the Federal Communications Commission: How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems. This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock Number 004-000-00345-4. At the first printing of this manual, the telephone number was (202) 783-3238. Europe Declaration of Conformity (according to ISO/IEC Guide-22 and EN 45014) Manufacturer's name: Hewlett-Packard Co. Hewlett-Packard Co. Manufacturer's address: Corvallis Division Singapore (PTE) Ltd. 1000 NE Circle Blvd. 72 Bendemeer Rd. Corvallis, OR 97330. 01/01-07/07 Singapore 1233 declares that the following products: Product name: HP 48G Series calculators conform to the following product specifications: EMC: CISPR 22:1985 / EN 55022 (1988): Class B, IEC 801-2:1991 / prEN 55024-2 (1992): 3 kV CD, 8 kV AD, IEC 801-3:1984 / prEN 55024-3 (1991): 3 V/m Safety: IEC 950 (1986)+A1,A2/EN 60950 (1988)+A1,A2 Quality Department Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis DivisionHP 48G Series User’s Guide CAI packano HP Part No. 00048-90126 Printed in SingaporeNotice ‘This manual and any examples contained herein are provided “as is” and are subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard Company makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard Co. shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or the examples herein. © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1993. All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of this manual is prohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company, except as allowed under the copyright laws. The programs that control this product are copyrighted and all rights are reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of those programs without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Co. is also prohibited. © Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1989. Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy, or redistribute Kermit software so long as it is not sold for profit, provided this copyright notice is retained. Hewlett-Packard Company Corvallis Division 1000 N.E. Circle Blvd. Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A. Acknowledgements Hewlett-Packard gratefully acknowledges the members of the Education. Advisory Committee (Dr. Thomas Dick, Dr. Lynn Garner, Dr. John Kenelly, Dr. Don LaTorre, Dr. Jerold Mathews, and Dr. Gil Proctor) for their assistance in the development of this product. Special thanks are also due to Donald R. Asmus, Scott Burke, Bhushan Gupta and his students at the Oregon Institute of Technology, and Carla Randall and her AP Calculus students. Edition History Edition Loo... 02.2... cece cece eee eee eens May 1993 Edition 2 . June 1993 Edition 3 . July 1993 Edition 4 . Edition 5 . Edition 6 . Edition 7 . Edition 8 . August 1993 October 1993 . January 1994 -March 1994 December 1994Contents 1. The Keyboard and Display Organization of the Display... 2.2... 2. oe 1-1 The Status Area, Annunciators, and Messages . . - 1-1 The Stack 2. 2 ee 1-3 The Command Line. 2... ee 1-4 Menu Labels . . 2 2 2 2 ee ee 1-4 Organization of the Keyboard . 2... 2... we 1-4 Applications and‘Command Menus ...... . - 1-6 Cursor Keys 2. 6. 1-7 The CANCEL Key ...-- 22... 2 eee 1-8 Menus: Extending the Keyboard ..........- 1-8 Working with Menus... 2 2. eee 1-9 2. Entering and Editing Objects Keying In Numbers... 2.0... es Keying In Characters (the Alpha Keyboard)... . . 22 Keying in Special Characters... 2... 2. 1: 24 Keying In Objects with Delimiters 2... 0... 25 Using the Command Line . . 2... 2. ew ee 27 Accumulating Data in the Command Line . . . . . 27 Selecting Command-Line Entry Modes. . . . . . 28 Recovering Previous Command Lines... ... . 210 Viewing and Editing Objects . 2 2 2... 2 ee 2-10 Using the EDIT Menu... . 2... 2 2 ee 2-12 3. Stack Using the Stack for Calculations... . . oe 3-1 Making Calculations . 2... ...- foe 3-1 Manipulating the Stack . . . 22... . an 3-4 Recalling the Last Arguments... . . oe 3-5 Restoring the Last Stack (UNDO) . . coe 3-6 The Interactive Stack 2. 2 2... ee ee 3-6 Contents-1Stack Command Menu. . 2 2. 2... 31. 4, Modes Using the MODES Application... 2... 1D. . 4l Setting the Display Mode... . 2... 0. 42 Setting the Angle Mode... 2. 2... 4-3 Setting the Coordinate Mode... .. 2... 2. «. 44 Setting the Beep 2... 2... 2 46 Setting the Clock Display . 2... 2.20.02. 4-6 Setting the Fraction Mark . 2... 2... 4-6 Using System Flags... 2 2... 4-7 Using the Flag Browser 5 2. 47 Using the FLAG Command Submenu... . . . 4-8 User Flags... 49 MODES Submenus .... 2... ......2.2.. 4-9 5. Memory HOME: Variables and Directories... 2... .. 5-3 Where to Store Variables 2.2... 2... 5-4 Using The Variable Browser Application... . . . . 5-5 Creating New Variables 2... 2... 0... 5-5 Selecting, Editing, and Recalling Variables . . . . 5-7 Copying, Moving, and Purging Variables. . . . . . 5-9 Determining the Size of Variables .. 2. 2... . 5-10 Using Variables: The VAR Menu. . 2... .. 5-1 Defining Variables. . 2... 2... 5-13 Evaluating Variables 2. 2... 2... 5-13 Quoted Variable Names and Formal Variables . . . 5-14 Special Memory Operations .........2.2.. 5-16 System Halt 2.2... 5-16 Memory Reset. 2. 1 517 Responding to Low-Memory Conditions ...... 5-18 6. Input Forms and Choose Lists Input Forms ©... en 6-1 Selecting Fields in Input Forms... . 2 62 Entering Datain Input Forms .. 2... 2... 6-3 Selecting Options in Input Forms... 2... .. 6-4 Other Input Form Operations ........~. 6-4 When You Finish Entering Data into an Input Form 6-7 Input Form Commands ... 2... 2. 6-7 Contents-210. The EquationWriter How the Equation Writer Application Is Organized Constructing Equations toe Entering Equations Controlling Implicit Parentheses | EquationWriter Examples Editing Equations. . 2... Editing with Subexpressions : Summary of EquationWriter Operations oe The MatrixWriter How the HP 48 Displays Arrays Se Entering Arrays te Editing Arrays : : MatrixWriter Operations : Graphic Objects The PICTURE Environment . Using the Picture Editor... 2... Turning Pixels On and Off... 2... Adding Elements Using the Graphics Environment Editing and Erasing a Picture : Saving and Viewing Graphic Objects . . Graphic Object Coordinates : Graphic Object Commands Unit Objects Overview of the Units Application . 2... . Units and Unit Objects . . 2... 2 2 we The UNITS Catalog Menu . : se Creating a Unit Object 2. 2... Unit Prefixes . ce Converting Units : Using the UNITS Catalog Menu Using CONVERT. . . Using UBASE (for SI Base Units) . Converting Angular Units Calculating with Units. . 2... : .: Factoring Unit Expressions... . 2... Using Unit Objects in Algebraics . . 2... Working with Temperature Units... 2... . Converting Temperature Units 7-2 7-3 7-6 9 7-10 7-13 . 8-1 8-2 8-5 9-2 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-6 9-7 9-8 - + 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-7 10-9 10-9 10-10 10-10 Contents-311. 12. Calculating with Temperature Units... Creating User-Defined Units Additional Commands for Unit Objects Using Mathematical Functions Built-In Functions and Commands... . . Expressing Functions: Algebraic Syntax . . Expressing Functions: Stack Syntax . . Expressions and Equations . . Symbolic Constants . . Controlling How Symbolic Constants are e Evaluated Using Built-In Math Functions User-Defined Functions toe Creating a User-Defined Function : oe Executing a User-Defined Function . . 2... Nesting User-Defined Functions . . Functions of Real and Complex Numbers Math Functions on the Main Keyboard Arithmetic and General Math Functions . . Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Trigonometric Functions... .. 2... Hyperbolic Functions . ..... Probability and Test Statisties Calculating Test Statistics Real Number Functions Angle Conversion Functions Percent Functions... . 2... Other Real-Number Functions Complex Numbers Displaying Complex Numbers Entering Complex Numbers . oe Real Calculations with Complex Results oe Other Complex-Number Commands . . . . Contents-4 10-11 10-14 10-14 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-5 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-7 11-8 12-1 12-1 12-2 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-4 12-7 12-7 12-9 12-9 12-11 12-11 12-12 12-13 12-1313. 14. 15. 16. Vectors and Transforms Displaying 2D and 3D Vectors Entering 2D and 3D Vectors Vector Math Commands . . : Examples: Calculating with 2D and 3D Vectors : Fast Fourier Transforms... . 2... 2. Matrices and Linear Algebra Creating and Assembling Matrices Disassembling Matrices . : Inserting Rows and Columns... ...... Extracting Rows and Columns ......... Swapping Rows and Columns... . . 2... Extracting and Replacing Elements of Matrices we Characterizing Matrices ee Transforming Matrices . . toe Calculating with Matrix Elements cee Using Arrays and Array Elements in ‘Algebraic Expressions : Se Transforming Complex Matrices Matrix Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations Il-Conditioned and Singular Matrices Determining the Accuracy of a Matrix Solution . . . Gaussian Elimination and Elementary Row Operations Additional Linear Algebra Topics Foe Binary Arithmetic and Number Bases Binary Integers and Bases : Using Boolean Operators te Manipulating Bits and Bytes . . Date, Time and Fraction Arithmetic Calculating with Dates 2... oe Calculating with Times 2... 0 0 0. Calculating with Fractions . 13-1 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-7 14-1 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-6 14-7 14-7 14-10 1411 14-12 14-13 14-14 14-16 14-17 14-18 14-20 15-1 15-4 15-4 16-1 16-3 16-5 Contents-517. 18. 19. Lists and Sequences Creating Lists List Processing Multiple-Argument. Commands with Lists : Applying a Function or Program to a List (DOLIST) Applying a Function Recursively to a List List Manipulations Sequences Solving Equations Solving an Equation for an Unknown Variable Interpreting Results Solving Options . SOLVR: An Alternative Solvi ing Environment Additional Solving Options in SOLVR. . Finding All Roots of a Polynomial Solving a System of Linear Equations Using the Finance Solver Calculating Amortizations Differential Equations Solving Differential Equations Solving a Standard Initial-Value Problem | Solving a Stiff Initial-Value Problem , Solving a Vector-Value Differential Equation Plotting Solutions to Differential Equations Plotting a Stiff Differential Equation Plotting a Phase Plane for a Vector-Valued Sohution Calculus and Symbolic Manipulation Integration . Numeric Integration : The Accuracy Factor and the Uncertainty of Numerical Integration Symbolic Integration rentiation . . reating User-Defined Derivatives Implicit Differentiation : Taylor Polynomial Approximation . Finding Symbolic Solutions to Equations Isolating a Single Variable Solving Quadratic Equations Contents-6 19-1 19-2 19-3 19-5 19-7 19-9 19-12 20-1 20-6 20-7 20-9 0-11 20-12 20-12 20-14 20-15, 20-1521. 23. Getting General and Principal Solutions . Showing Hidden Variables Rearranging Symbolic Expressions Manipulating Whole Expressions Manipulating Subexpressions . . : Making User-Defined Transformations Symbolic Integration Patterns Statistics and Data Analysis Entering Statistical Data . Editing Statistical Data Calculating Single-Variable Statistics Generating Frequencies Fitting a Model to a Set of Data Calculating Summary Statistics Using the PAR Reserved Variable Plotting Using the PLOT Application . . Cursor Coordinates: Standard and TRACE Modes. Keyboard Operations in the PICTURE Environment Using Zoom Operations . Setting Zoom Defaults Selecting a Zoom Analyzing Functions . Understanding the PLOT Reserved Variables : EQ . DAT ZPAR .. PPAR . VPAR . PAR, Plot Types Function Plots Polar Plots . Parametric Plots Differential Equation Plots Conic Plots ‘Truth Plots Statistical Plots . Histogram Plots 20-16 22-12 22-12 22-13 22-13 22-15 22-16 Contents-7Scatter Plots... 2... 23-20 Plotting Functions of Two Variables... 2... . 23-22 SamplingGrid .. 2... 23-22 Output Grid 2... - + 23-22 Slopefield Plots... 2... 2... eee 23-25 Wireframe Plots... 2... 2.2. ....002. 23-28 Pseudo-Contour Plots . . 2... 2 0. ee 23-30 Y-Slice Plots 2... 23-32 Gridmap Plots... 2... 2. ee 23-34 Parametric Surface Plots... 2... 2... 23-35 24. Advanced Plot Options Labeling and Locating the Axes. 2 2... 1... 24-1 Plotting Programs and User-Defined Functions... . 24-2 Plotting Range vs. Display Range ..... 2... 243 Saving and Restoring Plots... .. 2... 24-6 25. The Equation Library Solving a Problem with the Equation Library. . . . . 25-1 Using the Solver 2. 2 2. ee 25-2 Using the Menu Keys .. 2.2... 0.2.” 25-3 Browsing in the Equation Library... 2... 2... 25-4 Viewing Equations ... 2... 0...002.. 25-4 Viewing Variables and Selecting Units... . . . . 25-5 Viewing the Picture. 2... ee 25-5 Using the Multiple-Equation Solver... 2. 2... 25-6 Defining a Set of Equations ©... 2... 1. 25-8 Interpreting Results from the Multiple Equation Solver 25-10 Using the Constants Library . 2 2. 2... 2. 25-12 Minehunt Game .. 2.2... ......-.... 25-14 User-Defined Units 2... 2 25-15 26. Time Management Using the Clock (Date and Time)... . 2.2... 26-1 Setting Alarms... 2... 2... ee 26-2 Responding to Alarms... . . . oo. Co 26-4 Viewing and Editing Alarms... 2... 2... 26-5 Contents-827, 28. 29. ‘Transmitting and Printing Data Transferring Data Between Two HP 488... 1... 27-1 Printing ©. 2. ee 27-2 Setting Up the Printer. ©. 2... 27-3 Printing Tasks . 2... 2 ee . 27-3 Transferring Data Between the HP 48 and a Computer 27-7 Preparing the Computer and the HP 48... ... 27-7 Using Kermit. . 2... 2. ee ee 27-9 Transferring Variables with Kermit... . 1... 27-9 Choosing and Using File Names ......... 27-11 Backing Up HP 48 Memory .. .. 2... 27-12 Sending Kermit Commands ........... 27-13 Using XMODEM ..............0.2.. 27-14 Using Other Serial Protocols . 2. 2... 1. 27-15 Libraries, Ports and Plug-In Cards Port Memory and Plug-In Card Slots ........ 28-1 PottO. 2 2. ee 28-2 Card Sloth 2... en 28-2 Card Slot2 2.2... 2. en 28-2 Using Backup Objects... 2... 28-3 Backing Up All Memory .. 2... .....2024 28-5 Using Libraries. 2. 2. 2 ee ee ee 28-6 Installing and Removing Plug-In Cards ....... 28-9 Expanding User Memory with Plug-In RAM Cards . . 28-15 Programming the HP 48 Understanding Programming... .........- 29-1 The Contents ofa Program... . 2... 29-2 Calculations ina Program . 2... 2... ee 29-4 Structured Programming. . .. . . cee ee 29-4 Entering and Executing Programs... .. 2...” 29-5 Viewing, Debugging, and Editing Programs... . . 29-8 Using Programming Structures... 2... 0... 29-10 Conditional Structures. 2... 2. 2 ee - . 29-10 Loop Structures 2... 2... ee . . 29-12 Error Trapping Structures . 2 2 2. DD ee 29-15 Using Local Variables . 2... 2 2 29-16 Creating Local Variables... 0. 2 2 Dee 29-16 Evaluating Local Names... 2 2 2. ee ee 29-17 Using Local Variables within Subroutines. . . . . 29-18 Local Variables and User-Defined Functions . . . . 29-18Exploring the Programs in the EXAMPLES Directory . 29-19 Using HP 488/SX programs with the HP 48G/GX . . 29-20 Where to Find More Information . 2... 2... 29-21 30. Customizing the HP 48 Customizing Menus... 2... 30-1 Enhancing Custom Menus... .. 2... 30-3 Customizing the Keyboard . 2. 2... 30-4 User Modes .. 2... ee, 30-5 Assigning and Unassigning User Keys . . . 2... 30-5 Disabling User Keys... 2... 2. 30-7 Recalling and Editing User Key Assignments . . . . 30-7 A. Support, Batteries, and Service Answers to Common Questions... 2... soe A-l Environmental Limits... 2. 2 A-4 When to Replace Batteries. 2... 2... 0... A-4 Changing Batteries ©. 2... 2 A-5 ‘Testing Calculator Operation. ... 2... 0... A-9 SelfTest 2 A-10 Keyboard Test ©. 2... A-ll Port RAM Test. 2 2 2 2 A-12 IR Loop-Back Test . 2 2. 2. 2... » A183 Serial Loop-Back Test © 2. 2... 2. 2 A-14 Limited One-Year Warranty ........202.2.~. A-15 If the Calculator Requires Service. 2 2. 2. 1 2. A-16 Error Messages Menus System Flags Table of Units =r So p Table of Built-In Equations Operation Index zo Stack Diagrams for Selected Commands Index Contents-10The Keyboard and Display Organization of the Display For most operations, the display is divided into three sections, as shown below. This configuration is called the stack display. The following topics describe each of these sections. ~~ Status area Command line ci (CI Menu labels The Status Area, Annunciators, and Messages The status area displays the following: = Annunciators. These indicate the status of the calculator. = The current directory path. When you turn the calculator on for the first time, the current directory path is £ HOME 3. Directories divide memory into parts, much as files do in a file cabinet. (Directories are covered in chapter 5.) = Messages. These inform you when an error has occurred, or provide other information to help you use the calculator more effectively. The table that follows describes the annunciators. The first six appear at the top of the display, and the rest (along with the directory path) share their “territory” with messages. Any message replaces the The Keyboard and Display 1-1