V ´A research design is the

arrangement of condition for

collection and analysis of data in
a manner that aims to combine
relevance to the research
purpose with economy in
procedure.µ
V Ot is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing
of the various research operations thereby making
research as efficient as possible yielding maximal
information with minimal expenditure of effort, time
and money.

V We need a research design or a plan in advance of

data collection and analysis for our research project.
i
haracterised by adjective like flexible, appropriate,
efficient , economical.
V ’he design which minimises and maximises the
realiability of the data collected and analysed is
considered a good design.
V ’he availability of time , money, skills of the
research staff and the means of obtaining the
information must be given due weightage while
working out the relevant details of the research
design such as experimental design , survey design ,
sample design and the like.
V —ependent and independent variables
V Extraneous variable
V
ontrol
V
onfounded relationship
V Research hypothesis
V Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-
testing research
V Experimental and control groups
V ’reatment
V Experiment
V Experimental units
V Research design in case of exploratory research
studies.

V Research design in case of description and diagnostic

research studies.

V Research design in case of hypothesis-testing

research studies.
V ×efore-and ²after without control design
V After-only with control design
V ×efore- and after with control design
V
ompletely randomized design
- ’wo ²group simple randomized design
V Randomized block design
V Latin square design
V Factorial designs
V ’here are several research design and the researcher
must decide in advance of collection and analysis of
data as to which design would prove to be more
appropriate for his research project.

V He must give due weight to various points such as

the type of universe and its nature, the objective of
his study , the research list or the sampling frame,
desired standard of accuracy and the like when
taking a decision in respect of his research project.