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Prr:T/Lo Ldl8Of 'Emfj Cfof) U K - LTJ) BG, @) #

The high-level media recommendation commission formed by the Government of Nepal in 2063 presented its report focusing on ensuring freedom of the press, effective implementation of the right to information of citizens, and institutional development of media. The report provides recommendations to improve the structural setup of media institutions, constitutional and legal provisions, advertising policies, monitoring and classification, foreign investment in media and sector-specific reforms. It recommends establishing an Information and Communication Commission to protect people's right to information, setting up a Public Service Broadcasting Authority to manage government electronic media, and expanding NRB's responsibilities beyond print to digital and online journalism. The report also suggests accepting media as the fourth pillar in the constitution to guarantee its protection, explicitly incorporating the

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
106 views47 pages

Prr:T/Lo Ldl8Of 'Emfj Cfof) U K - LTJ) BG, @) #

The high-level media recommendation commission formed by the Government of Nepal in 2063 presented its report focusing on ensuring freedom of the press, effective implementation of the right to information of citizens, and institutional development of media. The report provides recommendations to improve the structural setup of media institutions, constitutional and legal provisions, advertising policies, monitoring and classification, foreign investment in media and sector-specific reforms. It recommends establishing an Information and Communication Commission to protect people's right to information, setting up a Public Service Broadcasting Authority to manage government electronic media, and expanding NRB's responsibilities beyond print to digital and online journalism. The report also suggests accepting media as the fourth pillar in the constitution to guarantee its protection, explicitly incorporating the

Uploaded by

nepalmuku
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u

k|ltj]bg, @)^#
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u
-@)^#_

-/fw]Zofd clwsf/L_
cWoIf

-/3' d}gfnL_ -afns[i0f rfkfufO{+_ -d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{_ -lji0f' lgi7'/L_


;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

-/fdl/emg ofbj_ -„'jxl/ clwsf/L_ -ljgo s;h"_ -alatf a:g]t_


;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

-d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{_ -lzjnfn dNn_ -k|tLs k|wfg_ -/fh]Gb| bfxfn_


;b:o–;lrj ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o
e"ldsf

hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ / hgtfdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ dfWodx¿sf]
:jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug]{ k|d'v sfd efjL] ;~rf/ gLltsf] d]?b08 x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf
cfwfl/t /x]/ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f u7g ePsf] pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]unfO{
lbOPsf] sfo{If]qleq /xL tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq} ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf
cfof]usf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs xf] .

kf/bzL{tfsf] nflu /fHon] ;lqmo ;"rgf k|jfx k4lt cjnDag ug{'kb{5, s'g} klg
;"rgf vf]h]/ dfq kfpg] cj:yf /xg' plrt xf]Og, cfk"mn] u/]sf lg0f{o / sfo{x¿sf]
ljj/0f cfk}+m ;fj{hlgs ug{ /fHo tTk/ /xg'kb{5 . ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ljsf;;Fu PsLs[t
ug{' plQs} cfjZos 5 . cfd ;~rf/ If]qdf Jofkf/Ls/0fnfO{ Go"g ug]{, Psflwsf/ sfod
x'g glbg] / ljrf/sf] ax'njfbL rl/qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ b[li6sf]0f /flvg' h?/L 5 .
To;}u/L xfd|f]h:tf] ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo tyf ax'wfld{s ;dfhdf cGt/eflifs,
cGt/hftLo, cGt/wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ sfod /fvL ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/g'kb{5 .

;~rf/ dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{x¿sf] Jofj;flos dfkb08sf] s'/f ubf{ :jtGqtf /


pQ/bfloTj b'j} cljefHo 5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ul/g'kb{5 . pQ/bfloTj;lxtsf]
:jtGqtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtf / 36gfx¿nfO{ x]g]{ ;db[li6sf]0f ;d]tnfO{
;dflxt u5{ . JolQmljz]ifsf] ul/df / :jfledfgsf] ;Ddfg ug{' cfd ;~rf/sf] d"ne"t
dfGotf x'g'kb{5 . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu cfd ;~rf/sf
dfWod k|lta4 / x/bd lqmofzLn /xg'k5{ . ltgn] /fHosf] ljleGg lqmofsnfknfO{
ljZj;gLo, tYok/s, j:t'ut, lgeL{s / ;Gt'lnt 9+uaf6 hg;dIf k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;b\efj Pjd\ ;fd~h:o clej[l4nfO{
;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] cfkm\gf] k|d'v bfloTj 7fGg'kb{5 .

;~rf/sdL{x¿åf/f ;dfrf/ ;+sng, n]vg, ;Dk|]if0f tyf ljrf/ k|jfx ubf{ k]zfut
:jtGqtfnfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . hgtfsf] :jtGqtf, zflGt,
;dfgtfk"j{s hLjg lgjf{x ug{ kfpg] Gofof]lrt clwsf/nfO{ k|>o lbFb} wfld{s, n}+lus,
ef}uf]lns tyf hftLo lje]b ef]lu/x]sf hgtf tyf ;dfg cj;/af6 jl~rt kIfsf
tk{maf6 cfjfh p7fpg' ;~rf/ hut\sf] st{Jo x'g cfpFb5 . nf]stflGqs ;xeflutfsf
nflu cfd ;~rf/sf dfWoddf ljifoj:t' tyf ;fdu|Lsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k"j{ ;t{sf] ¿kdf
:jLsfl/g'kb{5 . ;"rgf tyf ljrf/n] ;';"lrt hgtf dfq ;xL lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;fd]n x'g
;Sg] tYonfO{ OGsf/ ug{' x'Fb}g .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tYok|lt rgfvf] /xFbf/xFb} klg cfof]uåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf]
k|ltj]bg ;dosf] ;Lldttf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ljrf/ljdz{sf] ;Lldttf, d''n's
;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf sf/0f;d]tn] ubf{ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z / ;'wf/ ug]{ k|z:t
u'Ghfo; /x]sf] cfof]unfO{ dx;'; ePsf] 5 .
cfof]un] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf w]/} ;+3–;+:yf, JolQm, ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u,
;b\efjgf kfPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ePsf ;a} ;+3–;+:yf, JolQm
ljz]if1x¿k|lt cfof]u cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn sf nflu cGt/fli6«o k|];
:jtGqtf / jfs\ :jtGqtf ld;gsf k|ltlglwx¿n] o; cfof]udf cfO{ ug{'ePsf] 5nkmn
/ To;kl5 lnlvt ¿kdf k|]lift ;'emfjsf nflu of] cfof]u wGojfb lbg rfxG5 . ;fy}
vf]h kqsfl/tf s]Gb| / , ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|– g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn]
cfly{s ;|f]t k|bfg u/L pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df cfof]u s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5 . o;
k|ltj]bgnfO{ jt{dfg :j¿k lbg cys kl/>d ug{'x'g] Gofokl/ifb\sf k"j{ ;lrj sfzL/fh
bfxfnk|lt cfof]u cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . ;"rgf ljefu / o;sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u /
;lqmotfsf sf/0f g} ;doleq k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] kIfnfO{ cfof]u la;{g ;Sb}g .

;+ljwfg ;efåf/f /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ePkl5 / ;+ljwfgsf] :j¿k tof/ ul/Fbf of]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ hgtfsf] ;~rf/ clwsf/ /
;';"lrt x'g] xssf] ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf /xg] ljZjf; cfof]usf]
/x]sf] 5 .

cfof]u u7g u/L lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]/ o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljljw k|sf/sf
;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf]df cfof]u g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . of] k|ltj]bg nfu" ug]{
st{Jo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xf] / cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/n] oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog ug]{5
eGg] ljZjf; cfof]un] lnPsf] 5 .

= == = = = = = = == =
@)^# ebf} #)
-/fw]Zofd clwsf/L_
cWoIf
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u
k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u -@)^#_ nfO{ ;+:yfut
kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf]
nflu ;'emfj lbg sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf]df cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} k|]; / ;~rf/
hut\af6 k|fKt ljleGg ;'emfj / 5nkmn;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0f, hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xssf] k|efjsf/L k|rng / k|];sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu
b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfoadf]lhd ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
cfof]un] ;~rf/;DaGwL ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug]{ qmddf ;~rf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/,
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ul/g'kg]{ kl/jt{g, lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f,
;~rf/df ljb]zL nufgL tyf If]qut ;'wf/sf ljifox?df cfkm\gf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 .

;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf ljifodf hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs :yflkt ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ ;'emfj lbO{Psf] 5 eg] k|;f/0f ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o
k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf, ;/sf/L O{n]S6«f]lgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f lgsfosf] :yfkgf tyf k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ 5fkfsf cltl/Qm
On]S6«f]lgs / l8lh6n dfWodaf6 ul/g] kqsfl/tfdf cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] u/L
lhDd]jf/L ylkg'kg]{ ;'emfjx? /x]sf 5g\ .

;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ljifodf cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qnfO{ rf}yf] cËsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/
u/L ;+/If0f u/]sf] s'/f k|ToIf cg'e"lt x'g'kg]{, o;sf lglDt ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g}
nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fdf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xg] tYonfO{
k|ltljlDat ug]{, cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;a} lsl;dsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfdf
/fHon] :j]R5frf/L lsl;daf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xssf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6¿kdf k|Tofe"lt
ug]{ .

cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf dlxnf, lk5l8Psf ju{, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL,
ckfËx?sf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf nflu rflxg] ljz]if P]gx?afx]s cGo sfg"gsf] xsdf kqsfl/tf /
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f 5ftf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ;'emfjx? /flvPsf 5g\ . h;cg'¿k
kqsfl/tfsf] Jofj;flos / >dhLjL kqsf/x?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L kqsfl/tf;DaGwL sfg"g /
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / bfloTjsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f;DaGwL sfg"g agfOg'kg]{ .

;/sf/L dfWodx? ;Dk"0f{?kdf ;/sf/L lgoGq0faf6 cnu ul/g'kg]{ . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf]


xsdf o;sf k|sfzgsf a|f08 / ;DklQ 5'6\ofO{ a|f08 gdfl;g]u/L lghLIf]qnfO{ a9fa9sf]
cfwf/df ;+rfng ug{ lbg] . o;f] ubf{ ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ ;~rf/sdL{, sd{rf/Lsf] plrt
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
P]g agfO{ ?kfGtl/t ug]{ .

lj1fkg gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] lj1fkgsf] k|s[lt, p2]Zo / To;sf] c;/sf cfwf/df
……nf]ssNof0fsf/LÚÚ, ……;fj{hlgsÚÚ / ……Jofkfl/sÚÚ egL juL{s/0f ug]{, nf]ssNof0fsf/L /
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkg /fHon] ;dfg'kflts lsl;daf6 ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ /
To:tf] ;Dk"0f{ lj1fkg s]GbL|s[t gu/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdfkm{t afFl8g'kg]{ egL ;'emfj
lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] lj1fkg kqklqsf / /]l8of]n] kfpg] .

;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] sfd k|];


sfplG;ndfk{mt geO{ lj1fkgbftf, k|sfzs, ;~rf/sf pkef]Qmf;d]t /x]sf] :jtGq
;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltaf6 j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . lglZrt ;t{ /
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltn] /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo u/L tLg >]0fLdf ;~rf/
dfWodsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

;~rf/ If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ la:tf/} p3fb}{ n}hfg] gLltnfO{ ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx?n]
cjnDag ub}{ u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfndf klg ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf l5g{ lbg'eGbf
kf/bzL{ 9Ën] Nofpg plrt 7flgPsf] 5 . cfof]un] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ /fli6«o txsf ;a}
dfWoddf cfpg lbg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 t/ o:tf] nufgL $( k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g
gx'g], Joj:yfkg k|d'v g]kfnL gful/s g} x'g'kg]{ tyf ;DkfbsLo ljefudf sfd ug]{
;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L g]kfnL g} x''g'kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;~rf/ dfWoddf ul/g'kg]{ If]qut ;'wf/x?df 5fkf dfWodsf] btf{ u[x k|zf;gdf ug]{ s'/f
cJofjxfl/s b]lvPsfn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ kqklqsf btf{ ug]{ sfd ;'lDkg] /
kqklqsfsf] gfd bf]xf]/f] gk/f];\ eGgfsf vflt/ ;f]sf] clen]v ;"rgf ljefudf k7fO{ jf
ljefusf] j]a;fO6df cBfjlws u/L tLg lbgleq btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . >dhLjL
kqsf/sf] xsdf cGo Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm % jif{ k'/fgf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L
dWo] Ps ltxfOnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{ tyf s/f/sf sd{rf/Ln] pkbfg,
labf / cf}iflw vr{ :yfoL;/x kfpg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

/]l8of] dfWodnfO{ k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbFbf To:tf] k|;f/0f dfWodsf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
jf Jofkfl/s jf ;fd'bflos s'g lsl;dsf] xf] / /fli6«o, If]qLo jf :yfgLo s'g xf] ;f] s'/f
;]jf / If]qsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
dfWodnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

PkmPd /]l8of]sf] Ohfhtsf] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fsf nflu b'O{
j6f / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf nflu a9Ldf tLg j6f lk|mSj]G;L /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/0fsf ¿kdf
/fHon] ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ . #) jf6;Dd Ifdtfsf PkmPd :6];g :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo /
ljZjljBfnox?n] cfkm} ;+rfng ug{ kfpg' kg]{ .
6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ ;]jfd"ns / gfkmfd"ns p2]Zosf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f /
Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f egL juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] p2]Zon] ;~rfng u/]sf]
6]lnlehgnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . o;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|;f/0fsf] ¿kdf 6]lnlehg ;~rfng u/]afkt sDkgL P]g cGtu{tsf s/x¿ jfx]s cGo
s/ / z'Nsx¿ gnfUg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

s]a'n 6]lnlehgn] cfk}+m sfo{qmd pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f ug{ rfx]df pTkfbgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{
k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s]a'n 6]lnlehg dfWodx¿n] Od]n, kmf]g tyf lel8of]
cgnfOgh:tf ;]jfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

rnlrq Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu k"j{ Ohfht lng'kg]{ ;a} vfn]
jt{dfg Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ . rnlrq k|bz{g k"j{ leh'cn ;]G;/l;knfO{ vf/]h u/L
rnlrq u|]l8ªsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . g]kfnsf ljleGg efiff–efifLdf rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug{ /fHon] cg'bfg, ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ -kmfOa/
clK6s / dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+s_ x?df lghL If]qn] nufgL ug{ kfpg] / ;]jf k|bfos
lgsfo / k"jf{wf/ ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo km/s x'g'kg]{ .

;"rgf k|ljlwdf l8lh6n dfWodnfO{ cfd ;~rf/sf] dfGotf lbO{ o;sf] :jtGqtfnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{'kg]{ . l8lh6n dfWod;DaGwL s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLx¿aLr
v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
ljifo–;"rL
efu !
kfgf g+=
k|f/lDes !
efu @
k|];sf ;d:of / ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ;+/If0f $
efu #
5fkf dfWodsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/ !)
efu $
/]l8of] dfWod / ;'wf/ !$
efu %
6]lnlehg, rnlrq / s]a'n dfWod / ;'wf/ !&
efu ^
;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWod / ;'wf/ @@
efu &
k|]; / ;~rf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f @^
efu *
lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f #!
efu (
ljljw #$
efu !)
cg';"rLx¿
s= cfof]udf ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yf / lgsfoåf/f ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{x¿sf]
lja/0f #^
v= International Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression Mission to Nepal sf]
;'emfj k|ltj]bg #&
u= cfof]udf ;ldltx¿af6 k]z ePsf k|ltj]bgx¿ #*
3= ;Gbe{–;"rL #(
efu–!

k|f/lDes
!= pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] u7g
g]kfn ;/sf/ -d+=k=_sf] ldlt @)^#.@.@( / @)^#.#.!( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
b]xfoadf]lhd pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] 5 .

!= df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, jl/i7 clwjQmf Pjd\ ;+;b\ ;b:o – cWoIf


@= >L lji0f' lgi7'/L, ;efklt, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 – ;b:o
#= >L d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{, cWoIf, g]kfn k|]; o'lgog – ;b:o
$= >L afns[i0f rfkfufO{+, cWoIf, k|]; rf}tf/L g]kfn – ;b:o
%= >L /3' d}gfnL, ;+of]hs, :jtGq /]l8of] arfp cfGbf]ng – ;b:o
^= >L alatf a:g]t, cWoIf, ;~rfl/sf ;d"x – ;b:o
&= >L ljgo s;h", jl/i7 kqsf/ – ;b:o
*= >L „'jxl/ clwsf/L, cWoIf, g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 – ;b:o
(= >L /fdl/emg ofbj, ;Dkfbs, k"j{ ;fKtflxs – ;b:o
!)= >L /fh]Gb| bfxfn,;Dkfbs, lxdfn va/ klqsf,
kl5, cWoIf, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn – ;b:o
!!= >L k|tLs k|wfg, ;Dkfbs, lb sf7df8f}+ kf]i6 – ;b:o
!@= >L lzjnfn dNn, cWoIf, a|f]8\sfl:6ª P;f]l;o;g g]kfn – ;b:o
!#= >L d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{, dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu – ;b:o ;lrj

@= cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q / ;dofjlw


!= s= cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u Pjd\ dof{lbt
Jofj;flos / ;+:yfut kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'k/]sf
;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg] .
v= 5fkf / k|;f/0f ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf] btf{, ;~rfng / cg'udg k|lqmofdf
b]lvPsf sdL / q'l6x¿ x6fpg cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] .
u= cfd;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] juL{s/0f / lj1fkg gLltaf/] ;'emfj lbg] .
3= cfof]un] cfjZos b]v]sf cGo ljifox¿ .

@= cfof]usf] sfo{ cjlw b'O{ dlxgfsf] x'g] / sfof{no ;"rgf ljefu,


;~rf/u|fddf /xg] .

1
#= cfof]un] ckgfPsf] sfo{ljlw
ldlt @)^#.#.@* ut] cfof]usf] klxnf] a}7s a;L cfof]uåf/f ljleGg
sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ul/of] . h; cg'¿k cfof]un] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5 .
s= ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ kfFr ljsf; If]qdf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
lg0f{o ePcg'?k ljleGg ldltdf lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, kf]v/f, g]kfnuGh /
dx]Gb|gu/df cGtlqm{of u/L ;'emfj ;+sng ul/of] .
v= cfof]usf] sfof{nodf JolQmut kq, x'nfs, ˆofS;, O{–d]n cflb s'g} klg
dfWodaf6 ;'emfj k7fpg ;fj{hlgs¿kdf kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
ul/of] .
u= cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]qadf]lhd sfd ug{ sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L
ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;+sng Pjd\ ljt/0f, ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x ljefhg,
ljleGg ljifout ;d"x;Fu cGtlqm{of, ljz]if1x¿;Fu k/fdz{ / ;'emfjx¿sf]
clen]vg u/L 5nkmnåf/f k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/of] .

cfof]uåf/f 5fkfdfWod, /]l8of] -PkmPd ;d]t_, l6eL Rofgn, cgnfOg,


k|sfzs, ;Dkfbs, >dhLjL kqsf/, s]a'n k|;f/0f / a'l4hLjL cflb;Fu k|ToIf
e]63f6, 5nkmn u/L cGtlqm{ofsf] dfWodaf6 ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ b]xfocg';f/sf]
cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ ;lDdlnt ;ldltåf/f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/of] . k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{k"j{ g} cfof]uåf/f cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltdf /fHosf] ;~rf/ If]qnfO{
rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ / /fli6«o ;~rf/ cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf]
¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{ ;d]tsf] ;'emfj k|:t't ul/of] .

s= lgsfo / sfg"g ;ldlt


!= df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L – ;+of]hs
@= >L lji0f' lgi7'/L – ;b:o
#= >L /fh]Gb| bfxfn – ;b:o
$= >L d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{ – ;b:o
v= 5fkfdfWod ;ldlt
!= >L alatf a:g]t – ;+of]hs
@= >L d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{ – ;b:o
#= >L /fdl/emg ofbj – ;b:o
$= >L k|tLs k|wfg – ;b:o
u= /]l8of], l6eL, l;g]df, s]a'n ;ldlt
!= >L /3' d}gfnL – ;+of]hs
@= >L lzjnfn dNn – ;b:o
#= >L „|'|jxl/ clwsf/L – ;b:o

2
3= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;ldlt
!= >L ljgo s;h" – ;+of]hs
@= >L afns[i0f rfkfufO+{ – ;b:o

3
efu @

k|];sf ;d:of / ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ;+/If0f


k[i7e"ld
:jtGq ;~rf/ dfWod cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] cfwf/:tDe dflgG5 .
/fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
:jtGqtf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . :jR5 hgdtsf] lgdf{0fdf cfd ;~rf/sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf
/xG5 . hgtfsf ;d:of, rfxgf / cfsf+IffnfO{ ;/sf/;dIf k'¥ofpg] / ;/sf/sf
lqmofsnfk Pjd\ ultljlw hgtf;dIf k|jfx ug]{ ;zQm dfWod eg]s} ;~rf/sf dfWod
x'g\ . logLx¿sf] :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt gx'Fbf :j:y hgdtsf] lgdf{0f c;Dej x'g k'U5 .
/fHosf lqmofsnfk / ultljlwaf/] hgtf ;';"lrt geP;Dd lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL
;/sf/sf] ck]Iff ug ;lsGg . ;du|df ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtf tyf cfd ;~rf/
dfWodsf] nf]stGqLs/0flagf hgtfsf] xs–clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ;Dej x'g;Sb}g .

/fHo k|0ffnLk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / cf:yf j[l4 ug{ /fHon] ;'zf;gsf dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L ;"rgfdf cfd gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg ;Sg'k5{ .
nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/sf sfd–sf/afxL kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs
dxTjsf ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ /fHon]
l;4fGt / Jojxf/ b'j} txdf cfTd;ft\ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf lglDt klg :jtGq / ;Ifd ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf
cxd\ /xG5 . xfd|f]h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf, ul/aL, clzIff /
k5f}6]kgaf6 u|l;t u|fdL0f ;dfhsf hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn / hfu?s agfO{ d'n'ssf] d"n
k|jfxdf ;d]6]/ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4sf nflu cfd ;~rf/sf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ cToGt cfjZos 5 . nf]stflGqs dfGotfcg'¿k /fHosf sfd–sf/afxL
cfd gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] /fHo Joj:yfdf ;dfj]zL rl/qnfO{
k|ltljlDat ug{ gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] lgdf{0f ug'{ clxn]sf] vfFrf] xf] .

gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] lgdf{0fsf lglDt– :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df u|fdL0f :t/;Dd
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{, cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodnfO{ Jofj;flos,
k|lt:kwf{Tds, k|efjsf/L, ;'b[9 / ljZj;gLo agfpg', ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf x:tIf]ksf/L geO{
lgofds (Regulator) / ;xhstf{ (Facilitator) sf] x}l;otdf /xg', k|];nfO{ /fHon] rf}yf]
c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cg'e"lt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 b]lvg' tyf hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ ;~rf/sf ;a} lsl;dsf dfWodaf6 lgjf{w ¿kdf pkef]u ug{
kfpg] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL cfwf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfndf nf]stflGqs ;dfh lgdf{0fdf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf
pNn]vgLo /x]sf] s'/f :yflkt tYo xf] . tTsfnLg lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yflj?4 /
ax'bnLo k4ltsf] :yfkgfdf ;~rf/ hut\n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ dgg ub}{ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;+/lIft ug{

4
k'Uof] . pQm ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5fkfvfgf / k|sfzg;DaGwL xssf] sf/0f ;~rf/
hut\sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf; cToGt}} pNn]Vo /Xof]] . kl5Nnf lbgdf lg/+s'z /fHo
Joj:yflj?4 hgtfsf] xs–clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|lt:kwL{
ax'bnLo / ;dfj]zL /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f, åGå Joj:yfkg / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf]
kIfdf g]kfnL k|];sf] cfGbf]ngn] lgZro g} P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

!( df3, @)^! sf] zfxL sbdn] g]kfnL k|]; dfly rsf]{ bdgu/L gful/s
:jtGqtfnfO{ ce"tk"j{ ?kdf s'l07t ug{ k'Uof] . t/ /fhfsf] :j]R5frf/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{
g]kfnL k|];n] k6Ss} ;xg rfx]g . kl/0ffdtM hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# df k|]; / ;~rf/
hut\sf] e"ldsf k'gM cu'jf / lg0ff{os /xg uof] .

k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf ;d:of


g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; / cfd ;~rf/sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg ;dosf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} k|]; / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf]
k|ult / lj:tf/n] cg]sf}+ gofF r'gf}tL / cfjZostfx? ;Fu;Fu} l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ .
• ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+/rgfn] k|]; hut\nfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{
cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] .
• ;+ljwfgn] ljrf/, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, 5fkfvfgf / kqklqsf;DaGwL xssf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg cfd ;~rf/sf If]qdf /fHosf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf
Go"gLs/0f ug{ kof{Kt k|fjwfgsf] cefj .
• @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|];cGtu{t 5fkf;DaGwL xs–clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP
klg b"/;~rf/sf ;fwg, >Jo–b[Zo, k|;f/0f dfWod h:t}
/]l8of]÷6]lnlehg÷cgnfOg÷l8lh6n÷OG6/g]6h:tf dfWodaf6 ul/g] ;"rgf
;Dk|]if0fsf] Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf ;d]6\g g;s]sf] .
• ;"rgfsf] xs / uf]kgLotfsf] xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /fv]sf] t/ tt\
;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefjdf ;/sf/L ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;xh x'g g;s]sf] /
o;}u/L j}olQms uf]kgLotf;DaGwL sfg"g gx'Fbf k|]; :jtGqtf / lghLkgfaLrsf]
;Ldf lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg'n] ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] .
• kqklqsf / cGo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] juL{s/0fdf j:t'ut dfkb08sf] cefj x'g' .
To:t} ;~rf/ dfWodsf] Psflwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L :j:y, k|lt:kwL{ agfpg]
lsl;dsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj klg Pp6f k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf /xL /xg' .
• rnlrq lgdf{0f, ljt/0f / k|bz{gdf Ohfht lng] ;/n / kf/bzL{ k4lt tyf
nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jftfj/0f gx'g' . o;}u/L b]zsf ljleGg efiff–efifLsf
rnlrq lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] cefj x'g' .
• k|;f/0f ;+:yf / dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ PsLs[t sfg"gsf] cefj,
ljBdfg Ohfht lng] k4lt hl6n / ckf/bzL{ x'g', /]l8of] P]g cBfjlws /
;do;fk]If gx'g', 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|f]T;flxt ug]{ sfg"gsf]
cefj x'g', /fh:j b:t'/sf] k|lqmof emGeml6nf] b]lvg' .

5
• ;~rf/ dfWoddf ljb]zL nufgL;DaGwL :ki6 gLlt aGg g;Sg' .
• l8lh6n dfWodnfO{ hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs / hgtfk|lt k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jfsf]
¿kdf sfg"gn] cfa4 ug{ g;Sg' .
• cfd ;~rf/sf If]qdf gofF–gofF oflGqs / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;cg'¿k To;nfO{
Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ lsl;dsf] sfg"g / gLlt lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' .
• u|fdL0f–b'u{d If]qdf ;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt gofF k|ljlw kx'Frsf] cefj x'g' .
• ;~rf/ If]qdf cfjZos ;Ifd hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ /fHo ;lqmo gx'g' . ;fy}
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg cfd ;~rf/ If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xg' .
• >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf] xs–lxtsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg', ePsf sfg"gsf] klg
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' .
• :j:y kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu kqsf/sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf k|efjsf/L cg'udg
ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cefj / lkmtnf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf /xg' cflb .

g]kfndf gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] ljsf; ug{ dfly plNnlvt d"ne"t ;d:ofx¿sf]
lg/fs/0f ub}{ cfd ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k"0f{ nf]stGqLs/0f cfjZos 5 . o;sf lglDt
hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L nf]stflGqs /fHo
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut / ultzLntf k|bfg ug{ cfd ;~rf/ dfWoddf :jtGqtfsf] lgjf{w
k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf h?/L 5 .

rf}yf] c+usf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;+/If0f


hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/lIft ub}{ nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|];sf] :jtGqtfdf cem lj:tf/
u/L rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gdf
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] yk ;'lglZrttfsf] cfjZostf 5 .

• ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] Jofks


;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ t'Nofpg cfd
;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xg] tYonfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ .
• /fHon] cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qnfO{ rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;+/If0f u/]sf]
k|ToIf cg'e"lt ;+ljwfgdf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ljifo agfO{ ;fj{hlgs / ;/sf/L ;"rgfdf
gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg tbg'¿ksf] sfo{ k|0ffnL tyf pkrf/
k4ltsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
• ;+ljwfgn] >Jo, >Jo–b[Zo, k|;f/0fsf dfWod h:t}– /]l8of]÷6]lnlehg÷cgnfOg÷
OG6/g]6sf ;a} dfWodnfO{ 5fkf dfWod;/x k"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .

6
• /fHon] a]nfa]nfdf :j]R5frf/L sfg"g agfO{ k|];dfly lgoGq0f / aGb]h ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf x:tIf]ksf/L
geO{ lgofds / ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf /xg] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'g] u/L /fHosf] txaf6 k|];dfly ul/Psf]
x:tIf]ksf] lj?4 kLl8t kIfnfO{ ;/n pkrf/sf] Joj:yf / plrt Ifltk"lt{sf]
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ .
• cfd ;~rf/sf] ljsf; Pjd\ u|fdL0f :t/;Dd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] lj:tf/ /
ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTjleq /x]sf] s'/f /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt /
gLltx¿df pNn]v ug]{ .
• k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ cs'l07t ?kdf k|of]u u/L hgtfsf] ;';"lrt
x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f x'g'kg]{ . /fHo÷ /fhgLltls
zlQm, nufgLstf{ / cGo s'g}klg kIfsf] :jfy{cg'¿k ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf]
;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;DkfbsLo
:jtGqtfsf] sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ . ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] cefjdf hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g] xs s'l07t x'g] tYonfO{ /fHon] x/bd Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ .
• hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xscGtu{t hgtfn] jf:tljs ;"rgf kfpg ;~rf/ dfWod
:j:y / k|lt:kwL{ x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt Psflwsf/ lgoGq0f ug]{
k|lt:kwf{Tds sfg"g cfjZos kb{5 . /fli6«o :t/sf] 5fkf, /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgdWo]
s'g} Ps ;~rf/ dfWoddf %! k|ltzteGbf a9L nufgL ePsf] JolQm jf sDkgLn]
csf]{ /fli6«o :t/sf] ;~rf/ dfWod 5fkf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg jf cgnfOg cflb
;~rfng ug]{ ;~rf/ ;+:yfdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ nufgL ug{ gkfpg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg /fVg] . o;}u/L nufgL ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm"n] nufgL u/]sf] s'g} klg
;~rf/ dfWodsf ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ tYo / nufgLsf] ljj/0f k]z ubf{ g} cfˆgf] /
cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] ;|f]t;lxtsf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;~rf/sf] dxfdfu{ -kmfOa/
clK6s / dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+s_ nfO{ b"/;~rf/, g]6jls{ª tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] :jfldTj jf Psflwsf/df /flvg' o'lQm;+ut xF'b}g . o;sf]
nflu a]Un} lgsfo / ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' h?/L 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/df lghL
If]qn] ;d]t nufgL ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] / To;sf] cg'udg ;DalGwt
k|flws/0f jf tf]lsPsf] lgsfon] ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] pkof]u
;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ (Right of way) sf] cfwf/ ;a} l8lh6n dfWod pkof]ustf{x¿
-b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos, OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos, cfd ;~rf/sf sfo{qmd pTkfbs /
k|;f/s, ljQLo ;+:yf cflb_ n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{'kg]{ . o;}u/L s]a'n
6]lnlehg dfWodaf6 ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ug{sf lgldQ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf ufl8Psf
kf]n, 6fj/ tyf laR5\ofOPsf kmfOa/ clK6s;\ cflb / l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng
ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;~rf/sf] dxfdfu{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs jf ;femf >f]tsf]
?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ltgsf pkef]udf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xs ;'lglZrt
ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / pkef]u ug]{ kIfx¿ Ps} geO{
cnu–cnu x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

7
• ;~rf/ dfWodx? ;~rfng / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yf / lgsfox¿nfO{ Ohfht lbg],
lgodg tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfdsf lgldQ :jtGq lgsfosf] ?kdf k|;f/0f
k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;"rgfsf] ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ :jtGq ;"rgf cfof]usf]
:yfkgf ug]{ .
• cGo If]qdf h:tf] k|]; / ;~rf/ pBddf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ lgMzt{ v'nf ug'{
plrt gx'g] x'Fbf /fli6«o txdf dfq ax';+Vos z]o/ g]kfnLsf] /xg] / ;DkfbsLo
:jtGqtf Pjd\ Joj:yfkgdf g]kfnLsf] ;fy{s e"ldsf /xg] Joj:yf u/L k|]; /
;~rf/sf If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xL v'nf ul/g'kg]{ . If]qLo
tyf :yfgLo txsf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿df ljb]zL nufgL k"0f{?kdf lgif]lwt ug]{ .
• ;'of]Uo / ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] cefjdf k|]; jf ;~rf/af6 hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g]
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf] hgzlQm pTkfbgdf /fHo :jod\n] ;d]t
nfugL u/L lghL If]qnfO{ klg To;tkm{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ . k|]; / ;~rf/
dfWoddf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] Jofj;flos bIftf / ;Lk ljsf;sf lglDt :jb]z
tyf ljb]zdf cWoog, cjnf]sg, tflnd, k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ To:tf kqsf/x¿nfO{ z'?df s/f/df
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg] t/ s/f/df lgo'lQm ePsf] cj:yfd} :yfoL;/x labf, cf}ifwf]krf/
/ pkbfg kfpg] s'/f s/f/kqdf pNn]v ug]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ . ;fy} %
jif{ k'u]sf] ;+:yfn] sDtLdf klg Ps ltxfO hgzlQmnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf :YffoLsf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg sfg"gd} Jojl:yt ul/g'kg]{ .
• /fHosf] 3f]lift gLlt cg'?k cfd ;~rf/sf ;fj{hlgs dfWod / lgofds
;+:yfx¿df ## k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s'n kqsf/
dWo] ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf jf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] lghL If]qsf k|]; jf
;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . ##
k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf u/fpFbf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo, blnt,
dw]zL, hghflt dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] jf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• g]kfn ax'hflto, ax'efifLs, ax';fF:s[lts / ax'wfld{s d'n's ePsf] x'Fbf k|]; /
;~rf/ dfWodn] ;a}sf] ;';"lrt x'g] ;dfg xsnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ ljleGg efiffefifL
/ lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf :yfgLo ;+:s[ltnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{ lsl;dsf ;fdu|L pTkfbg,
k|sfzg, k|bz{g / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsk|lt ;Ddfg ub}{ s'g} klg sd{rf/L jf gful/sn] cfkm"n]
sfd u/]sf] lgsfo jf hg;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifosf] ;"rgf lbPdf To:tf] ;"rgf
bftfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt z+v3f]ifs sfg"g (Whistleblowers) agfpg'kg]{ .
• cfd ;~rf/ / k|];sf] If]qdf /fHoåf/f u7g ul/g] ;~rf/;DaGwL lgsfox¿df
lk5l8Psf ju{, hflt, hghflt, blnt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL, ckfËx¿sf] Gofof]lrt
¿kdf k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

8
• g]kfnL k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf] ljsf;sf lglDt g]kfnL k]|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf]
pTkfbg / k|sfzgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ ljb]zL ahf/df k|j4{g x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .

9
efu #

5fkf dfWodsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/


g]kfndf cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf 5fkf dfWodsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . 5fkf
dfWodaf6 z'? ePsf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;n] ;o jif{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . xft]
k|];af6 k|f/De ePsf] g]kfnL 5fkfsf] ofqf cTofw'lgs ck\m;]6 k|];sf] o'udf k|j]z
ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|];nfO{ pBf]u / Joj;fosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ nufgLstf{x¿ k|f]T;flxt
e}/x]sf 5g\ . of] d'n'ss} lglDt ;'vb kIf xf] . k|]; / kqsfl/tfnfO{ cfˆgf] k]zfsf] ¿kdf
c+ufNg]x?sf] ;+Vof klg lbgx‘' a9\bf] 5 . gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 5fkf dfWodx¿
cfsif{s aGb} uPsf 5g\ . cfd gful/snfO{ ;"rgf / ;]jf k|bfg ug{ 5fkf dfWodx¿
s]Gb|b]lv df]km;n;Dd plQs} lqmofzLn 5g\ .

kqklqsfsf] btf{ l:ylt


-@)^@ ;fn kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd_

lsl;d ;+Vof
b}lgs #!#
cw{–;fKtflxs !)
;fKtflxs !%)^
kflIfs #))
dfl;s !#!#
å}dfl;s @^&
q}dfl;s $!(
rf}dfl;s @@
cw{–jflif{s ^)
Jfflif{s &^
hDdf $@*^

-;|f]tM ;"rgf ljefu_

10
efiffut cfwf/df kqklqsfsf] ;+Vof
-@)^@ kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd_

efiff ;+Vof
g]kfnL @(%^
c+u|]hL #%%
g]kfnL÷ c+u|]hL &#@
g]jf/L @%
lxGbL !#
d}lynL !#
Yff¿ %
;+:s[t @
ef]hk'/L @
pb"{ @
cGo !*!
hDdf $@*^
-;|f]tM ;"rgf ljefu _

o;/L btf{ ;+Vof pNn]Vo eP klg lgoldt k|sflzt x'g] kqklqsfsf] ;+Vof eg]
Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
kqklqsf lgoldttfsf] l:ylt
qm=;= klqsfsf] ;fn
lsl;d 059.060 060.061 061.062
lgoldt clgoldt lgoldt clgoldt lgoldt clgoldt lg
! b}lgs 42 35 49 40 54 27 50
@ cw{– 2 2 2 2 1 3 2
;fKtflxs
# ;fKtflxs 181 153 200 181 248 174 217
$ kflIfs 12 27 14 26 19 31 5
hDdf 237 217 265 249 322 235 274
;|f]tM k|]; sfplG;n, g]kfn, @)^# ;fpg

PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf a9L hgtfsf aLr zL3| / b|'t ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ug]{ dfWodsf]
¿kdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6, cgnfOg, l8lh6n h:tf dfWodx¿n] k|efj a9fPsf]
eP klg 5fkf kqsfl/tf cem klg nf]slk|o, e/kbf]{ / ;"rgfsf] ;lhnf] Pjd\ cfwf/e"t
;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df 5fkf dfWodnfO{ cem a9L ljZjfl;nf] / ;'b[9
agfpg b]xfosf] If]qdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M–

11
• 5fkfvfgf / kqklqsfnfO{ Pp6} sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] jt{dfg 5fkfvfgf /
kqklqsf;DaGwL P]gnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ 5'§f5'§}
sfg"g th'{df x'g' h?/L 5 . h; cg'¿k kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿–
vf;u/L kqsfl/tfsf Jofj;flos l;4fGt, cfrf/–Jojxf/, b08–;hfo, >dhLjL
kqsf/x?sf] xs–lxt / ;]jf–;t{h:tf ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{
kqsfl/tf;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"g agfpg'kb{5 . k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f dfWodsf] ;+:yfut
:j?k, sfo{–bfo/f / bfloTj;d]t :ki6 ls6fg u/L dfWod;DaGwL cnu sfg"g
agfOg'kb{5 . 5fkfvfgfnfO{ cGo pBf]u;/x btf{ u/L ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
• k|];sf] :jtGqtfdf afwf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g, @)$*Ù
x'nfs P]g, @)!(Ù hf;';L P]g, @)!*Ù tYofÍ P]g, @)!%Ù lgjf{rg P]g, @)$&Ù
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / cGo sltko P]g–sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx? ;do;fk]If
9+uaf6 ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ .
• 5fkf dfWodsf] ljsf;sf lglDt /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'k5{ . ;fy}
k|]; ;fdu|LnfO{ k|fylds j:t'leq juL{s[t u/L /fHo / lghL If]qsf jfxsn] ;d]t
kqklqsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ 9'jfgL ug{'kg]{ .
• åGåkLl8t kqsf/ / tLgsf kl/jf/nfO{ ljz]if Ifltk"lt{ ;'ljwf lbOg'kg]{ .
• kmf]6f] kqsf/ / Jo+Uolrq kqsf/nfO{ k|]; kf; lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .
• kqklqsfsf] btf{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]
;§f kqklqsfsf] btf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?df x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
kqklqsfsf] gfddf bf]xf]/f]kg x'g glbg]nufotsf s'/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;"rgf
ljefun] ;flasdf em}+ s]Gb|Lo clen]vsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . klqsf btf{ ug{ rfxg]
kIfn] ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lgj]bg lbPkl5 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
To:tf] lgj]bg ;"rgf ljefu jf ljefusf] j]a;fO6df cWofjlws u/L] kqklqsfsf]
gfd gh'Wg] osLg u/L tLg lbgleq btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . k|To]s lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltn] kqklqsf btf{ x'g]lalQs} ;f]sf] clen]v ;"rgf ljefudf k7fpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• 5fkf dfWodsf] ;++:yfut ljsf; ug{ kqklqsf Joj;fonfO{ ;]jf pBf]usf] ¿kdf
/fHon] dfGotf lbg'kg]{ / To;cg'?k ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u / cg's"n
jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ .
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf ;fy{s t'Nofpg dlxnf, cflbjf;L,
hghflt, blnt, dw]zL / lk5l8Psf ju{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ ;a}sf] bfloTj
7flgg'k5{ . o:tf kqsf/x?sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf lglDt tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf
ul/g'k5{ . o; lglDt ;Da4 ;~rf/ dfWodsf cltl/Qm /fHon] ;d]t nufgL ug'{
h?/L 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] kqsf/x?sf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd -cg b ha 6«]lgª_
nfO{ ljz]if dxTj / ;x'lnot lbg'k5{ . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLltdf n}+lus ;dfgtfsf]
ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ .

12
• lghL If]qdf 5fkf dfWodsf] kof{Kt ljsf; / k|lt:kwf{ eO;s]sf] cfhsf] g]kfndf
;/sf/ cfk+}mn] ;~rf/ dfWod ;~rfng ug{' plrt b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ;/sf/L]
:jfldTj / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf ;a} k|sfzgnfO{ ;/sf/L
:jfldTjaf6 cnu ug'{ cToGt h?/L 5 . o; k|of]hgsf lglDt ……uf]/vfkqÚÚ
nufotsf æa|f08Æ x? / ;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ cnu–cnu 5'6\ofO{ lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{
tL 5fkf dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] cGTo ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 . 5fkf
dfWodsf] k'/fgf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] ……uf]/vfkqÚÚ k|ltsf] hgtfsf] efjgfTds kIf /
cl:tTj sfod} /fVg] u/L lglZrt ;t{ tf]sL o;sf] a|f08 ljqmLljt/0f ul/g'kb{5 .
o;/L ljqmLljt/0f eO;s]kl5 To:tf] vl/bstf{n] tf]lsPsf] ;t{ k"/f gu/]sf]
b]lvPdf ;/sf/n] k'gM csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;t{ tf]s]/ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

13
efu $

/]l8of] dfWod / ;'wf/


/]l8of] u|fdL0f hgtf;dIf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ ;zQm dfWod xf] . g]kfndf /]l8of]
k|;f/0fsf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTolt/ g]kfndf /]l8of] ;]6 lemsfOPkl5
@))$ ;fnb]lv g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ /]l8of] /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt eof] . @))&
;fndf lj/f6gu/df Pp6f ;fgf] æ6]njf/Æ 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 æg]kfn k|hftGq
/]l8of]Æ gfdn] /]l8of] ;~rfng eof] . h'g 6«fG;ld6/ @))& ;fn r}q @) ut] sf7df8f}+
l;+xb/af/df NofO{ k|;f/0f k|f/De ul/of] . oxL ……g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of]ÚÚ g]kfn /]l8of] /
To;kl5 ……/]l8of] g]kfnÚÚsf] gfdn] ;~rfng x'g k'Uof] . /]l8of] g]kfn 5'§} sfg"gcGtu{t
;~rflnt xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|]; /
;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] sf/0f ;"rgf / ;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] Jofks kl/jt{gn]
/]l8of]sf] If]qdf ljleGg PkmPd k|;f/0fx¿ ;~rfng x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /]l8of] g]kfnn]
@)%$ ;fnb]lv >f]tfaLr ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] x]t'n] OG6/g]6df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 eg]
PkmPd /]l8of]x¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ TolQs} a9]sf] 5 . /]l8of]sf If]qdf o;cl3 g} %^
j6f PkmPd k|;f/0fx¿n] Ohfht kfPsf]df %! j6f :6];gx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . kl5Nnf]
r/0fdf clxn] PkmPdnfO{ Ohfht lbg] sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 .

xfd|f]h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / 5fkf dfWod Pjd\ 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k'Ug g;s]sf
If]qx¿df /]l8of] dfWod g} Ps dfq ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . ax';+Vos hgtfn] /]l8of]
dfWodaf6} k|;fl/t x'g] ;"rgfx¿ pkef]u ul//x]sf] clxn]sf] cj:yf 5 . /]l8of] g]kfnsf]
cfˆg} Oltxf; eP klg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" ePkl5 ;"rgf /
;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] /]l8of] PkmPdx¿n] ;"rgfsf] If]qdf Pp6f ;fdflhs
qmflGt g} NofPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /]l8of] dfWodsf If]qdf ljleGg ;d:of /lx/x]sf
5g\ . /]l8of] dfWodnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ljBdfg /]l8of] P]g / /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g kof{Kt
5}gg\ . PkmPd /]l8of] ;~rfns ;+:yf btf{;DaGwdf ;d]t Ps?ktf 5}g . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] juL{s/0fdf ;d:of /x]s} 5 . Ohfht lng] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ 5}g . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] ;~rfngdf /fHon] k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvGg . /]l8of]sf] pks/0f pTkfbgdf
/f]s nufOPsf] cj:yf 5 . lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf g]6jls{ª ;DaGwdf ;d:of Tolts}
5g\ . Ohfhtkqsf] :yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwdf, lj1fkgsf ljifodf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf
;DaGwdf Tolts} ;d:of /lx/x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf] ;dod} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]df /]l8of]
dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g ;Sb5 . /]l8of] dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
lglDt d"ntM b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfosf] ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

• P]g sfg"gdf ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L cfd hgtfn] kfpg] u/L
;"rgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ lgjf{w ¿kn] k|;f/0f ug]{;d]tsf] p2]Zon] /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g,
@)$( hf/L ul/Psf] eP klg /fHosf] e"ldsf lgodg / ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf dfq
geO{ /fHon] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg k|;f/0f dfWodnfO{ /f]s nufpg ;Sg]
x:tIf]ksf/L] e"ldsf /x]sfn] k|;f/0f dfWodx¿sf] :jtGqtfdf /fHosf] cg'lrt

14
x:tIf]k eO/xg] tYonfO{ dgg u/L kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k|;f/0f dfWodsf]
:jtGqtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L g]kfndf /]l8of]
oGq /fVg], agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ sfdnfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt ug]{ p2]Zon] hf/L
ePsf] /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ ;do;fk]If gePsfn] kl/jlt{t dfGotfcg'?k hgtfsf]
;';"lrtsf] clwsf/ / /fHosf] lgofds / ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfcg'?k agfpg
cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/g'kg]{ .
• juL{s/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|;f/0f OhfhtnfO{ ;]jfsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos, ;fj{hlgs,
Jofkfl/s / z}lIfs k|;f/0f ;]jfsf ?kdf / If]qsf cfwf/df /fli6«o, If]qLo,
:yfgLo egL juL{s/0f ul/g'kg]{ . ;+:yfut :j?ksf lx;fan] ljz]if P]gåf/f ul7t
:jzfl;t ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf/0f ;+:yf dflgg] / sDkgL P]g÷;fem]bf/L P]g h:tf
sfg"gcGtu{t gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf
/]l8of]x¿nfO{ Jofkfl/s /]l8of] dfGg] / u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yfx¿ h:t} u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf÷;xsf/L÷6«i6 h:tf ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf /]l8of]x¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf]
juL{s/0fleq kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . o;/L juL{s0f ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f /
Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f u/L 5'6\ofO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf] dfWodnfO{ ljz]if
;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L :yfgLo txdf efiff ;+:s[ltnfO{
k|j4{g ug]{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
:yfgLo lgsfo tyf ljZjljBfnox¿n] #) jf6;Ddsf k|;f/0f Ifdtfdf /]l8of]
k|;f/0f z'? ubf{ /lhi6]«;g dfqsf] Joj:yf u/L Ohfht lng' gkg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Ohfht ;DaGwdf lk|mSj]G;L ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L /fli6«o:t/sf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f ;]jfnfO{ cfjlws Ohfht lbg] /
To;kl5 k'gM a9fa9sf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .
• Ohfht ;DaGwdf PkmPd /]l8of]sf] Ohfhtsf] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{
h;cg'¿k ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fsf nflu @ j6f / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf nflu a9Ldf #
j6f lk|mSj]G;L /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/sf ?kdf ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f
tyf If]q ljz]ifsf k|;f/0fx¿sf] Ohfht lbg] cfwf/x¿df– /fli6«o ljsf;df
k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1
5gf]6 / hgzlQmsf] l:ylt, b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ cflb s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ /
/fli6«o :t/sf Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg] cfwf/x¿df– /fh:j a9fpg]
Ifdtf, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1 5gf]6 /
hgzlQmsf] l:ylth:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ u/L tf]Sg'kg]{ .
• ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf]
¿kdf /]l8of] dfWod rnfPafkt sDkgL P]gcGtu{tsf s/afx]s cGo s/x¿ -
gjLs/0f z'Ns, /f]oN6L cflb_ nufpg gx'g], k|;f/0f tyf :6'l8of] pks/0fx¿
vl/b ubf{ eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf lbg'kg]{, ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿nfO{
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf;d]t ug'{kg]{, g]kfn :6s PS;r]Ghdf ;"rLs[t eO{ ;j{;fwf/0fdf
lglZrt z]o/ a]Rg] Jofkfl/s /]l8of]x¿nfO{ kfFr jif{;Dd cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df /]l8of] dfWod rnfPafkt
/f]oN6Lsf] Joj:yf u/] klg cGo ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . t/ s'g} /]l8of]x¿ dgf]/~hgsf
;fdu|L dfq k|;f/0f ug]{ eP /f]oN6Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

15
• /]l8of] pks/0f lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ n] 6«fG;ld6/nufotsf /]l8of]
pks/0f lgdf{0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] Joj:yf jt{dfg ;Gbe{df plrt gx'Fbf ;'/Iff
pBf]usf] ¿kdf ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw;lxt b]zleq g} ;a} vfn] /]l8of]
pks/0fx¿ lgdf{0f tyf ljqmLljt/0fsf] Joj:yf v'nf ul/g'kg]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf g]6jls{ª ;DaGwdf /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/0fsf nflu @)
k|ltzteGbf a9L lk|mSj]G;L 5'6\ofpg gkfOg] / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu x/]s
If]qdf @% k|ltzt lk|mSj]G;Lsf] sf]6f 5'6\ofOg'kg]{, k|;f/0f Psflwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ Pp6} zx/df Pp6f ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ Pp6feGbf a9L lk|mSj]G;L pknAw
gu/fpg], ljb]zL k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd s'n k|;f/0f ;dosf] !% k|ltzteGbf
a9L k|;f/0f ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L Pp6f k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] pTkfbg u/]sf]
;fdu|L cGo k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] k|;f/0f ubf{ k'gM k|;f/0f ug]{ /]l8of] :6];gn] s'g} Ps
:6];gaf6 kfFr k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L cfkm\gf] s'n k|;f/0f ;dosf] #) k|ltzt
;do dfq k'gM k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• :of6nfO6 tyf l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{
/f]Sg' plrt gx'Fg] x'Fbf :of6nfO6 tyf l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0fnfO{ dfGotf lbO{
:of6nfO6 AofG8 ePsf /]l8of]sf] ljqmLljt/0f tyf k|of]unfO{ lagfOhfht v'nf
ul/g'kg]{ .
• Ohfhtkqsf] x:tfGt/0f tyf :yfgfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfn] lnPsf]
Ohfhtkq ;DalGwt lgsfodf uO{ a9Ldf b'O{ k6s;Dd x:tfGt/0f x'g] Joj:yf
ug]{ . s'g} Ps 7fpFsf nflu lnPsf] Ohfht cfjZostf, k|lt:kwf{ tyf :yfloTjsf]
b[li6n] csf]{ lhNnf jf If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ rfx]df ;f] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .

16
efu %

6]lnlehg, rnlrq / s]a'n dfWod / ;'wf/

6]lnlehgsf If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/


cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf Jofks / ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]lnlehg /x]sf]] 5 .
g]kfndf @)$! ;fnb]lv g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf]df 6]lnlehgsf
k|;f/0fx¿ lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf l/n] :6];gx¿ yk u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0f
Pl;ofsf @) j6f /fi6«x¿df e"–pku|xdfkm{t 6]lnlehgsf ;+s]t t/Ëx¿af6 lj:tf/
eO;s]sf] 5 . ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿
:yfkgf / k|;f/0f ug{ lghLIf]q klg Tolts} pT;flxt ePsf] 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] cltl/Qm lghL If]qsf] k|of;df ;d]t
b]xfosf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
l;=g+= Rofgnx¿ k|;f/0f k4lt
!= g]kfn 6]lnlehg 6]/]:6]l/on÷:of6nfO6
@= Rofgn g]kfn :of6nfO6
#= sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg 6]/]:6]l/on÷:of6nfO6
$= Od]h d]6«f] 6]/]:6]l/on ÷:of6nfO6
%= g]6]eL d]6«f] 6]/]:6]l/on

6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf xfn;Dd # ;o ## j6f s]a'n 6]lnlehg g]6js{


;+:yfx¿n] Ohfht k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :of6nfO6 k|;f/0fn] g]kfn
clw/fHosf k"/} efunufot cGo d'n'sx¿df ;d]t cfˆgf] k|;f/0f k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
6]/]:6]l/on g]6js{n] ;d]t d'n'ssf] ^@ k|ltzt e"–efudf cfˆgf] kxF'r k'¥ofPsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . o;/L hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{, dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{nufot ljleGg lzIffd"ns,
1fgj4{s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ 6]lnlehg dfWodx¿ pT;fxL ePsf] eP klg
6]lnlehg dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lglDt cem klg cg]sf}+ ;d:of /xL
/x]s} 5g\ . o;sf lglDt b]xfosf ljifodf b]xfoadf]lhd ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos 5 .
• juL{s/0f ;DaGwdf 6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ hgtfk|lt r]tgfd"ns / lzIffd"ns
;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f (Public Service
Broadcasting _ / d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] ;~rfng ul/Psf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f
(Commercial Broadcasting) egL juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] p2]Zon]
;~rfng ePsf] 6]lnlehgnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . o;}u/L
:yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;+j4{g / :yfgLo efiffefifLdf k|;f/0f ug]{ 6]lnlehgx¿nfO{
ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

17
• Ohfhtsf] cjlw ;DaGwdf lk|mSj]G;L ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L lk|mSj]G;L cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o :t/sf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f
;]jfnfO{ cfjlws Ohfht lbg] / To;kl5 k'gM a9fa9 ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
lk|mSj]G;L cefj gePsf] cj:yfdf cfjlws u/L gljs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf 6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ Ohfht lbFbf /fli6«o ljsf;df
k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g,
ljz]if1 5gf]6 tyf hgzlQmsf] l:ylt, b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ h:tf s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f tyf If]qLo:t/sf 6]/]:6]l/on k|;f/0fx¿sf]
Ohfhtdf v'nf / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, Psflwsf/ lbg gx'g] / /fli6«o:t/sf]
6]/]:6]l/on Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f tyf :of6nfO6 k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf
/fh:j a9fpg], k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1
5gf]6 / hgzlQmsf] l:ylt h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
• ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf ;~rf/ dfWod rnfPafkt s'g}
k|sf/sf] s/ nufpFbf hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g]
x'Fbf sDkgL P]gcGtu{tsf s/afx]s cGo s/x¿ -gjLs/0f z'Ns, /f]oN6L cflb_
nufpg gx'g], k|;f/0f tyf :6'l8of] pks/0fx? vl/b ubf{ eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf
x'g'kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf 6]lnlehgx?nfO{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{,
g]kfn :6s PS;r]Ghdf ;"rLs[t eO{ ;j{;fwf/0fdf lglZrt z]o/ a]Rg] Jofkfl/s
6]lnlehgx?nfO{ % jif{;Dd cfos/ ldgfxf lbg'kg]{ .
• pks/0f pTkfbg ;DaGwdf @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf k|ljlwsf] lgdf{0f tyf k|of]unfO{
k|ltalGwt ug'{ plrt gx'g] x'Fbf of] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L b]zleq} plrt k|aGwsf;fy
;a} vfn] k|;f/0f tyf :of6nfO6 pks/0fx? lgdf{0f tyf ljqmLljt/0fsf] Joj:yf
v'nf ul/g'kg]{ .
• ljb]zL 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwdf Ohfht, /fh:j b:t'/sf] k|lqmof
Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;/n 9+un] x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, ljb]zL 6]lnlehg ;+:yfn]
;dfrf/ k7fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq lglZrt k|ltlglw dfq /fVg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg], g]kfnL pBf]u tyf Jofkf/Lx?n] ljb]zL 6]lnlehgnfO{ lbPsf] lj1fkg
vr{df pBf]unfO{ s/ s§Lsf] 5'6 glbg] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ tyf lj1fkg lng] ljb]zL
6]lnlehgaf6 g]kfndf a;]/ sf/f]af/ ubf{ s/ lng]] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• Ohfhtkqsf] :yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwdf s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] nflu lnOPsf] Ohfht
cfjZostf, k|lt:kwf{ tyf :yfloTjsf lx;fan] pko'Qm csf]{ lhNnf jf If]qdf ;fg{
rfx]df ;lhn};Fu :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

rnlrq If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/


cfh ljZjdf rnlrq pBf]un] hgtf;dIf dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug{, lzIff / r]tgfsf]
lj:tf/ ug{ pn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf @))^
;fnb]lv g} rnlrqn] cfkm\gf] ofqf k|f/De u/]sf] eP klg ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fdf
cg]sf}+ ;d:of em]Ng'kl//x]s} 5 . rnlrq pBf]usf] xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt cjnf]sg ubf{

18
;]n'nfO8 xn ;+Vof–@ ;o ^$, xfOlehg xn ;+Vof–$&, ljt/s ;+Vof–*(, lgdf{tf
;+Vof–@ ;o @, ;]n'nfO8 lkmNd Ohfht lnPsf] ;+Vof–% ;o ##, lel8of] lkmNd Ohfht
lnPsf] ;+Vof–! ;o ^! /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

rnlrq -lgdf{0f, k|bz{g tyf ljt/0f_ P]g, @)@^ rnlrq Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf]
lgldQ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;do ;fk]If 5}g . o:df rnlrq Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{
;f]xLcg';f/ b]xfosf Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 .
• pTkfbg jf lgdf{0f :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf JolQmn] g]kfnL rnlrq
lgdf{0f ug{ rfx]df rnlrq lgdf{0fsf] k"j{ Ohfht lng'kg]{ ;a} vfn] Joj:yf
x6fOg'kg]{,] ;]G;/l;ksf] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L u]|l8ªsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . lel8of] jf
l8lh6n k|ljlw / ;]n'nfO8 k|ljlwaf6 pTkfbg x'g] rnlrqdf kmDof{6sf] dfq
km/s ePsfn] ;+/rgfut lje]b x6fpg'kg]{

• k|bz{gsf] :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf k|bz{g / ljt/0fsf nflu rnlrq ljsf; af]8{ /


rnlrqsdL{sf ;+u7gx¿af6 lng'kg]{ :jLs[lt / l;kmfl/;sf] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L
k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfnL rnlrqdfly k|bz{gk"j{ ul/Fb} cfPsf]
leh'cn ;]G;/l;knfO{ vf/]h u/L rnlrqnfO{ u|]l8ª ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, o;/L
u|]l8ª ubf{ rnlrqsf] k|s[ltcg'?k kfl/jfl/s rnlrq, cleefjssf] lgu/fgLdf
dfq b]vfOg] rnlrq, jo:ssf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] rnlrq / ;fj{hlgs k|bz{gdf
k"/} /f]s jf lglZrt ;dodf dfq b]vfpg ;Sg] jf lglZrt rnlrq xndf
lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xn] dfq x]g{ ;Sg] u/L rnlrqsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ .

• g]kfnL rnlrqnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ;DaGwdf rnlrq pTkfbg÷lgdf{0fsf ;fwgx¿


-nufgL, lgb]{zs, lgdf{tf, d'Vo snfsf/, d'Vo k|fljlws, k6syfsf/_ / ljifo
j:t'sf cg'kft tf]sL c+s ef/sf cfwf/df g]kfnL jf ljb]zL rnlrq egL
kl/eflift ul/g'kg]{ .

• ljb]zL rnlrqsf] 5fofs+g ;DaGwdf g]kfnleq 5fof+sg ug{ ljb]zL rnlrq


sDkgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . o;/L 5fof+sgsf] lglDt :jLs[lt lbFbf g]kfndf ePsf]
k|ljlw / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;d]t k|of]u u/]df ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L ljb]zLn] :jLs[lt jf Ohfht lnFbf Ps} 7fpFaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf]
Joj:yf x'g] Psåf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ul/g'kg]{ .

• efiffeflifsf rnlrq ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffefifLsf rnlrq lgdf{0fnfO{


k|f]T;flxt ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf] x'bfF ljleGg efiffefifLsf rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{ /fHon]
cg'bfg, ;xof]u / ;'ljwf lbO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ kg]{ .

19
• rnlrq lgofds lgsfo ;DjGwdf rnlrq dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, u|]l8ª /
lgodg ug{sf nflu ;DjlGwt If]qsf lj1x?sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L cljl5Gg,
:jfoQ tyf clwsf/ ;DkGg :jtGq lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ . o:tf] lgsfodf
k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ;dfj]zL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ kg]{ .

s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/


s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿ ljt/ssf] JolQmut k|of;af6 dfq ;~rflnt xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
o;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ :ki6 sfg"gsf] cefj v8\lsPs} 5 . s]a'n 6]lnlehgnfO{
Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug'{ plrt x'g] b]lvG5 .

• sfo{If]q ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿ hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs


tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtfnfO{ k|rngdf Nofpg ;Sg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /xsf] dfWod
ePsfn] s]a'n 6]lnlehgn] cfk}+m sfo{qmd pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f ug{ rfx]df
pTkfbgsf] :jLs[lt ;d]t lnO{ k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . g]kfnleqaf6
/fi6« tyf /fli6«o efiffdf k|;fl/t /fli6«o Rofgnx¿nfO{ s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf] s"n
Ifdtfsf] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt Rofgn 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ . ;f] Rofgn 8fpg ln+s ug{
nfUg] pks/0f vr{ eg] 6]lnlehg Rofgnn] s]a'n 6]lnlehg ;+rfnsnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg'kg]{, s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿n] cfk}+m pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f u/]sf] Rofgndf
lj1fkg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf @ ;oeGbf sd u|fxs ;+Vof x'g] u|fdL0f e]usf s]a'n
6LeL ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo txdf g} /lhi6]«zg dfq u/] k'Ug], To;nfO{ Ohfht
lng' gkg]{ Joj:yf ug]{, zx/L If]qdf zx/L cfsfzdf x'g] tf/sf] phf{nfO{ ;d]t
ljrf/ u/L v'nf tf/af6 ljt/0f ug]{ s]a'nnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ k|lqmofjf6 lglZrt
sf]6f tf]sL Ohfht k|bfg ug{'kg]{, jfP/n]; k|0ffnL (MMDS) tyf cGo
ultljlwaf6 x'g] s]a'n k|;f/0fnfO{ ;d]t Jojl:yt ug{ Ohfhtsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• l8l6Pr ;DjGwdf k|ljlwnfO{ /f]s nufpg c;Dej x'g] x'Fbf 8fO/]S6 6' xf]d -
l8l6Pr_ nfO{ j}wflgstf lbg Ohfhtsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / g]kfndf ljt/0f x'g]
l8l6Pr (DTH) ;]jfsf] Kofs]hdf @% k|ltzt g]kfnL Rofgnx¿ /fVg clgjfo{
ug'{kg]{ .
• pkef]Qmf d"No lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf 8fpg ln+s gLlt hf/L u/L nfut d"Nosf
cfwf/df !) k|ltzteGbf a9L gfkmf /fVg gkfpg] u/L pkef]Qmf d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{,
• slG8;gn PS;]; l;:6d ;DjGwdf slG8;gn PS;]; l;:6d r/0fa4 ¿kdf nfu"
ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• cGo ;]jf ;~rfng ;DjGwdf s]jn ;+rfnsx?n] Od]n, kmf]g tyf lel8of]
cgnfO{g h:tf ;]jfx? ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

20
• ljb]zL Rofgnx¿ s]a'naf6 k|;f/0f ubf{ tL Rofgnx¿af6 k|;f/0f x'g] lj1fkgnfO{
cGo b]zsf] ;d]t sfg"g / k|rngsf] cWoog u/L g]kfnleq aHg lbg] jf glbg]
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ .

21
efu ^

;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWod / ;'wf/

l8lh6n dfWod÷k|ljlw 5fkf tyf On]S6«f]lgs dfWod / k|ljlwx¿sf ;a}


ljz]iftfo'Qm, 8]6f÷;"rgf pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f / ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf l56f], ;lhnf]
/ ;:tf] dfWod xf] . g]kfndf clxn] l8lh6n dfWodaf6 cfd ;~rf/sf cGo dfWodx¿
;d]t ;~rfng eO/xsf 5g\ . b'u{d lhNnfdf klg o; dfWodaf6 k':ts, kqklqsf, lrq,
rnlrq, 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb ;"rgf / 1fgsf kf7\o, Wjlg / >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-8]6f_ k|fKt / k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . of] dfWodsf] dxTj / pkof]u lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf]
5 . l8lh6n dfWodsf] k|of]ulagf cfw'lgs hLjg k4lt ;xh ¿kdf rNg g;Sg] cj:yf
cfO;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf l8lh6n dfWodsf] pkof]u


!= sDKo'6/x¿aLr ;~rf/ M 8]6f ;Dk|]if0f, Rof6, ;:j/ s'/fsfgL (VoIP)
@= j]a;fO6df kf7\o, >Jo / b[Zo ;fdu|L M k':ts, kqklqsf, lrq, rnlrq
#= OG6/g]6af6 /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, l;g]df
$= cgnfOg klqsf
%= OG6/g]6af6 :jb]z / ljb]zdf cvaf/ / kqklqsfsf] b"/ pTkfbg÷k'gM k|sfzg

l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/


!= sDKo'6/ pks/0f / ;~rfng k|0ffnL -xf8{j]o/ / ;km\6j]o/_
@= OG6/g]6 M ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ M
s_ b"/;~rf/sf] ;~hfn -g]6js{_ :yfgLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf, dfOqmf]j]e ln+s, kmfOa/
clK6s ln+s, ;~rf/ e"–pku|x -eL:of6_, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o AofG8ljy /
pko'Qm lk|mSj]G;Lsf /]l8of] pks/0f
v_ jN8{jfO8j]a, Od]n, Anu, Rof6 O=

g]kfndf l8lh6n dfWod / o; ;DaGwL ;]jfsf] l:ylt


lgofds lgsfo M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos M $
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos M #@
sf7df8f}+aflx/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos M @
eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfos M *
OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{ k|ToIf M %),))) -cg'dflgt_
ck|ToIf M @%),))) -cg'dflgt_

22
eL:of6 k|ljlwaf6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf M !) 7fpFdf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] M %% lhNnf

g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfossf] Ohfht, z'Ns / s/;DaGwL


ljBdfg Joj:yf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] xfn g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (ISP) af6
Ohfht tyf gjLs/0f z'Nsafkt ljleGg k|sf/sf rsf]{ z'Ns lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu eL:of6 g]6js{sf nflu Ohfht z'Ns ?= @%,)),))). gjLs/0fsf nflu
?= @@,%),)))., eL:of6 k|of]ustf{sf nflu ?= @,%),))). / @,@%,)))., OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf
nflu ?= #,)),))). / ?= @,&),)))., cflb . cg'dltkq kfFr jif{sf] nflu eP tfklg
cg'dltkqsf] Dofb ;lsg'eGbf ^ dlxgf cufj} gjLs/0f b:t'/ ?= @@,%),))). e'QmfgL
ug'{k5{ . Dofbleq gjLs/0f u/fpg g;s]df k|flws/0faf6 cg'dlt lnO{ Ps dlxgfleq
gjLs/0f b:t'/sf] @% k|ltzt, tLg dlxgfleq %) k|ltzt / 5 dlxgfleq ztk|ltzt
yk b:t'/ lnO{ cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ul/lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

To:t}, g]6js{ / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx?n] cfk\mgf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltzt
/f]oN6L tyf b'O{ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]if (RTDF) afkt 5 k|ltzt /sd
e'QmfgL ul//x]sf] 5 . of] /sd -s_ g]6js{ ;]jf k|bfosx?n] :of6]nfO6 ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
ljb]zL ljlgdo d'b|fdf e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ z'Ns, -v_ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx?n] e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{
Jof08ljysf] z'Ns, -u_ g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ z'Ns tyf -3_ g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf cGo cg'dlt k|fKt ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsx? s6\6f gu/L s'n
cfDbfgLdf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ k/]sf] 5 .
cGttf]uTjf of] ef/ u|fxsdfly g} k5{ .

g]kfn l8lh6n dfWodsf] o'udf k|j]z ul/;s] klg o;sf] ljsf; / pkof]usf
nflu cfjZos k|j4{gsf/L gLlt / sfg'gsf] cefjÙ cJofjxfl/s z'Ns tyf s/ k|0ffnLÙ
lgofds lgsfox¿aLr sfo{If]qsf] c:ki6tf / ;dGjosf] cefj tyf
:of6nfO6÷Aof08ljysf] rsf]{ z'Nsn] ubf{ cfdhgtfn] l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf
nfe kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . l8lh6n dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] lgjf{w ;~rf/ ug]{ tyf
;"rgfsf] clwsf/af6 cfd hgtf al~rt 5g\ . of] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L l8lh6n
dfWodnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] nflu b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t ;j{;'ne / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
b]xfosf Joj:yf÷;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 M—
• hgtfsf] lgjf{w ;~rf/ ug]{ / ;';"lrt x'g] xs cGtu{t l8lh6n dfWodsf]
:jtGqtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt÷k|Tofe"t ug'{kg]{ .
• l8lh6n dfWod ;DaGwL s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLx¿aLr v'Nnf
k|lt:kwf{ x'g'kg]{ / ;]jfsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;a{;fwf/0f hgtfn] pkef]u ug{
kfpg' kg]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ s'g}klg k|sf/sf] d"Nodf Psflwsf/
-sf6]{lnË_ nfO{ sfg"gL ¿kdf cj}w 3f]if0ff u/L s8f sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ug'kg]{] .

23
• g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt / 5l/Psf a:tLx¿df ;~rf/sf nflu :of6]nfO6÷
eL:of6 lnÍ tyf tf//lxt k|ljlw pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L dfWod ePsf] x'gfn]
cGt/f{li6«o eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLaf6 ;]jf lnFbf ckgfOg] k|lqmof ;/n ug]{,
nfO;]G; -Ohfht_ z'Ns x6fpg] / cJofjxfl/s s/k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wfg]{ . ;+ej eP
g]kfnsf] cfjZostfnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] :of6]nfO6sf] ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
cfjZos k/]df o;sf nflu u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 cg'bfg lbg]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
• g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (ISP) n] ;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu lng'kg]{
ljleGg k|sf/sf Ohfhtsf] -:of6nfO6sf] k|of]u, g]6jls{ª cflb_ emGeml6nf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n agfpg] / Ohfhtkq lnFbf Ps k6snfO{ Go'gtd Ohfht b:t"/
/fVg], k|flws/0fsf] jflif{s vr{sf nflu k|flws/0fn] tof/ u/]sf] ah]6sf cfwf/df
;]jf ;~rfnssf ;dfof]lht s'n cfoaf6 bfdf;fxLsf lx;fan] pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . xfn lnO/x]sf] RTDF u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ hf/L
/x];Dd lng] t/ lnOcfPsf] $ k|ltzt /f]oN6L glng] . gjLs/0f ubf{ nfUg] ;a}
vfnsf z'Ns, /f]oN6L vf/]h u/L clen]v / gjLs/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq
Go"gtd –gfddfqsf]_ z'Ns lng] .
• cfO{P;kLx¿n] :of6]nfO6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿;Fu ldn]/ cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] :yfkgf ug{
;Sg]Ù ;x'lnot b/df ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg]Ù s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf
s]a'ndfkm{t OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg ;Sg], kmfOa/ clK6s tyf tf//lxt÷/]l8of] pks/0f
k|of]u u/L u|fxs;Dd (last mile access) ;]jf k'¥ofpg;Sg] Joj:yf ug]]{ . o;sf
nflu k|of]u ul/g] @=$ tyf %=* luhfxh{ lk|mSj]G;Ldf rNg] cfOP;Pd Jof08sf
pks/0fx¿sf] cfoft, vl/b / pkof]usf nflu Ohfht lng' gkg]{ / z'Ns gnfUg]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
• u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cfOP;kLx¿af6 u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifafkt lnOg] z'Ns 5'6 ug]{ / To:tf cfOP;kLx¿n] u|fdL0f /
b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k'/\ofpgsf nflu ltgn] lgdf{0f ug]{ k"jf{wf/sf nflu pQm
sf]ifaf6 cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo jf gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf cflwsfl/s ;+:yfn]
:yfgLo :t/df cfO{P;kL ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df ;a} k|sf/sf z'Ns 5'6 ug]{ /
u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, oGq pks/0f vl/bsf nflu
cg'bfg tyf ;x'lnot b/df C0f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|sfzg / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf]
pTkfbg÷sfo{qmd l8lh6n dfWodaf6 cGo :yfgdf ;Dk|]if0f u/L cfkm\g} sfof{no
jf cGo pTkfbs tyf k|;f/snfO{ ljqmLljt/0f ug{sf nflu cfkm\g} g]6js{ lgdf{0f
ug{ rfx]df To;sf nflu Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• OG6/g]6af6 8]6f ;Dk|]if0f u/]h:t} Wjlg ;Dk|]if0f u/L sDKo'6/x¿sf] dfWodaf6
s'/fsfgL (VoIP) nfO{ v'nf ug]{ . sDKo'6/x¿aLr jf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gaLr
s'/fsfgL ug]{ ;'ljwfnfO{ cfdpkef]Qmfn] pkof]u ug{ kfpg' kg]{ . t/ cglws[t

24
;+:yf jf JolQmaf6 x'g;Sg] cGt/f{li6«o sn afOkf;nfO{ ;do ;fk]If gLlt
lgodx¿ agfO{ lgodg ug]{ .

cgnfOg kqsfl/tfsf] k|j4{gsf nflu b]xfosf Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{


• l8lh6n dfWodaf6 ;"rgf, 1fg / ;dfrf/sf ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ lgjf{w ?kdf
k|;fl/t eO/x]sf] tyf k/Dk/fut cvaf/, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg;d]t cgnfOg
dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ;dfrf/Lo ljifoj:t'nfO{ dfq}
;d]6]/ k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] cjwf/0ffdf ;Lldt ePsf cgnfOg klqsfnfO{
cnUofP/ x]g{ ufx|f] 5 . cgnfOg dfWod ;a}eGbf nf]stflGqs, pbf/ / lgjf{w
dfWod ePsf] tyf OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePsf hf];'s}n] klg ;"rgf / ;dfrf/Lo
ljifoj:t' ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ lgod sfg"gdf afFw]/
/fVg' of] k|ljlws} :jefj ljk/Lt x'g] x'Fbf btf{ u/]/ dfq} cgnfOg klqsf k|sflzt
ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ gx'Fg] . t/ s;}n] sDkgL btf{ u/L, Jofj;flostf,
ljZj;gLotf / kqsfl/tfsf dfGotfcg';f/ ;DkfbsLo hgzlQm k|of]u u/L
cgnfOgdfkm{t klqsf k|sflzt ug{ rfx]df lgh sDkgLnfO{ 5fkfklqsfsf] dfGotf
/ ;'ljwf lbOg'kg]{ . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/L lglZrt
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

• OG6/g]6af6 k|jflxt x'g ;Sg] cfklQhgs ;fdu|Ldfly lgoGq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf


l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] afwf/lxt cfjfudg / cGt/f{li6«o pb\ud, cbfntsf] clwsf/
If]q, cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf / dfWodsf] cl:y/ Pjd\ cik:6 :j?k (Media
Convergence) cflb ljz]if rl/qn] ubf{ o;nfO{ lgodg ug{ / sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . tfklg dfWod km/s kb}{df ck/fw / b08sf] :j?k /
dfqf gkm]l/g] k|rlnt dfGotf l8lh6n dfWoddf klg nfu" x'G5 . ctM ;fOa/
ck/fwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf k|rlnt P]g, sfg"gcg';f/ sfg"g
agfpg] tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;cg';f/ sfg"gnfO{ lg/Gt/ cWofjlws ug]{ .

• kqsf/x¿n] ;Lldt cfo;|f]tn] ubf{ l8lh6n k|ljlw rfx]/ klg ckgfpg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . k|sfzg u[xx¿n] sDKo'6/, Sofd/f cflb l8lh6n pks/0f ePsf
kqsf/x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ sfddf nufpg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . l8lh6n k|ljlw
pkof]u u/L l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/x¿nfO{ pks/0f pknAw u/fpg' k|sfzg u[xsf]
bfloTj xf] . kqsf/n] l8lh6n pks/0f / k|ljlw vl/b ug{ rfx]df ;x'lnot jf
cg'bfg tyf k|fljlws tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

25
efu &

k|]; / ;~rf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf d"ntM lgofds / ;xhstf{


x'g] ePsfn] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfocGtu{t dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{non] ug]{
lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfaf6 k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\nfO{ :jtGq /fVg clxn]sf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf
kl/jt{g u/L cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|];;DaGwL xsnfO{
hLjGt agfpg / hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|rng u/fpg :jtGq
/ clwsf/ ;DkGg 5'§} lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs;Fu
;DalGwt sfg"g cljnDa hf/L ug{' Psftkm{ Tolts} cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;~rf/
dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rngsf nflu ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ¿kdf
b]xfoadf]lhd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]usf] u7g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]u


!= cfof]usf] u7g

s= cfof]udf k|d'v ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfo'Qm;lxt % hgf ;Dd ;b:o /xg]
Joj:yf ug]{,
v= cfof]usf] k|d'v ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfo'Qmnufot ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQm
k|lqmof, kbfjlw / ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/L;/x
agfpg],
u= cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qm / ;b:ox¿ cfd ;~rf/sf] If]q, ;"rgf tyf
k|ljlwsf If]q, sfg"gsf If]q / Joj:yfkg If]qsf lj1 x'g'kg]{ u/L of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;dfj]zL dfGotfcg'¿k lgo'lQm ug]{,

@= cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/


s= ph'/L ;'Gg]
• ;"rgf glbPsf], unt / e"m6f ;"rgf lbPsf], ck"0f{ ;"rgf
lbPsf], ;"rgf lbg l9nfO u/]sf], c8\sf] yfkL ;"rgf glbPsf
h:tf ljifox¿sf] ph'/L ;'Gg] .
• k|]; / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] xssf] pNn+3gsf ljifodf ph'/L
;'Gg] .
• 5fkf Pjd\ k|;f/0f dfWodsf] xssf] pNn+3g ljifodf ph'/L
;'Gg] .

26
v= hfFra'em ug]{
• ph'/Lpk/ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ / cfjZostfcg'¿k hfFra'em ug]{ .
• k|df0f a'e\mg], k|df0f a'em\g] ;DaGwdf b]jfgL cbfntnfO{
eP;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ .

u= cfb]z lbg ;Sg]


• ;"rgf k|jfx ug{,
• ;"rgf clws[t lgo'lQm ug{,
• ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f ug{ / k|sfzg ug{,
• ;"rgfsf] clen]v plrt lsl;dn] Joj:yfkg ug{,
• hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4df plrt Joj:yf ug{,

• ph'/Lstf{nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'u]sf] /x]5 eg] Ifltk"lt{ lbg,


• xs k|rng u/fpg .

3= k/fdz{ / l;kmfl/; ug]{


• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg"g, cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;~rf/
dfWodsf] ljifodf sfg"g agfpg' k"j{ tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos
k/fdz{ lbg],
• ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{
ljifox?df l;kmfl/; ug]{,

ª= jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{


• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bg ;+;b\df k]z ug]{ .

r= cGo sfo{
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df cfjZos kg]{ sfg"g, gLlt,
dfu{bz{g hf/L ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg, tfnLd,
k|lzIf0f, cGtlq{mof, uf]i7L cflb ug]{ .
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] lsl;dsf] ;fdu|Lx¿
k|sfzg ug]{ .
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/sf ljifodf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{, u/fpg
cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug]{ .

27
k|]; sfplG;nsf] ;+/rgf / e"ldsfdf ;'wf/
:j:y kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf lglDt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k|]; sfplG;nsf] u7g,
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / e"ldsfdf b]xfPadf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 M—

• k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ kqsf/sf] cfrf/;+lxtf th{'df ug]{, ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{,


cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn+3gdf ph'/L ;'Gg] / sf/afxL ug]{ :jtGq / k|efjsf/L lgsfosf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ tbg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ldl8of ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L
;Da4 bftf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn u/L ;"rgf ljefu jf cGo lgsfonfO{ tf]Sg] .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] cBfjlws ¿kdf kqklqsfsf] clen]v /fVg] . clen]vsf cltl/Qm
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -skL–/fO6_ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf cg'udgsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt;d]t
x/]s k|sfzsn] cfkm\gf k|sfzg lgoldt ¿kdf sfplG;ndf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP–gePsf];DaGwdf cg'udg ug{
ljz]if ;+oGq / cfGtl/s sfo{k4ltsf] lgdf{0f cfkm+}n] ug{ ;Sg] .
• s'g} ;~rf/sdL{ kqsf/ xf] jf xf]Og jf s'g} ;"rgf ;fdu|L kqsfl/tfsf]
ljifoj:t'leq k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg/fs/0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|]; sfplG;nnfO{
x'g] .
• 5fkf / k|;f/0f dfWodnufot ;~rf/sf] s'g If]q / s'g kIfnfO{ kqsf/
cfrf/;+lxtfsf] bfo/fleq ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|];
sfplG;nnfO{ x'g] .
• k|]; sfplG;nsf] u7g ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_n] :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf ug'{kg]{5 .
sfplG;n u7g ubf{ Gofo–sfg"g / kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf
cg'ej k|fKt k|ltli7t JolQmx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ . o;/L lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt, dw]zLnufot ljleGg efiff–efifL;d]tsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf
ug]{ . o;}u/L ;lqmo kqsf/sf] ¿kdf lqmofzLn ePsf] Joltm k|]; sfplG;ndf
lgo'lQm ePkl5 k|]; sfplG;nsf] lgikIftf / :jtGqtf sfod /fVg To:tf] JolQmn]
;~rf/ dfWoddf cfkm"nfO{ k"j{jt\ lqmofzLn u/fO/fVg gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;ndf k"0f{sfnLg sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ plrt dof{bfsf ;fy cfsif{s
kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ cfjZos pks/0f,
k|fljlws Pjd\ cGo hgzlQm / kof{Kt cfly{s ;|f]t ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

/fli6«o k|;f/0f k|flws/0f


Jofkfl/s, ;fd'bflos tyf z}lIfs k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿n] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{
k|rng u/fpgsf nflu /fhgLlt / Jofkfl/s :jfy{af6 d'Qm eO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f

28
lgdf{0f ug{ To:tf k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ohfht lbg, cg'udg ug{ / lgodg ug{ :jtGq
lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|flws/0f :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
!= k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g
• k|;f/0fsf ljljw If]qdf ljlzi7tf xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿dWo] sDtLdf % hgfb]lv
a9Ldf ( hgf;Ddsf] k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt -af]8{_ u7g ug]{ .
• k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ;/sf/ -d+=k=_ n] % jif{sf]
nflu ug]{ .
• k|flws/0f u7g ubf{ ;dfj]zL dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
• k|flws/0fsf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf, ;t{ P]gåf/f g} tf]lsg'kg]{ .

@= k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/


• k|;f/0f ;+:yfnfO{ k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg] .
• k|;f/0f dfWod / ;+:yfx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ d"NofÍg ug]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yf of]hgf (Frequency Spectrum Plan) th'{df ug]{, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udg ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f ;+yfx¿n] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfd u/]–gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f gLlt th{'df ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lglDt cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
• k|flws/0f ;~rfng ug{sf lglDt k|;f/0f ;+:yfaf6 lglZrt z'Ns p7fpg] clwsf/
k|flws/0fnfO{ x'g] .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f ;DaGwdf


nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] k|;f/0f dfWod
/fVg' plrt x'Fb}g . o;} dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfn 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|;f/0f (Public Service Broadcasting) cGtu{t /fVg' kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfjZos 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;f] jf cGtu{tsf] k|;f/0f dfWodn] ;fj{hlgs lxt / cfd gful/ssf]
:jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{kl/tf lbO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k ;]jf k|bfg ug{'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfnfO{
/fhgLltaf6 :jtGq / ahf/sf] k|efjaf6 cnUu} ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;f]xLcg'¿ksf]
;+u7gfTds :j¿k / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ljz]if P]gåf/f g} ug{{] Joj:yf ljleGg d'n'ssf
k|of]u / k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf
l;4fGtcg'¿k g} ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfsf ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{
n}hfg ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jf;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k :jtGq af]8{sf]

29
u7g ug]{, of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmsf] lgo'lQm ug]{, To:tf] af]8{ ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] / ;+;bLo
;'g'jfO ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;/sf/åf/f af]8{ u7gsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfly{s ;|f]t–;fwgsf]
;'lglZrttfh:tf Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg
/fHon] ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ ;~rfng ul//fVg' nf]stflGqs dfGotfcg'¿k gePsfn]
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0faf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf d'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt


/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf lghL If]q ;Ifd eO{ csf]{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
geP;Dd /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpFb} n}hfg'kg]{ .

30
efu *

lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f


!= lj1fkg gLlt
k|]; tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{
kIf eg]sf] lj1fkg xf] . s]Gb|b]lv df]km;n;Ddsf k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] ;dfg'kflts
lsl;dn] lj1fkg k|fKt ug{ ;s]df g} k|];sf] jfl~5t ljsf; ;Dej x'g ;S5 . lj1fkgsf
;DaGwdf b]xfosf Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 M–

• lj1fkgsf] k|s[lt, lj1fkgsf] p2]Zo / To;sf] c;/÷k|efjsf cfwf/df lj1fkgnfO{


…nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgÚ, …;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkgÚ / …Jofkfl/s
lj1fkgÚ egL juL{s/0f ug{'kb{5 . ;dfhsf] ;jf{lË0f lxt / sNof0fsf] b[li6n] ul/g]
lj1fkgnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ / rf;f];Fu ;DaGwL
;"rgfd"ns lj1fkgnfO{ …;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkgÚ / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
nufgL / laqmL k|j4{gsf] p2]Zo af]s]sf lj1fkgnfO{ …Jofkfl/s lj1fkgÚ egL
juL{s/0f ug{' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . o;dWo] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg / ;/sf/L
lgsfosf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkg /fHon] ;dfg'kflts lsl;daf6 ljt/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .
• lj1fkg Joj;fonfO{ Pp6f :jtGq pBdsf ¿kdf k|j4{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . t/
;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, ;+:s[ltÙ cfbz{, ;fj{hlgs lxt, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff,
afnaflnsf / pkef]Qmfsf] tfTsflns Pjd\ bL3{sfnLs lxt k|lts"n x'g] lsl;dn]
lj1fkg ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . :j:y ¿kdf lj1fkg Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{
ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg'¿ksf] ælj1fkg cfrf/;+lxtfÆ th'{df u/L k|efjsf/L
cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
• /fHon] xfn;Dd 5fkf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lbFb} cfPsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgsf]
cg'bfg /sd j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 . of] /sd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
d'b|f:kmLlt b/cg';f/ jif]{lg j[l4 x'g'kb{5 . of] lj1fkg cfh;Dd 5fkf dfWoddf
dfq ;Lldt /x]sf]df ca sDtLdf df]km;nsf PkmPkm /]l8of]x¿nfO{ ;d]t
juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df pknAw u/fOg'kb{5 .
• xfn;Dd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefuaf6 kqklqsfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f
x'Fb} cfPsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg cfOGbf PkmPd /]l8of]x¿nfO{ ;d]t lbg] /
To:tf] lj1fkgsf] ljt/0f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿dfk{mt ug]{ . o;sf lglDt
nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 lglZrt /sd -pbfx/0ffy{–
k|To]s lh=lj=;=nfO{ ¿= @ nfv_ x/]s lhlj;nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] /
afFsL /sd lhNnfsf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf lhlj;x¿aLr g} afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
o:tf] /sd ah]6 k'l:tsfdf g} pNn]v u/L cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;Lw} lhlj;x¿df
hfg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

31
• lk5l8Psf If]q, ;d'bfo ju{sf] lxtsf lglDt nlIft tyf g]kfnL afx]s g]kfnsf
cGo efiffx¿df k|sflzt jf k|;fl/t x'g] ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L
lj1fkg lbbfF k|fyldstf / yk ;'ljwf lbg] .
• s'g} klg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sflzt / k|;fl/t x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿df $) k|ltzteGbf
a9L lj1fkgsf] efu x'g' gx'g], ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs /]l8of], l6eLdf k|;f/0f
;dosf] !% k|ltzteGbf a9L lj1fkgsf] efu x'g' gx'g] .
• :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o:t/sf lj1fkg :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o:t/sf kqklqsf
Pjd\ /]l8of]nfO{ lbg'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltaf6 juL{s[t ePsf tyf kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf u/]sf
kqklqsf Pjd\ /]l8of]n] dfq lj1fkg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|sflzt tyf k|;fl/t lj1fkgx¿ lj1fkg–cfrf/;+lxtfcg'¿k 5–5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] cg'udg / tt\;DaGwL ph'/L–u'gf;f] ;'Gg] sfo{ k|]; sfplG;nn] ug]{
Joj:yf ug]{ .

@= ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f
;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf nflu b]xfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] sfd xfnsf] h:tf] k|];
sfplG;ndfkm{t geO{ lj1fkgbftf, k|sfzs, ;~rf/sf pkef]Qmf, ;~rf/lj1,
kqsf/, k|]; sfplG;n / ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw cflb dWo]af6 ul7t :jtGq
lgsfoaf6 lglZrt ;t{ / cfwf/ to u/L j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ ;DalGwt k|sfzg÷k|sfzgsf] ljt/0f, kf7s ;+Vof, If]q
lj:tf/, hg;+Vof cflb h:tf kIfx¿df Wofg lbO{ ahf/ ;j]{If0fsf] ljZjJofkL
dfkb08sf cfwf/df j:t'lgi7 / j}1flgs k4ltaf6 x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ;DaGwL cfwf/ / ;t{x¿sf] Joj:yf Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f
;ldltsf] u7g sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f u/fpg rfxg] OR5's k|sfzgn] æ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltÆ
;dIf tf]lsPsf] z'Ns;lxt tf]lsPsf] ;t{ / 9fFrfdf cfj]bg lbg'kg]{ . o;/L
;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f u/fpg rfxg] k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] cfˆgf] k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f
/fli6«o jf If]qLo jf :yfgLo s'g :t/sf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 pNn]v u/L cfj]bg
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltn] ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ubf{ /fli6«o, If]qLo
/ :yfgLo u/L tLg >]0fLdf juL{s[t ug]{ / x/]s txsf] juL{s/0fsf lglDt
kf7s / >f]tf ;+Vof, ljt/0f If]q, hg;+Vof, hgzlQmsf] l:ylt / >dhLjL
kqsf/x¿sf] xs–lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf, k|ljlw, k[i7, cfsf/ Pjd\ ;+Vof
h:tf ljleGg cfwf/x¿ to u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ug]{
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

32
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf lglDt cfj]bg lbFbf k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] /fli6«otxsf]
ju{df juL{s[t x'g rfx]df s]Gb|Lo ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt ;dIf / If]qLo jf :yfgLo
txsf] ju{df juL{s[t ug{ rfx]df If]qLo ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt ;dIf cfj]bg lbg'
kg]{ .

33
efu (

ljljw

• cfd;+rf/sf If]qdf gofFgofF dfWod / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]Ù ;~rf/ dfWoddf


Jofkfl/s k|j[lQ a9b} uPsf] / nf]ssNof0fsf/L e"ldsf 36b} uPsf] tyf OG6/g]6h:tf
pkef]Qmf :jo+ ;lqmo pTkfbs x'g;Sg] -OG6/PlS6e_ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lg/Gt/
al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhdf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 x'g;Sg] b'ik|efj 36fpgsf nflu
;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;+rfng tyf ;a} vfnsf ;"rgfdf k|jflxt x'g] lj1fkgnufotsf
ljifoj:t'÷;fdu|L sf] pTkfbg, nIo÷:jfy{, k|:t'lt, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIf
tyf ;du|df cfd;~rf/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ ljifodf cfd;~rf/sf cfdpkef]QmfnfO{
;r]t / lzlIft agfpg, cg';Gwfg ug{ /fHon] lzIf0f ;+:yfx?df ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ .
• xfn k]lG6od tLg eGbf cl3Nnf k':tfsf sDKo'6/ k}7f/L ug{ k|ltjGw ul/Psf]df
Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu geO{ z}lIfs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?sf] k|of]usf nflu
pkxf/ jf ;xof]udf k|fKt x'g] sDKo'6/x?dWo] ahf/df ;a}eGbf kl5 pknAweGbf b'O{
cl3Nnf k':tfsf sDKo'6/ k}7f/L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• klqsf k|sfzgsf] nflu Ohfht lnO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd To:tf] klqsf k|sfzg
gul/Pdf ;f] klqsfsf] gfd csf]{ kIfnfO{ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o;/L csf]{
kIfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ubf{ k"j{ k|sfzsn] Joxf]g{'kg]{ s'g} bfloTj /x]5 eg] To:tf] bfloTj
bf]>f] kIfn] Joxf]g{' gkg]{ u/L :ki6 ug{'kg]{ .
• ufnL a]OHhtLsf] sfo{nfO{ kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf] ¿kdf g/fvL b]jfgL bfloTjsf] ljifo leq
/fVg ufnL a]OHhtL P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
• d'n's ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] jt{dfg l:yltdf :jtGq k|]; / ;~rf/
dfWodx¿n] Psftk{m ljz]if / ;+j]bgzLn e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eg] csf]{tk{m
ljBdfg cGof]n / c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ ;~rf/sdL{ / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{
lgjf{w ¿kdf cfˆgf] k]zfut bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ sl7g x'G5 . of] j:t' tYonfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL ;+qmd0fsfnsf] a]nfdf klg ;~rf/sdL{ / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] lgeL{s / lgjf{w
9Ëaf6 sfd ug{ ;+ej x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ /fHo nufot cGo kIfx¿ ;d]tn]
ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ .

34
cg';"rLx¿

35
cg';"rL — !
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u -@)^#_ nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] ;+3÷;+:yfx¿
1 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3
2 g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6
3 k|]; rf}tf/L g]kfn
4 ;Dkfbs ;dfh g]kfn
5 g]kfn ;Dkfbs ;+3
6 g]kfn k|]; o'lgog
7 cgnfOg ldl8of P;f]l;P;g g]kfn
8 cGt/f{li6« k|]; :jtGqtf / jfs\ :jtGqtf ld;g
9 5fkf ;~rf/ dfWod÷5fkf kqsfl/tf
10 Od]h Rofgn
11 ;fd'bflos / Jofj;flos PkmPd /]l8of]
12 ldl8of KjfOG6
13 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 -l;Gw'kfNrf]s zfvf_
14 g]kfn ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3
15 ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cleofg -ODdf]8–g]kfn_
16 r}tGoHof]lt k|sfzg
17 lbJo r]tgf ;flxlTos ;dfh
18 a"9fgLns07 cf>d
19 zf]if0f lj?4sf] df]rf{
20cflbjf;L hghflt kqsf/ ;+3
21 d]rL–dxfsfnL ldl8of ;f];fO6L, g]kfn
22 g]kfn hgf{lnhd :6'8]G6\; P;f]l;P;g
23/fli6«o hgbafa ;d"x
24 g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_
25g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{
26hg ljZjf; ;fKtflxs -wgs'6f_
27 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, kqsfl/tf tyf cfd ;~rf/ ldl8of ljefu
28 :jtGq /]l8of] arfp cfGbf]ng
29 g]kfn jfg
30 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x
31 blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq kqsf/ ;+u7g -;fk\mdf_
32gfb ljGb", cw{–jflif{s
33b[Zo g]kfn, kflIfs
34d]rL–dxfsfnL ldl8of ;f];fO6L,sf:sL zfvf .

36
cg';"rL — @

International Press Freedom and


Freedom of Expression Mission to Nepal
sf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg

37
cg';"rL — #

cfof]udf ;ldltx¿af6 k]z ePsf


k|ltj]bgx¿

38
cg';"rL — $
;Gbe{ ;"rL

• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&


• /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$(
• kqsfl/tf If]q cWoog tyf ;'emfj sfo{bn, @)%^ sf] k|ltj]bg
• ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f, k|:tfljt sfg"g tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k}m;nf, ;fd'bflos
/]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|–g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, @)%(
• ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljsl;t u/L ;~rfng ug]{af/]sf ;'emfj
-@)^)_
• kqklqsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg ul7t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^)
• cfd ;~rf/ sfg"gsf] k'g/jnf]sg, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3÷blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq
kqsf/ ;+u7g -@)^#_ .
• lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n];g k|;f/0f k|0ffnL -PkmPd /]l8of]_ sf] :yfkgf Pjd\ Joj:yfkg
;DaGwdf Jojl:yt Pjd\ kf/bzL{ gLlt th{'df ug{ ul7t ;'emfj ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bg -@)^!_
• Toby Mendel: Public Service Broadcasting; A comparative Legal Survey,
UNESCO, AIBD, 2000.
• Public Service Broadcasting: A Best Practices Sourcebook, UNESCO, 2005.
• A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law, International Standards Services,
Article 19, 2005.
• Royal Charter for the Continuance of The British Broadcasting Corporation

39

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