OBESITY
Halting the
Epidemic by Making
Health Easier
AT A GLANCE
2009
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION
IMPROVING HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALL PEOPLE
Revised February 2009
The Obesity Epidemic
More than one third of U.S. adultsmore than 72 million
peopleand 16% of U.S. children are obese. Since 1980,
obesity rates for adults have doubled and rates for children have
tripled. Obesity rates among all groups in societyirrespective
of age, sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education
level, or geographic regionhave increased markedly.
Coronary heart disease
Health Consequences of Obesity
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
The Health Consequences of Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Cancer (endometrial, breast, and colon)
Obesity has physical, psychological, and social consequences
in adults and children. Children and adolescents are developing
obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, that were once
seen only in adults. Obese children are more likely to have risk
factors for cardiovascular disease, including high cholesterol
levels, high blood pressure, and abnormal glucose tolerance.
One study of 5- to 17-year-olds found that 70% of obese
children had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease
and 39% of obese children had at least two risk factors.
Dyslipidemia (high total cholesterol or high levels
of triglycerides)
Stroke
Liver and gallbladder disease
Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
Osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and underlying
bone within a joint)
Obesity is Costly
Gynecological problems (abnormal menses, infertility)
In 2000, obesity-related health care costs totaled an
estimated $117 billion.
Between 1987 and 2001, diseases associated with obesity
account for 27% of the increases in medical costs.
Percentage of Adults Who Are Obese,* by State
2007
Medical expenditures for obese workers, depending on severity of obesity and sex, are between 29%117% greater than
expenditures for workers with normal weight.
From 19791981 to 19971999, annual hospital costs
related to obesity among children and adolescents increased,
rising from $35 million to $127 million.
CT
DC
MA
NH
NJ
RI
VT
Halting Obesity Requires Policy and
Environmental Change Initiatives
The determinants of obesity in the United States are complex,
numerous, and operate at social, economic, environmental, and
individual levels. American society has become obesogenic,
characterized by environments that promote increased food
intake, nonhealthful foods, and physical inactivity. Public health
approaches that affect large numbers of different populations in
multiple settingscommunities, schools, work sites, and health
care facilitiesare needed. Policy and environmental change
initiatives that make healthy choices in nutrition and physical
activity available, affordable, and easy will likely prove most
effective in combating obesity.
DE
MD
No Data
<10%
20%24%
10%14%
25%29%
15%19%
30%
* Body mass index (BMI) 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5 4
person, based on self-reported weight and height.
Source: CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
CDCs Response
Surveillance and Epidemiologic Research
CDCs Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity
(DNPAO) is working to reduce obesity and obesity-related
conditions through state programs, technical assistance and
training, leadership, surveillance and research, intervention
development and evaluation, translation of practice-based
evidence and research findings, and partnership development.
CDC monitors obesity trends and conducts and supports
research on obesity prevention and control strategies. Through
our research activities, we do the following:
Identify, translate, implement, and evaluate effective or
promising interventions for obesity prevention and control.
Supporting State-Based Programs
Describe and track priority policy, environmental, behavioral, and demographic correlates of obesity and overweight.
Currently, 23 states are funded through CDCs Nutrition and
Physical Activity and Obesity (NPAO) Cooperative Agreement
Program that coordinates statewide efforts with multiple
partners to address obesity.
Identify the measures of obesity that best characterize
children and adults with increased risk for adverse health
outcomes.
The programs focus is on policy and environmental change
initiatives directed towards increasing physical activity; consumption of fruits and vegetables; breastfeeding initiation,
duration, and exclusivity; and decreasing television viewing
and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and high-energy
dense foods (foods high in calories). The program seeks
to address health disparities and requires a comprehensive state
plan.
Progress in Obesity: Recent Findings
Early signs of success in the prevention and control of
obesityat both state and national levelsare now
emerging. Major CDC surveys have found no significant
increase in obesity prevalence among children, adolescents,
women or men between 20032004 and 20052006. Also,
obesity rates appear to be leveling among children in some
states such as Arkansas.
Providing Technical Assistance and Training
CDC provides technical assistance to all states to develop
comprehensive state plans, community interventions, and
leadership capacity to address obesity. Our new Program
Technical Assistance Manual provides a one-stop reference
for NPAO program guidance. CDC also provides training
to public health practitioners. In 2008, CDC cosponsored an
obesity prevention course focused on policy and environmental
change strategies with the Center of Excellence for Training and
Research Translation at the University of North Carolina.
CDCs efforts have helped increase awareness of obesity
as a national public health problem. During 20002007,
media coverage on obesity in national print and newswires
increased from about 8,000 to more than 28,000 articles.
A variety of innovative policy and environmental changes
in communities, work sites, and schools are likely con
tributing to this progress.
Convening National Leadership Activities
CDC is leading the development of the National Roadmap
for Obesity Prevention and Control, expected in 2010. Two
conferences convened in 2008 were stepping stones toward the
Roadmap: the National Summit on Legal Preparedness for
Obesity Prevention and Control and Community Approaches
to Address Obesity. These conferences also laid the groundwork
for the Weight of the Nation Conference, scheduled for summer
2009, which will highlight progress in obesity prevention and
control and identify actions needed to reverse the epidemic.
CDCs Response (continued)
Developing Innovative Partnerships
Addressing
Obesity Through Commercial Health Plans.
CDC is working to help public health professionals and
health care plan administrators collaborate to improve
obesity interventions designed for medical settings.
(Partner: Deloitte Consulting)
CDC is making progress in halting the obesity epidemic
through innovative partnerships.
The Healthy Eating Active Living Convergence Partnership (CP) seeks to foster policy and environmental change
through innovative partnerships with others from fields
not traditionally involved in public health. CP is currently
focused on transportation and food systems to develop
active living environments and improve access to healthy
foods. (Partners: California Endowment, Kaiser Permanente,
Nemours, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, W.K. Kellogg
Foundation, PolicyLink, Prevention Institute)
Identifying Setting-Specific, Evidence-Based
Guidelines for Obesity Interventions
In collaboration with the Task Force on Community Preventive
Services (the Community Guide), CDC is conducting evidencebased reviews of obesity interventions in three settingsmedical
care, work sites, and communities.
Translating Practice-Based Evidence and Research
Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention
(Measures Project) fills two crucial gaps hindering obesity
effortsthe absence of standard measures for communitylevel policy and environmental change initiatives and a tool
for monitoring these initiatives. The project developed 26
measures and a web-based tool that local governments can
use to assess them. Following pilot testing in 20 communities,
the measures will be available nationwide. (Partners: Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation,
Kaiser Permanente, CDC Foundation, International City/
County Management Association, Macro International Inc.)
CDC translates practice-based evidence and research findings
for use by practitioners, communities, and the public. Recent
translation products include the following:
The Swift Work Site Assessment and Translation (SWAT)
(http://www.cdc.gov/swat) evaluation method assesses work
site health promotion programs that help employees attain
or maintain a healthy body weight.
Healthy Weight Web site (http://www.cdc.gov/
healthyweight) includes a BMI calculator and provides consumers with relevant steps and tools to help them understand
how to achieve and maintain a healthy weight for a lifetime.
Early Assessment of Programs and Policies to Prevent
Childhood Obesity is identifying a set of promising local
programs and policies and determining which ones merit rigorous evaluation. Priority is placed on programs and policies
implemented in community settings targeting low-income
children to improve eating habits and physical activity levels.
(Partners: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Division of
Adolescent and School Health [CDC], Prevention Research
Centers Program Office, CDC Foundation, Macro International Inc.)
The Weight Management Research to Practice Series
(http://www.cdc.gov/weightr2p) summarizes the science
on various weight management topics, highlighting the
implications of the research findings for public health and
medical care professionals.
For more information, please contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
4770 Buford Highway NE, Mail Stop K24, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717
Telephone: 800-CDC-INFO (232-4636) TTY: 888-232-6348
E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa
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