pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u

k|ltj]bg, @)^#
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u
-@)^#_

-/fw]Zofd clwsf/L_
cWoIf

-/3' d}gfnL_ -afns[i0f rfkfufO{+_ -d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{_ -lji0f' lgi7'/L_

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

-/fdl/emg ofbj_ -„'jxl/ clwsf/L_ -ljgo s;h"_ -alatf a:g]t_

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

-d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{_ -lzjnfn dNn_ -k|tLs k|wfg_ -/fh]Gb| bfxfn_

;b:o–;lrj ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o
 e"ldsf

hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ / hgtfdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ dfWodx¿sf]
:jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug]{ k|d'v sfd efjL] ;~rf/ gLltsf] d]?b08 x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf
cfwfl/t /x]/ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f u7g ePsf] pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]unfO{
lbOPsf] sfo{If]qleq /xL tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq} ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf
cfof]usf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs xf] .

kf/bzL{tfsf] nflu /fHon] ;lqmo ;"rgf k|jfx k4lt cjnDag ug{'kb{5, s'g} klg
;"rgf vf]h]/ dfq kfpg] cj:yf /xg' plrt xf]Og, cfk"mn] u/]sf lg0f{o / sfo{x¿sf]
ljj/0f cfk}+m ;fj{hlgs ug{ /fHo tTk/ /xg'kb{5 . ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ljsf;;Fu PsLs[t
ug{' plQs} cfjZos 5 . cfd ;~rf/ If]qdf Jofkf/Ls/0fnfO{ Go"g ug]{, Psflwsf/ sfod
x'g glbg] / ljrf/sf] ax'njfbL rl/qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ b[li6sf]0f /flvg' h?/L 5 .
To;}u/L xfd|f]h:tf] ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo tyf ax'wfld{s ;dfhdf cGt/eflifs,
cGt/hftLo, cGt/wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ sfod /fvL ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/g'kb{5 .

;~rf/ dfWod / ;~rf/sdL{x¿sf] Jofj;flos dfkb08sf] s'/f ubf{ :jtGqtf /

pQ/bfloTj b'j} cljefHo 5g\ eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ul/g'kb{5 . pQ/bfloTj;lxtsf]
:jtGqtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] k]zfut cfrf/;+lxtf / 36gfx¿nfO{ x]g]{ ;db[li6sf]0f ;d]tnfO{
;dflxt u5{ . JolQmljz]ifsf] ul/df / :jfledfgsf] ;Ddfg ug{' cfd ;~rf/sf] d"ne"t
dfGotf x'g'kb{5 . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu cfd ;~rf/sf
dfWod k|lta4 / x/bd lqmofzLn /xg'k5{ . ltgn] /fHosf] ljleGg lqmofsnfknfO{
ljZj;gLo, tYok/s, j:t'ut, lgeL{s / ;Gt'lnt 9+uaf6 hg;dIf k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;fdflhs ;b\efj Pjd\ ;fd~h:o clej[l4nfO{
;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] cfkm\gf] k|d'v bfloTj 7fGg'kb{5 .

;~rf/sdL{x¿åf/f ;dfrf/ ;+sng, n]vg, ;Dk|]if0f tyf ljrf/ k|jfx ubf{ k]zfut
:jtGqtfnfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . hgtfsf] :jtGqtf, zflGt,
;dfgtfk"j{s hLjg lgjf{x ug{ kfpg] Gofof]lrt clwsf/nfO{ k|>o lbFb} wfld{s, n}+lus,
ef}uf]lns tyf hftLo lje]b ef]lu/x]sf hgtf tyf ;dfg cj;/af6 jl~rt kIfsf
tk{maf6 cfjfh p7fpg' ;~rf/ hut\sf] st{Jo x'g cfpFb5 . nf]stflGqs ;xeflutfsf
nflu cfd ;~rf/sf dfWoddf ljifoj:t' tyf ;fdu|Lsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k"j{ ;t{sf] ¿kdf
:jLsfl/g'kb{5 . ;"rgf tyf ljrf/n] ;';"lrt hgtf dfq ;xL lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;fd]n x'g
;Sg] tYonfO{ OGsf/ ug{' x'Fb}g .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tYok|lt rgfvf] /xFbf/xFb} klg cfof]uåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf]
k|ltj]bg ;dosf] ;Lldttf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ljrf/ljdz{sf] ;Lldttf, d''n's
;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf /x]sf sf/0f;d]tn] ubf{ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z / ;'wf/ ug]{ k|z:t
u'Ghfo; /x]sf] cfof]unfO{ dx;'; ePsf] 5 .
 cfof]un] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf w]/} ;+3–;+:yf, JolQm, ljz]if1x¿sf] ;xof]u,
;b\efjgf kfPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ePsf ;a} ;+3–;+:yf, JolQm
ljz]if1x¿k|lt cfof]u cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm g]kfn sf nflu cGt/fli6«o k|];
:jtGqtf / jfs\ :jtGqtf ld;gsf k|ltlglwx¿n] o; cfof]udf cfO{ ug{'ePsf] 5nkmn
/ To;kl5 lnlvt ¿kdf k|]lift ;'emfjsf nflu of] cfof]u wGojfb lbg rfxG5 . ;fy}
vf]h kqsfl/tf s]Gb| / , ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|– g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xn]
cfly{s ;|f]t k|bfg u/L pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df cfof]u s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5 . o;
k|ltj]bgnfO{ jt{dfg :j¿k lbg cys kl/>d ug{'x'g] Gofokl/ifb\sf k"j{ ;lrj sfzL/fh
bfxfnk|lt cfof]u cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . ;"rgf ljefu / o;sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u /
;lqmotfsf sf/0f g} ;doleq k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] kIfnfO{ cfof]u la;{g ;Sb}g .

;+ljwfg ;efåf/f /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ePkl5 / ;+ljwfgsf] :j¿k tof/ ul/Fbf of]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;x¿nfO{ hgtfsf] ;~rf/ clwsf/ /
;';"lrt x'g] xssf] ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ dfu{bz{ssf] ¿kdf /xg] ljZjf; cfof]usf]
/x]sf] 5 .

cfof]u u7g u/L lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]/ o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljljw k|sf/sf
;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf]df cfof]u g]kfn ;/sf/k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . of] k|ltj]bg nfu" ug]{
st{Jo g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xf] / cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/n] oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog ug]{5
eGg] ljZjf; cfof]un] lnPsf] 5 .

= == = = = = = = == =
@)^# ebf} #)
-/fw]Zofd clwsf/L_
cWoIf
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u
 k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u -@)^#_ nfO{ ;+:yfut
kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf]
nflu ;'emfj lbg sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf]df cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} k|]; / ;~rf/
hut\af6 k|fKt ljleGg ;'emfj / 5nkmn;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0f, hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xssf] k|efjsf/L k|rng / k|];sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu
b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfoadf]lhd ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
cfof]un] ;~rf/;DaGwL ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug]{ qmddf ;~rf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/,
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ul/g'kg]{ kl/jt{g, lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f,
;~rf/df ljb]zL nufgL tyf If]qut ;'wf/sf ljifox?df cfkm\gf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 .

;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf ljifodf hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs :yflkt ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ ;'emfj lbO{Psf] 5 eg] k|;f/0f ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o
k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf, ;/sf/L O{n]S6«f]lgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f lgsfosf] :yfkgf tyf k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ 5fkfsf cltl/Qm
On]S6«f]lgs / l8lh6n dfWodaf6 ul/g] kqsfl/tfdf cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug{ ;lsg] u/L
lhDd]jf/L ylkg'kg]{ ;'emfjx? /x]sf 5g\ .

;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ljifodf cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qnfO{ rf}yf] cËsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/
u/L ;+/If0f u/]sf] s'/f k|ToIf cg'e"lt x'g'kg]{, o;sf lglDt ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g}
nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fdf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xg] tYonfO{
k|ltljlDat ug]{, cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;a} lsl;dsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfdf
/fHon] :j]R5frf/L lsl;daf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xssf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6¿kdf k|Tofe"lt
ug]{ .

cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf dlxnf, lk5l8Psf ju{, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dw]zL,
ckfËx?sf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf nflu rflxg] ljz]if P]gx?afx]s cGo sfg"gsf] xsdf kqsfl/tf /
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f 5ftf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ;'emfjx? /flvPsf 5g\ . h;cg'¿k
kqsfl/tfsf] Jofj;flos / >dhLjL kqsf/x?nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L kqsfl/tf;DaGwL sfg"g /
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / bfloTjsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L
k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f;DaGwL sfg"g agfOg'kg]{ .

;/sf/L dfWodx? ;Dk"0f{?kdf ;/sf/L lgoGq0faf6 cnu ul/g'kg]{ . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf]

xsdf o;sf k|sfzgsf a|f08 / ;DklQ 5'6\ofO{ a|f08 gdfl;g]u/L lghLIf]qnfO{ a9fa9sf]
cfwf/df ;+rfng ug{ lbg] . o;f] ubf{ ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ ;~rf/sdL{, sd{rf/Lsf] plrt
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ . g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ?kdf
P]g agfO{ ?kfGtl/t ug]{ .

lj1fkg gLltsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] lj1fkgsf] k|s[lt, p2]Zo / To;sf] c;/sf cfwf/df
……nf]ssNof0fsf/LÚÚ, ……;fj{hlgsÚÚ / ……Jofkfl/sÚÚ egL juL{s/0f ug]{, nf]ssNof0fsf/L /
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkg /fHon] ;dfg'kflts lsl;daf6 ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ /
To:tf] ;Dk"0f{ lj1fkg s]GbL|s[t gu/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdfkm{t afFl8g'kg]{ egL ;'emfj
lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] lj1fkg kqklqsf / /]l8of]n] kfpg] .

;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] sfd k|];

sfplG;ndfk{mt geO{ lj1fkgbftf, k|sfzs, ;~rf/sf pkef]Qmf;d]t /x]sf] :jtGq
;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltaf6 j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ . lglZrt ;t{ /
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltn] /fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo u/L tLg >]0fLdf ;~rf/
dfWodsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

;~rf/ If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ la:tf/} p3fb}{ n}hfg] gLltnfO{ ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx?n]
cjnDag ub}{ u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfndf klg ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ uf]Ko ?kdf l5g{ lbg'eGbf
kf/bzL{ 9Ën] Nofpg plrt 7flgPsf] 5 . cfof]un] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ /fli6«o txsf ;a}
dfWoddf cfpg lbg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 t/ o:tf] nufgL $( k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g
gx'g], Joj:yfkg k|d'v g]kfnL gful/s g} x'g'kg]{ tyf ;DkfbsLo ljefudf sfd ug]{
;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L g]kfnL g} x''g'kg]{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;~rf/ dfWoddf ul/g'kg]{ If]qut ;'wf/x?df 5fkf dfWodsf] btf{ u[x k|zf;gdf ug]{ s'/f
cJofjxfl/s b]lvPsfn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ kqklqsf btf{ ug]{ sfd ;'lDkg] /
kqklqsfsf] gfd bf]xf]/f] gk/f];\ eGgfsf vflt/ ;f]sf] clen]v ;"rgf ljefudf k7fO{ jf
ljefusf] j]a;fO6df cBfjlws u/L tLg lbgleq btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . >dhLjL
kqsf/sf] xsdf cGo Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm % jif{ k'/fgf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L
dWo] Ps ltxfOnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{ tyf s/f/sf sd{rf/Ln] pkbfg,
labf / cf}iflw vr{ :yfoL;/x kfpg] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

/]l8of] dfWodnfO{ k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbFbf To:tf] k|;f/0f dfWodsf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
jf Jofkfl/s jf ;fd'bflos s'g lsl;dsf] xf] / /fli6«o, If]qLo jf :yfgLo s'g xf] ;f] s'/f
;]jf / If]qsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
dfWodnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

PkmPd /]l8of]sf] Ohfhtsf] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fsf nflu b'O{
j6f / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf nflu a9Ldf tLg j6f lk|mSj]G;L /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/0fsf ¿kdf
/fHon] ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ . #) jf6;Dd Ifdtfsf PkmPd :6];g :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo /
ljZjljBfnox?n] cfkm} ;+rfng ug{ kfpg' kg]{ .
6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ ;]jfd"ns / gfkmfd"ns p2]Zosf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f /
Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f egL juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] p2]Zon] ;~rfng u/]sf]
6]lnlehgnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . o;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|;f/0fsf] ¿kdf 6]lnlehg ;~rfng u/]afkt sDkgL P]g cGtu{tsf s/x¿ jfx]s cGo
s/ / z'Nsx¿ gnfUg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

s]a'n 6]lnlehgn] cfk}+m sfo{qmd pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f ug{ rfx]df pTkfbgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{
k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s]a'n 6]lnlehg dfWodx¿n] Od]n, kmf]g tyf lel8of]
cgnfOgh:tf ;]jfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

rnlrq Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu k"j{ Ohfht lng'kg]{ ;a} vfn]
jt{dfg Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{ . rnlrq k|bz{g k"j{ leh'cn ;]G;/l;knfO{ vf/]h u/L
rnlrq u|]l8ªsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . g]kfnsf ljleGg efiff–efifLdf rnlrq lgdf{0fsf nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug{ /fHon] cg'bfg, ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ -kmfOa/
clK6s / dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+s_ x?df lghL If]qn] nufgL ug{ kfpg] / ;]jf k|bfos
lgsfo / k"jf{wf/ ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo km/s x'g'kg]{ .

;"rgf k|ljlwdf l8lh6n dfWodnfO{ cfd ;~rf/sf] dfGotf lbO{ o;sf] :jtGqtfnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{'kg]{ . l8lh6n dfWod;DaGwL s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLx¿aLr
v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 ljifo–;"rL
efu !
kfgf g+=
k|f/lDes !
efu @
k|];sf ;d:of / ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ;+/If0f $
efu #
5fkf dfWodsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/ !)
efu $
/]l8of] dfWod / ;'wf/ !$
efu %
6]lnlehg, rnlrq / s]a'n dfWod / ;'wf/ !&
efu ^
;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWod / ;'wf/ @@
efu &
k|]; / ;~rf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f @^
efu *
lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f #!
efu (
ljljw #$
efu !)
cg';"rLx¿
s= cfof]udf ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yf / lgsfoåf/f ;'emfj k|:t't ug]{x¿sf]
lja/0f #^
v= International Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression Mission to Nepal sf]
;'emfj k|ltj]bg #&
u= cfof]udf ;ldltx¿af6 k]z ePsf k|ltj]bgx¿ #*
3= ;Gbe{–;"rL #(
 efu–!

k|f/lDes
!= pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] u7g
g]kfn ;/sf/ -d+=k=_sf] ldlt @)^#.@.@( / @)^#.#.!( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
b]xfoadf]lhd pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] 5 .

!= df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, jl/i7 clwjQmf Pjd\ ;+;b\ ;b:o – cWoIf

@= >L lji0f' lgi7'/L, ;efklt, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 – ;b:o
#= >L d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{, cWoIf, g]kfn k|]; o'lgog – ;b:o
$= >L afns[i0f rfkfufO{+, cWoIf, k|]; rf}tf/L g]kfn – ;b:o
%= >L /3' d}gfnL, ;+of]hs, :jtGq /]l8of] arfp cfGbf]ng – ;b:o
^= >L alatf a:g]t, cWoIf, ;~rfl/sf ;d"x – ;b:o
&= >L ljgo s;h", jl/i7 kqsf/ – ;b:o
*= >L „'jxl/ clwsf/L, cWoIf, g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6 – ;b:o
(= >L /fdl/emg ofbj, ;Dkfbs, k"j{ ;fKtflxs – ;b:o
!)= >L /fh]Gb| bfxfn,;Dkfbs, lxdfn va/ klqsf,
kl5, cWoIf, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn – ;b:o
!!= >L k|tLs k|wfg, ;Dkfbs, lb sf7df8f}+ kf]i6 – ;b:o
!@= >L lzjnfn dNn, cWoIf, a|f]8\sfl:6ª P;f]l;o;g g]kfn – ;b:o
!#= >L d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{, dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu – ;b:o ;lrj

@= cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q / ;dofjlw

!= s= cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u Pjd\ dof{lbt
Jofj;flos / ;+:yfut kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'k/]sf
;d:ofsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg] .
v= 5fkf / k|;f/0f ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf] btf{, ;~rfng / cg'udg k|lqmofdf
b]lvPsf sdL / q'l6x¿ x6fpg cfjZos ;'emfj lbg] .
u= cfd;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] juL{s/0f / lj1fkg gLltaf/] ;'emfj lbg] .
3= cfof]un] cfjZos b]v]sf cGo ljifox¿ .

@= cfof]usf] sfo{ cjlw b'O{ dlxgfsf] x'g] / sfof{no ;"rgf ljefu,

;~rf/u|fddf /xg] .

1
#= cfof]un] ckgfPsf] sfo{ljlw
ldlt @)^#.#.@* ut] cfof]usf] klxnf] a}7s a;L cfof]uåf/f ljleGg
sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ul/of] . h; cg'¿k cfof]un] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] 5 .
s= ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ kfFr ljsf; If]qdf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
lg0f{o ePcg'?k ljleGg ldltdf lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, kf]v/f, g]kfnuGh /
dx]Gb|gu/df cGtlqm{of u/L ;'emfj ;+sng ul/of] .
v= cfof]usf] sfof{nodf JolQmut kq, x'nfs, ˆofS;, O{–d]n cflb s'g} klg
dfWodaf6 ;'emfj k7fpg ;fj{hlgs¿kdf kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt
ul/of] .
u= cfof]un] tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]qadf]lhd sfd ug{ sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L
ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;+sng Pjd\ ljt/0f, ;b:ox¿sf] ;d"x ljefhg,
ljleGg ljifout ;d"x;Fu cGtlqm{of, ljz]if1x¿;Fu k/fdz{ / ;'emfjx¿sf]
clen]vg u/L 5nkmnåf/f k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/of] .

cfof]uåf/f 5fkfdfWod, /]l8of] -PkmPd ;d]t_, l6eL Rofgn, cgnfOg,

k|sfzs, ;Dkfbs, >dhLjL kqsf/, s]a'n k|;f/0f / a'l4hLjL cflb;Fu k|ToIf
e]63f6, 5nkmn u/L cGtlqm{ofsf] dfWodaf6 ;'emfj ;+sng ug{ b]xfocg';f/sf]
cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ ;lDdlnt ;ldltåf/f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul/of] . k|ltj]bg tof/
ug'{k"j{ g} cfof]uåf/f cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltdf /fHosf] ;~rf/ If]qnfO{
rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ / /fli6«o ;~rf/ cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf]
¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{ ;d]tsf] ;'emfj k|:t't ul/of] .

s= lgsfo / sfg"g ;ldlt

!= df= /fw]Zofd clwsf/L – ;+of]hs
@= >L lji0f' lgi7'/L – ;b:o
#= >L /fh]Gb| bfxfn – ;b:o
$= >L d's'Gbk|;fb cfrfo{ – ;b:o
v= 5fkfdfWod ;ldlt
!= >L alatf a:g]t – ;+of]hs
@= >L d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{ – ;b:o
#= >L /fdl/emg ofbj – ;b:o
$= >L k|tLs k|wfg – ;b:o
u= /]l8of], l6eL, l;g]df, s]a'n ;ldlt
!= >L /3' d}gfnL – ;+of]hs
@= >L lzjnfn dNn – ;b:o
#= >L „|'|jxl/ clwsf/L – ;b:o

2
3= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;ldlt
!= >L ljgo s;h" – ;+of]hs
@= >L afns[i0f rfkfufO+{ – ;b:o

3
 efu @

k|];sf ;d:of / ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ;+/If0f

k[i7e"ld
:jtGq ;~rf/ dfWod cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] cfwf/:tDe dflgG5 .
/fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
:jtGqtf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . :jR5 hgdtsf] lgdf{0fdf cfd ;~rf/sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf
/xG5 . hgtfsf ;d:of, rfxgf / cfsf+IffnfO{ ;/sf/;dIf k'¥ofpg] / ;/sf/sf
lqmofsnfk Pjd\ ultljlw hgtf;dIf k|jfx ug]{ ;zQm dfWod eg]s} ;~rf/sf dfWod
x'g\ . logLx¿sf] :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt gx'Fbf :j:y hgdtsf] lgdf{0f c;Dej x'g k'U5 .
/fHosf lqmofsnfk / ultljlwaf/] hgtf ;';"lrt geP;Dd lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL
;/sf/sf] ck]Iff ug ;lsGg . ;du|df ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtf tyf cfd ;~rf/
dfWodsf] nf]stGqLs/0flagf hgtfsf] xs–clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ;Dej x'g;Sb}g .

/fHo k|0ffnLk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / cf:yf j[l4 ug{ /fHon] ;'zf;gsf dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/L ;"rgfdf cfd gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg ;Sg'k5{ .
nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/sf sfd–sf/afxL kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs
dxTjsf ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ /fHon]
l;4fGt / Jojxf/ b'j} txdf cfTd;ft\ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf lglDt klg :jtGq / ;Ifd ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf
cxd\ /xG5 . xfd|f]h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf, ul/aL, clzIff /
k5f}6]kgaf6 u|l;t u|fdL0f ;dfhsf hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn / hfu?s agfO{ d'n'ssf] d"n
k|jfxdf ;d]6]/ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4sf nflu cfd ;~rf/sf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/ cToGt cfjZos 5 . nf]stflGqs dfGotfcg'¿k /fHosf sfd–sf/afxL
cfd gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] /fHo Joj:yfdf ;dfj]zL rl/qnfO{
k|ltljlDat ug{ gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] lgdf{0f ug'{ clxn]sf] vfFrf] xf] .

gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] lgdf{0fsf lglDt– :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df u|fdL0f :t/;Dd
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{, cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodnfO{ Jofj;flos,
k|lt:kwf{Tds, k|efjsf/L, ;'b[9 / ljZj;gLo agfpg', ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf x:tIf]ksf/L geO{
lgofds (Regulator) / ;xhstf{ (Facilitator) sf] x}l;otdf /xg', k|];nfO{ /fHon] rf}yf]
c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] cg'e"lt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 b]lvg' tyf hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ ;~rf/sf ;a} lsl;dsf dfWodaf6 lgjf{w ¿kdf pkef]u ug{
kfpg] ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL cfwf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .

g]kfndf nf]stflGqs ;dfh lgdf{0fdf cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf
pNn]vgLo /x]sf] s'/f :yflkt tYo xf] . tTsfnLg lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yflj?4 /
ax'bnLo k4ltsf] :yfkgfdf ;~rf/ hut\n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ dgg ub}{ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;+/lIft ug{

4
k'Uof] . pQm ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5fkfvfgf / k|sfzg;DaGwL xssf] sf/0f ;~rf/
hut\sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf; cToGt}} pNn]Vo /Xof]] . kl5Nnf lbgdf lg/+s'z /fHo
Joj:yflj?4 hgtfsf] xs–clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|lt:kwL{
ax'bnLo / ;dfj]zL /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0f, åGå Joj:yfkg / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf]
kIfdf g]kfnL k|];sf] cfGbf]ngn] lgZro g} P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

!( df3, @)^! sf] zfxL sbdn] g]kfnL k|]; dfly rsf]{ bdgu/L gful/s
:jtGqtfnfO{ ce"tk"j{ ?kdf s'l07t ug{ k'Uof] . t/ /fhfsf] :j]R5frf/L zf;g Joj:yfnfO{
g]kfnL k|];n] k6Ss} ;xg rfx]g . kl/0ffdtM hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# df k|]; / ;~rf/
hut\sf] e"ldsf k'gM cu'jf / lg0ff{os /xg uof] .

k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf ;d:of

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; / cfd ;~rf/sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fdf
dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg ;dosf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} k|]; / ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf]
k|ult / lj:tf/n] cg]sf}+ gofF r'gf}tL / cfjZostfx? ;Fu;Fu} l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ .
• ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+/rgfn] k|]; hut\nfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{
cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] .
• ;+ljwfgn] ljrf/, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, 5fkfvfgf / kqklqsf;DaGwL xssf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg cfd ;~rf/sf If]qdf /fHosf] x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf
Go"gLs/0f ug{ kof{Kt k|fjwfgsf] cefj .
• @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|];cGtu{t 5fkf;DaGwL xs–clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] eP
klg b"/;~rf/sf ;fwg, >Jo–b[Zo, k|;f/0f dfWod h:t}
/]l8of]÷6]lnlehg÷cgnfOg÷l8lh6n÷OG6/g]6h:tf dfWodaf6 ul/g] ;"rgf
;Dk|]if0fsf] Joj:yfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf ;d]6\g g;s]sf] .
• ;"rgfsf] xs / uf]kgLotfsf] xsnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /fv]sf] t/ tt\
;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefjdf ;/sf/L ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;xh x'g g;s]sf] /
o;}u/L j}olQms uf]kgLotf;DaGwL sfg"g gx'Fbf k|]; :jtGqtf / lghLkgfaLrsf]
;Ldf lgwf{/0f x'g g;Sg'n] ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] .
• kqklqsf / cGo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] juL{s/0fdf j:t'ut dfkb08sf] cefj x'g' .
To:t} ;~rf/ dfWodsf] Psflwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L :j:y, k|lt:kwL{ agfpg]
lsl;dsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cefj klg Pp6f k|d'v ;d:ofsf ?kdf /xL /xg' .
• rnlrq lgdf{0f, ljt/0f / k|bz{gdf Ohfht lng] ;/n / kf/bzL{ k4lt tyf
nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ jftfj/0f gx'g' . o;}u/L b]zsf ljleGg efiff–efifLsf
rnlrq lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] cefj x'g' .
• k|;f/0f ;+:yf / dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ PsLs[t sfg"gsf] cefj,
ljBdfg Ohfht lng] k4lt hl6n / ckf/bzL{ x'g', /]l8of] P]g cBfjlws /
;do;fk]If gx'g', 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt / k|f]T;flxt ug]{ sfg"gsf]
cefj x'g', /fh:j b:t'/sf] k|lqmof emGeml6nf] b]lvg' .

5
 • ;~rf/ dfWoddf ljb]zL nufgL;DaGwL :ki6 gLlt aGg g;Sg' .
• l8lh6n dfWodnfO{ hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs / hgtfk|lt k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jfsf]
¿kdf sfg"gn] cfa4 ug{ g;Sg' .
• cfd ;~rf/sf If]qdf gofF–gofF oflGqs / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;cg'¿k To;nfO{
Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ lsl;dsf] sfg"g / gLlt lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' .
• u|fdL0f–b'u{d If]qdf ;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt gofF k|ljlw kx'Frsf] cefj x'g' .
• ;~rf/ If]qdf cfjZos ;Ifd hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ /fHo ;lqmo gx'g' . ;fy}
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg cfd ;~rf/ If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xg' .
• >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf] xs–lxtsf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg', ePsf sfg"gsf] klg
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' .
• :j:y kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu kqsf/sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf k|efjsf/L cg'udg
ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cefj / lkmtnf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf /xg' cflb .

g]kfndf gofF ;~rf/ o'usf] ljsf; ug{ dfly plNnlvt d"ne"t ;d:ofx¿sf]
lg/fs/0f ub}{ cfd ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k"0f{ nf]stGqLs/0f cfjZos 5 . o;sf lglDt
hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L nf]stflGqs /fHo
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut / ultzLntf k|bfg ug{ cfd ;~rf/ dfWoddf :jtGqtfsf] lgjf{w
k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttf h?/L 5 .

rf}yf] c+usf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ;+/If0f

hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/lIft ub}{ nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|];sf] :jtGqtfdf cem lj:tf/
u/L rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gdf
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] yk ;'lglZrttfsf] cfjZostf 5 .

• ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfsf] lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] Jofks

;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ t'Nofpg cfd
;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xg] tYonfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ .
• /fHon] cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qnfO{ rf}yf] c+usf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;+/If0f u/]sf]
k|ToIf cg'e"lt ;+ljwfgdf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ljifo agfO{ ;fj{hlgs / ;/sf/L ;"rgfdf
gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg tbg'¿ksf] sfo{ k|0ffnL tyf pkrf/
k4ltsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
• ;+ljwfgn] >Jo, >Jo–b[Zo, k|;f/0fsf dfWod h:t}– /]l8of]÷6]lnlehg÷cgnfOg÷
OG6/g]6sf ;a} dfWodnfO{ 5fkf dfWod;/x k"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .

6
• /fHon] a]nfa]nfdf :j]R5frf/L sfg"g agfO{ k|];dfly lgoGq0f / aGb]h ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yfsf] cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf x:tIf]ksf/L
geO{ lgofds / ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf /xg] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'g] u/L /fHosf] txaf6 k|];dfly ul/Psf]
x:tIf]ksf] lj?4 kLl8t kIfnfO{ ;/n pkrf/sf] Joj:yf / plrt Ifltk"lt{sf]
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ .
• cfd ;~rf/sf] ljsf; Pjd\ u|fdL0f :t/;Dd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] lj:tf/ /
ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTjleq /x]sf] s'/f /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt /
gLltx¿df pNn]v ug]{ .
• k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ cs'l07t ?kdf k|of]u u/L hgtfsf] ;';"lrt
x'g] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f x'g'kg]{ . /fHo÷ /fhgLltls
zlQm, nufgLstf{ / cGo s'g}klg kIfsf] :jfy{cg'¿k ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf]
;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;DkfbsLo
:jtGqtfsf] sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ . ;DkfbsLo :jtGqtfsf] cefjdf hgtfsf]
;';"lrt x'g] xs s'l07t x'g] tYonfO{ /fHon] x/bd Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{ .
• hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xscGtu{t hgtfn] jf:tljs ;"rgf kfpg ;~rf/ dfWod
:j:y / k|lt:kwL{ x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt Psflwsf/ lgoGq0f ug]{
k|lt:kwf{Tds sfg"g cfjZos kb{5 . /fli6«o :t/sf] 5fkf, /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgdWo]
s'g} Ps ;~rf/ dfWoddf %! k|ltzteGbf a9L nufgL ePsf] JolQm jf sDkgLn]
csf]{ /fli6«o :t/sf] ;~rf/ dfWod 5fkf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg jf cgnfOg cflb
;~rfng ug]{ ;~rf/ ;+:yfdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ nufgL ug{ gkfpg]
sfg"gL k|fjwfg /fVg] . o;}u/L nufgL ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm"n] nufgL u/]sf] s'g} klg
;~rf/ dfWodsf ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ tYo / nufgLsf] ljj/0f k]z ubf{ g} cfˆgf] /
cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] ;|f]t;lxtsf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;~rf/sf] dxfdfu{ -kmfOa/
clK6s / dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+s_ nfO{ b"/;~rf/, g]6jls{ª tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] :jfldTj jf Psflwsf/df /flvg' o'lQm;+ut xF'b}g . o;sf]
nflu a]Un} lgsfo / ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' h?/L 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/df lghL
If]qn] ;d]t nufgL ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] / To;sf] cg'udg ;DalGwt
k|flws/0f jf tf]lsPsf] lgsfon] ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] pkof]u
;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ (Right of way) sf] cfwf/ ;a} l8lh6n dfWod pkof]ustf{x¿
-b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos, OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos, cfd ;~rf/sf sfo{qmd pTkfbs /
k|;f/s, ljQLo ;+:yf cflb_ n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{'kg]{ . o;}u/L s]a'n
6]lnlehg dfWodaf6 ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ug{sf lgldQ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf ufl8Psf
kf]n, 6fj/ tyf laR5\ofOPsf kmfOa/ clK6s;\ cflb / l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng
ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;~rf/sf] dxfdfu{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs jf ;femf >f]tsf]
?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ltgsf pkef]udf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xs ;'lglZrt
ul/g'kb{5 . o:tf ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / pkef]u ug]{ kIfx¿ Ps} geO{
cnu–cnu x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

7
• ;~rf/ dfWodx? ;~rfng / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yf / lgsfox¿nfO{ Ohfht lbg],
lgodg tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfdsf lgldQ :jtGq lgsfosf] ?kdf k|;f/0f
k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;"rgfsf] ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ :jtGq ;"rgf cfof]usf]
:yfkgf ug]{ .
• cGo If]qdf h:tf] k|]; / ;~rf/ pBddf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ lgMzt{ v'nf ug'{
plrt gx'g] x'Fbf /fli6«o txdf dfq ax';+Vos z]o/ g]kfnLsf] /xg] / ;DkfbsLo
:jtGqtf Pjd\ Joj:yfkgdf g]kfnLsf] ;fy{s e"ldsf /xg] Joj:yf u/L k|]; /
;~rf/sf If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xL v'nf ul/g'kg]{ . If]qLo
tyf :yfgLo txsf ;~rf/ dfWodx¿df ljb]zL nufgL k"0f{?kdf lgif]lwt ug]{ .
• ;'of]Uo / ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] cefjdf k|]; jf ;~rf/af6 hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g]
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf To:tf] hgzlQm pTkfbgdf /fHo :jod\n] ;d]t
nfugL u/L lghL If]qnfO{ klg To;tkm{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ . k|]; / ;~rf/
dfWoddf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] Jofj;flos bIftf / ;Lk ljsf;sf lglDt :jb]z
tyf ljb]zdf cWoog, cjnf]sg, tflnd, k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ To:tf kqsf/x¿nfO{ z'?df s/f/df
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg] t/ s/f/df lgo'lQm ePsf] cj:yfd} :yfoL;/x labf, cf}ifwf]krf/
/ pkbfg kfpg] s'/f s/f/kqdf pNn]v ug]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ . ;fy} %
jif{ k'u]sf] ;+:yfn] sDtLdf klg Ps ltxfO hgzlQmnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf :YffoLsf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg sfg"gd} Jojl:yt ul/g'kg]{ .
• /fHosf] 3f]lift gLlt cg'?k cfd ;~rf/sf ;fj{hlgs dfWod / lgofds
;+:yfx¿df ## k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ . s'n kqsf/
dWo] ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf jf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] lghL If]qsf k|]; jf
;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ . ##
k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf u/fpFbf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo, blnt,
dw]zL, hghflt dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] jf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• g]kfn ax'hflto, ax'efifLs, ax';fF:s[lts / ax'wfld{s d'n's ePsf] x'Fbf k|]; /
;~rf/ dfWodn] ;a}sf] ;';"lrt x'g] ;dfg xsnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ ljleGg efiffefifL
/ lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf :yfgLo ;+:s[ltnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{ lsl;dsf ;fdu|L pTkfbg,
k|sfzg, k|bz{g / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsk|lt ;Ddfg ub}{ s'g} klg sd{rf/L jf gful/sn] cfkm"n]
sfd u/]sf] lgsfo jf hg;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifosf] ;"rgf lbPdf To:tf] ;"rgf
bftfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt z+v3f]ifs sfg"g (Whistleblowers) agfpg'kg]{ .
• cfd ;~rf/ / k|];sf] If]qdf /fHoåf/f u7g ul/g] ;~rf/;DaGwL lgsfox¿df
lk5l8Psf ju{, hflt, hghflt, blnt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL, ckfËx¿sf] Gofof]lrt
¿kdf k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

8
• g]kfnL k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf] ljsf;sf lglDt g]kfnL k]|]; / ;~rf/ hut\sf]
pTkfbg / k|sfzgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ ljb]zL ahf/df k|j4{g x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .

9
 efu #

5fkf dfWodsf] l:ylt / ;'wf/

g]kfndf cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf 5fkf dfWodsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . 5fkf
dfWodaf6 z'? ePsf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;n] ;o jif{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . xft]
k|];af6 k|f/De ePsf] g]kfnL 5fkfsf] ofqf cTofw'lgs ck\m;]6 k|];sf] o'udf k|j]z
ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|];nfO{ pBf]u / Joj;fosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ nufgLstf{x¿ k|f]T;flxt
e}/x]sf 5g\ . of] d'n'ss} lglDt ;'vb kIf xf] . k|]; / kqsfl/tfnfO{ cfˆgf] k]zfsf] ¿kdf
c+ufNg]x?sf] ;+Vof klg lbgx‘' a9\bf] 5 . gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 5fkf dfWodx¿
cfsif{s aGb} uPsf 5g\ . cfd gful/snfO{ ;"rgf / ;]jf k|bfg ug{ 5fkf dfWodx¿
s]Gb|b]lv df]km;n;Dd plQs} lqmofzLn 5g\ .

kqklqsfsf] btf{ l:ylt

-@)^@ ;fn kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd_

lsl;d ;+Vof
b}lgs #!#
cw{–;fKtflxs !)
;fKtflxs !%)^
kflIfs #))
dfl;s !#!#
å}dfl;s @^&
q}dfl;s $!(
rf}dfl;s @@
cw{–jflif{s ^)
Jfflif{s &^
hDdf $@*^

-;|f]tM ;"rgf ljefu_

10
 efiffut cfwf/df kqklqsfsf] ;+Vof
-@)^@ kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd_

efiff ;+Vof
g]kfnL @(%^
c+u|]hL #%%
g]kfnL÷ c+u|]hL &#@
g]jf/L @%
lxGbL !#
d}lynL !#
Yff¿ %
;+:s[t @
ef]hk'/L @
pb"{ @
cGo !*!
hDdf $@*^
-;|f]tM ;"rgf ljefu _

o;/L btf{ ;+Vof pNn]Vo eP klg lgoldt k|sflzt x'g] kqklqsfsf] ;+Vof eg]
Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
kqklqsf lgoldttfsf] l:ylt
qm=;= klqsfsf] ;fn
lsl;d 059.060 060.061 061.062
lgoldt clgoldt lgoldt clgoldt lgoldt clgoldt lg
! b}lgs 42 35 49 40 54 27 50
@ cw{– 2 2 2 2 1 3 2
;fKtflxs
# ;fKtflxs 181 153 200 181 248 174 217
$ kflIfs 12 27 14 26 19 31 5
hDdf 237 217 265 249 322 235 274
;|f]tM k|]; sfplG;n, g]kfn, @)^# ;fpg

PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf a9L hgtfsf aLr zL3| / b|'t ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ug]{ dfWodsf]
¿kdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6, cgnfOg, l8lh6n h:tf dfWodx¿n] k|efj a9fPsf]
eP klg 5fkf kqsfl/tf cem klg nf]slk|o, e/kbf]{ / ;"rgfsf] ;lhnf] Pjd\ cfwf/e"t
;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df 5fkf dfWodnfO{ cem a9L ljZjfl;nf] / ;'b[9
agfpg b]xfosf] If]qdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 M–

11
• 5fkfvfgf / kqklqsfnfO{ Pp6} sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] jt{dfg 5fkfvfgf /
kqklqsf;DaGwL P]gnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ 5'§f5'§}
sfg"g th'{df x'g' h?/L 5 . h; cg'¿k kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿–
vf;u/L kqsfl/tfsf Jofj;flos l;4fGt, cfrf/–Jojxf/, b08–;hfo, >dhLjL
kqsf/x?sf] xs–lxt / ;]jf–;t{h:tf ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{
kqsfl/tf;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"g agfpg'kb{5 . k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f dfWodsf] ;+:yfut
:j?k, sfo{–bfo/f / bfloTj;d]t :ki6 ls6fg u/L dfWod;DaGwL cnu sfg"g
agfOg'kb{5 . 5fkfvfgfnfO{ cGo pBf]u;/x btf{ u/L ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
• k|];sf] :jtGqtfdf afwf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g, @)$*Ù
x'nfs P]g, @)!(Ù hf;';L P]g, @)!*Ù tYofÍ P]g, @)!%Ù lgjf{rg P]g, @)$&Ù
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / cGo sltko P]g–sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx? ;do;fk]If
9+uaf6 ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ .
• 5fkf dfWodsf] ljsf;sf lglDt /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'k5{ . ;fy}
k|]; ;fdu|LnfO{ k|fylds j:t'leq juL{s[t u/L /fHo / lghL If]qsf jfxsn] ;d]t
kqklqsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ 9'jfgL ug{'kg]{ .
• åGåkLl8t kqsf/ / tLgsf kl/jf/nfO{ ljz]if Ifltk"lt{ ;'ljwf lbOg'kg]{ .
• kmf]6f] kqsf/ / Jo+Uolrq kqsf/nfO{ k|]; kf; lbg] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .
• kqklqsfsf] btf{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]
;§f kqklqsfsf] btf{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?df x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
kqklqsfsf] gfddf bf]xf]/f]kg x'g glbg]nufotsf s'/fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;"rgf
ljefun] ;flasdf em}+ s]Gb|Lo clen]vsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . klqsf btf{ ug{ rfxg]
kIfn] ;DalGwt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lgj]bg lbPkl5 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
To:tf] lgj]bg ;"rgf ljefu jf ljefusf] j]a;fO6df cWofjlws u/L] kqklqsfsf]
gfd gh'Wg] osLg u/L tLg lbgleq btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . k|To]s lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltn] kqklqsf btf{ x'g]lalQs} ;f]sf] clen]v ;"rgf ljefudf k7fpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• 5fkf dfWodsf] ;++:yfut ljsf; ug{ kqklqsf Joj;fonfO{ ;]jf pBf]usf] ¿kdf
/fHon] dfGotf lbg'kg]{ / To;cg'?k ljsf; ug{ cfjZos ;xof]u / cg's"n
jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ .
• ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] If]qdf ;fy{s t'Nofpg dlxnf, cflbjf;L,
hghflt, blnt, dw]zL / lk5l8Psf ju{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ ;a}sf] bfloTj
7flgg'k5{ . o:tf kqsf/x?sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf lglDt tflnd / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf
ul/g'k5{ . o; lglDt ;Da4 ;~rf/ dfWodsf cltl/Qm /fHon] ;d]t nufgL ug'{
h?/L 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] kqsf/x?sf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd -cg b ha 6«]lgª_
nfO{ ljz]if dxTj / ;x'lnot lbg'k5{ . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLltdf n}+lus ;dfgtfsf]
ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ .

12
• lghL If]qdf 5fkf dfWodsf] kof{Kt ljsf; / k|lt:kwf{ eO;s]sf] cfhsf] g]kfndf
;/sf/ cfk+}mn] ;~rf/ dfWod ;~rfng ug{' plrt b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ;/sf/L]
:jfldTj / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf ;a} k|sfzgnfO{ ;/sf/L
:jfldTjaf6 cnu ug'{ cToGt h?/L 5 . o; k|of]hgsf lglDt ……uf]/vfkqÚÚ
nufotsf æa|f08Æ x? / ;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ cnu–cnu 5'6\ofO{ lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{
tL 5fkf dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] cGTo ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 . 5fkf
dfWodsf] k'/fgf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] ……uf]/vfkqÚÚ k|ltsf] hgtfsf] efjgfTds kIf /
cl:tTj sfod} /fVg] u/L lglZrt ;t{ tf]sL o;sf] a|f08 ljqmLljt/0f ul/g'kb{5 .
o;/L ljqmLljt/0f eO;s]kl5 To:tf] vl/bstf{n] tf]lsPsf] ;t{ k"/f gu/]sf]
b]lvPdf ;/sf/n] k'gM csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;t{ tf]s]/ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

13
 efu $

/]l8of] dfWod / ;'wf/

/]l8of] u|fdL0f hgtf;dIf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ ;zQm dfWod xf] . g]kfndf /]l8of]
k|;f/0fsf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTolt/ g]kfndf /]l8of] ;]6 lemsfOPkl5
@))$ ;fnb]lv g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ /]l8of] /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt eof] . @))&
;fndf lj/f6gu/df Pp6f ;fgf] æ6]njf/Æ 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 æg]kfn k|hftGq
/]l8of]Æ gfdn] /]l8of] ;~rfng eof] . h'g 6«fG;ld6/ @))& ;fn r}q @) ut] sf7df8f}+
l;+xb/af/df NofO{ k|;f/0f k|f/De ul/of] . oxL ……g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of]ÚÚ g]kfn /]l8of] /
To;kl5 ……/]l8of] g]kfnÚÚsf] gfdn] ;~rfng x'g k'Uof] . /]l8of] g]kfn 5'§} sfg"gcGtu{t
;~rflnt xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|]; /
;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] sf/0f ;"rgf / ;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] Jofks kl/jt{gn]
/]l8of]sf] If]qdf ljleGg PkmPd k|;f/0fx¿ ;~rfng x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /]l8of] g]kfnn]
@)%$ ;fnb]lv >f]tfaLr ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] x]t'n] OG6/g]6df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 eg]
PkmPd /]l8of]x¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ TolQs} a9]sf] 5 . /]l8of]sf If]qdf o;cl3 g} %^
j6f PkmPd k|;f/0fx¿n] Ohfht kfPsf]df %! j6f :6];gx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . kl5Nnf]
r/0fdf clxn] PkmPdnfO{ Ohfht lbg] sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 .

xfd|f]h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / 5fkf dfWod Pjd\ 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k'Ug g;s]sf
If]qx¿df /]l8of] dfWod g} Ps dfq ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . ax';+Vos hgtfn] /]l8of]
dfWodaf6} k|;fl/t x'g] ;"rgfx¿ pkef]u ul//x]sf] clxn]sf] cj:yf 5 . /]l8of] g]kfnsf]
cfˆg} Oltxf; eP klg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" ePkl5 ;"rgf /
;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] /]l8of] PkmPdx¿n] ;"rgfsf] If]qdf Pp6f ;fdflhs
qmflGt g} NofPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /]l8of] dfWodsf If]qdf ljleGg ;d:of /lx/x]sf
5g\ . /]l8of] dfWodnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ljBdfg /]l8of] P]g / /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g kof{Kt
5}gg\ . PkmPd /]l8of] ;~rfns ;+:yf btf{;DaGwdf ;d]t Ps?ktf 5}g . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] juL{s/0fdf ;d:of /x]s} 5 . Ohfht lng] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ 5}g . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] ;~rfngdf /fHon] k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvGg . /]l8of]sf] pks/0f pTkfbgdf
/f]s nufOPsf] cj:yf 5 . lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf g]6jls{ª ;DaGwdf ;d:of Tolts}
5g\ . Ohfhtkqsf] :yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwdf, lj1fkgsf ljifodf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf
;DaGwdf Tolts} ;d:of /lx/x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf] ;dod} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]df /]l8of]
dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g ;Sb5 . /]l8of] dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
lglDt d"ntM b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfosf] ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

• P]g sfg"gdf ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L cfd hgtfn] kfpg] u/L
;"rgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ lgjf{w ¿kn] k|;f/0f ug]{;d]tsf] p2]Zon] /fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g,
@)$( hf/L ul/Psf] eP klg /fHosf] e"ldsf lgodg / ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf dfq
geO{ /fHon] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg k|;f/0f dfWodnfO{ /f]s nufpg ;Sg]
x:tIf]ksf/L] e"ldsf /x]sfn] k|;f/0f dfWodx¿sf] :jtGqtfdf /fHosf] cg'lrt

14
 x:tIf]k eO/xg] tYonfO{ dgg u/L kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k|;f/0f dfWodsf]
:jtGqtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L g]kfndf /]l8of]
oGq /fVg], agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ sfdnfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt ug]{ p2]Zon] hf/L
ePsf] /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ ;do;fk]If gePsfn] kl/jlt{t dfGotfcg'?k hgtfsf]
;';"lrtsf] clwsf/ / /fHosf] lgofds / ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfcg'?k agfpg
cfjZos ;+zf]wg ul/g'kg]{ .
• juL{s/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|;f/0f OhfhtnfO{ ;]jfsf cfwf/df ;fd'bflos, ;fj{hlgs,
Jofkfl/s / z}lIfs k|;f/0f ;]jfsf ?kdf / If]qsf cfwf/df /fli6«o, If]qLo,
:yfgLo egL juL{s/0f ul/g'kg]{ . ;+:yfut :j?ksf lx;fan] ljz]if P]gåf/f ul7t
:jzfl;t ;+:yf ;fj{hlgs k|zf/0f ;+:yf dflgg] / sDkgL P]g÷;fem]bf/L P]g h:tf
sfg"gcGtu{t gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf
/]l8of]x¿nfO{ Jofkfl/s /]l8of] dfGg] / u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yfx¿ h:t} u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf÷;xsf/L÷6«i6 h:tf ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf /]l8of]x¿ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf]
juL{s/0fleq kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . o;/L juL{s0f ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f /
Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f u/L 5'6\ofO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf] dfWodnfO{ ljz]if
;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L :yfgLo txdf efiff ;+:s[ltnfO{
k|j4{g ug]{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
:yfgLo lgsfo tyf ljZjljBfnox¿n] #) jf6;Ddsf k|;f/0f Ifdtfdf /]l8of]
k|;f/0f z'? ubf{ /lhi6]«;g dfqsf] Joj:yf u/L Ohfht lng' gkg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Ohfht ;DaGwdf lk|mSj]G;L ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L /fli6«o:t/sf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f ;]jfnfO{ cfjlws Ohfht lbg] /
To;kl5 k'gM a9fa9sf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ .
• Ohfht ;DaGwdf PkmPd /]l8of]sf] Ohfhtsf] k|lqmof ;/n / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{
h;cg'¿k ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fsf nflu @ j6f / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf nflu a9Ldf #
j6f lk|mSj]G;L /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/sf ?kdf ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f
tyf If]q ljz]ifsf k|;f/0fx¿sf] Ohfht lbg] cfwf/x¿df– /fli6«o ljsf;df
k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1
5gf]6 / hgzlQmsf] l:ylt, b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ cflb s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ /
/fli6«o :t/sf Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg] cfwf/x¿df– /fh:j a9fpg]
Ifdtf, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1 5gf]6 /
hgzlQmsf] l:ylth:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ u/L tf]Sg'kg]{ .
• ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf]
¿kdf /]l8of] dfWod rnfPafkt sDkgL P]gcGtu{tsf s/afx]s cGo s/x¿ -
gjLs/0f z'Ns, /f]oN6L cflb_ nufpg gx'g], k|;f/0f tyf :6'l8of] pks/0fx¿
vl/b ubf{ eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf lbg'kg]{, ;fj{hlgs tyf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿nfO{
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf;d]t ug'{kg]{, g]kfn :6s PS;r]Ghdf ;"rLs[t eO{ ;j{;fwf/0fdf
lglZrt z]o/ a]Rg] Jofkfl/s /]l8of]x¿nfO{ kfFr jif{;Dd cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/df /]l8of] dfWod rnfPafkt
/f]oN6Lsf] Joj:yf u/] klg cGo ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . t/ s'g} /]l8of]x¿ dgf]/~hgsf
;fdu|L dfq k|;f/0f ug]{ eP /f]oN6Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

15
• /]l8of] pks/0f lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ n] 6«fG;ld6/nufotsf /]l8of]
pks/0f lgdf{0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] Joj:yf jt{dfg ;Gbe{df plrt gx'Fbf ;'/Iff
pBf]usf] ¿kdf ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw;lxt b]zleq g} ;a} vfn] /]l8of]
pks/0fx¿ lgdf{0f tyf ljqmLljt/0fsf] Joj:yf v'nf ul/g'kg]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf g]6jls{ª ;DaGwdf /fli6«o:t/sf] k|;f/0fsf nflu @)
k|ltzteGbf a9L lk|mSj]G;L 5'6\ofpg gkfOg] / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu x/]s
If]qdf @% k|ltzt lk|mSj]G;Lsf] sf]6f 5'6\ofOg'kg]{, k|;f/0f Psflwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ Pp6} zx/df Pp6f ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ Pp6feGbf a9L lk|mSj]G;L pknAw
gu/fpg], ljb]zL k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd s'n k|;f/0f ;dosf] !% k|ltzteGbf
a9L k|;f/0f ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ug]{, o;}u/L Pp6f k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] pTkfbg u/]sf]
;fdu|L cGo k|;f/0f ;+:yfn] k|;f/0f ubf{ k'gM k|;f/0f ug]{ /]l8of] :6];gn] s'g} Ps
:6];gaf6 kfFr k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L cfkm\gf] s'n k|;f/0f ;dosf] #) k|ltzt
;do dfq k'gM k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• :of6nfO6 tyf l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{
/f]Sg' plrt gx'Fg] x'Fbf :of6nfO6 tyf l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0fnfO{ dfGotf lbO{
:of6nfO6 AofG8 ePsf /]l8of]sf] ljqmLljt/0f tyf k|of]unfO{ lagfOhfht v'nf
ul/g'kg]{ .
• Ohfhtkqsf] x:tfGt/0f tyf :yfgfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfn] lnPsf]
Ohfhtkq ;DalGwt lgsfodf uO{ a9Ldf b'O{ k6s;Dd x:tfGt/0f x'g] Joj:yf
ug]{ . s'g} Ps 7fpFsf nflu lnPsf] Ohfht cfjZostf, k|lt:kwf{ tyf :yfloTjsf]
b[li6n] csf]{ lhNnf jf If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ rfx]df ;f] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .

16
 efu %

6]lnlehg, rnlrq / s]a'n dfWod / ;'wf/

6]lnlehgsf If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/

cfd ;~rf/sf] If]qdf Jofks / ;zQm dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]lnlehg /x]sf]] 5 .
g]kfndf @)$! ;fnb]lv g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf]df 6]lnlehgsf
k|;f/0fx¿ lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf l/n] :6];gx¿ yk u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0f
Pl;ofsf @) j6f /fi6«x¿df e"–pku|xdfkm{t 6]lnlehgsf ;+s]t t/Ëx¿af6 lj:tf/
eO;s]sf] 5 . ;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿
:yfkgf / k|;f/0f ug{ lghLIf]q klg Tolts} pT;flxt ePsf] 5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] cltl/Qm lghL If]qsf] k|of;df ;d]t
b]xfosf 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
l;=g+= Rofgnx¿ k|;f/0f k4lt
!= g]kfn 6]lnlehg 6]/]:6]l/on÷:of6nfO6
@= Rofgn g]kfn :of6nfO6
#= sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg 6]/]:6]l/on÷:of6nfO6
$= Od]h d]6«f] 6]/]:6]l/on ÷:of6nfO6
%= g]6]eL d]6«f] 6]/]:6]l/on

6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf xfn;Dd # ;o ## j6f s]a'n 6]lnlehg g]6js{

;+:yfx¿n] Ohfht k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :of6nfO6 k|;f/0fn] g]kfn
clw/fHosf k"/} efunufot cGo d'n'sx¿df ;d]t cfˆgf] k|;f/0f k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
6]/]:6]l/on g]6js{n] ;d]t d'n'ssf] ^@ k|ltzt e"–efudf cfˆgf] kxF'r k'¥ofPsf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . o;/L hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{, dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{nufot ljleGg lzIffd"ns,
1fgj4{s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ 6]lnlehg dfWodx¿ pT;fxL ePsf] eP klg
6]lnlehg dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lglDt cem klg cg]sf}+ ;d:of /xL
/x]s} 5g\ . o;sf lglDt b]xfosf ljifodf b]xfoadf]lhd ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos 5 .
• juL{s/0f ;DaGwdf 6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ hgtfk|lt r]tgfd"ns / lzIffd"ns
;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f (Public Service
Broadcasting _ / d'gfkmfsf] p2]Zon] ;~rfng ul/Psf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f
(Commercial Broadcasting) egL juL{s/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] p2]Zon]
;~rfng ePsf] 6]lnlehgnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ . o;}u/L
:yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] ;+j4{g / :yfgLo efiffefifLdf k|;f/0f ug]{ 6]lnlehgx¿nfO{
ljz]if ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

17
 • Ohfhtsf] cjlw ;DaGwdf lk|mSj]G;L ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L lk|mSj]G;L cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o :t/sf] Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f
;]jfnfO{ cfjlws Ohfht lbg] / To;kl5 k'gM a9fa9 ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
lk|mSj]G;L cefj gePsf] cj:yfdf cfjlws u/L gljs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf 6]lnlehg dfWodnfO{ Ohfht lbFbf /fli6«o ljsf;df
k'¥ofpg] of]ubfg, k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g,
ljz]if1 5gf]6 tyf hgzlQmsf] l:ylt, b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ h:tf s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f tyf If]qLo:t/sf 6]/]:6]l/on k|;f/0fx¿sf]
Ohfhtdf v'nf / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, Psflwsf/ lbg gx'g] / /fli6«o:t/sf]
6]/]:6]l/on Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f tyf :of6nfO6 k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf
/fh:j a9fpg], k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] :t/, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / ;fdu|Lsf] k|j4{g, ljz]if1
5gf]6 / hgzlQmsf] l:ylt h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ .
• ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf ;~rf/ dfWod rnfPafkt s'g}
k|sf/sf] s/ nufpFbf hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g]
x'Fbf sDkgL P]gcGtu{tsf s/afx]s cGo s/x¿ -gjLs/0f z'Ns, /f]oN6L cflb_
nufpg gx'g], k|;f/0f tyf :6'l8of] pks/0fx? vl/b ubf{ eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf
x'g'kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf 6]lnlehgx?nfO{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{,
g]kfn :6s PS;r]Ghdf ;"rLs[t eO{ ;j{;fwf/0fdf lglZrt z]o/ a]Rg] Jofkfl/s
6]lnlehgx?nfO{ % jif{;Dd cfos/ ldgfxf lbg'kg]{ .
• pks/0f pTkfbg ;DaGwdf @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf k|ljlwsf] lgdf{0f tyf k|of]unfO{
k|ltalGwt ug'{ plrt gx'g] x'Fbf of] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L b]zleq} plrt k|aGwsf;fy
;a} vfn] k|;f/0f tyf :of6nfO6 pks/0fx? lgdf{0f tyf ljqmLljt/0fsf] Joj:yf
v'nf ul/g'kg]{ .
• ljb]zL 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f ;+:yfsf] ;DaGwdf Ohfht, /fh:j b:t'/sf] k|lqmof
Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;/n 9+un] x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, ljb]zL 6]lnlehg ;+:yfn]
;dfrf/ k7fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq lglZrt k|ltlglw dfq /fVg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg], g]kfnL pBf]u tyf Jofkf/Lx?n] ljb]zL 6]lnlehgnfO{ lbPsf] lj1fkg
vr{df pBf]unfO{ s/ s§Lsf] 5'6 glbg] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ tyf lj1fkg lng] ljb]zL
6]lnlehgaf6 g]kfndf a;]/ sf/f]af/ ubf{ s/ lng]] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• Ohfhtkqsf] :yfgfGt/0f ;DaGwdf s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] nflu lnOPsf] Ohfht
cfjZostf, k|lt:kwf{ tyf :yfloTjsf lx;fan] pko'Qm csf]{ lhNnf jf If]qdf ;fg{
rfx]df ;lhn};Fu :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

rnlrq If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/

cfh ljZjdf rnlrq pBf]un] hgtf;dIf dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug{, lzIff / r]tgfsf]
lj:tf/ ug{ pn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf @))^
;fnb]lv g} rnlrqn] cfkm\gf] ofqf k|f/De u/]sf] eP klg ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fdf
cg]sf}+ ;d:of em]Ng'kl//x]s} 5 . rnlrq pBf]usf] xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt cjnf]sg ubf{

18
;]n'nfO8 xn ;+Vof–@ ;o ^$, xfOlehg xn ;+Vof–$&, ljt/s ;+Vof–*(, lgdf{tf
;+Vof–@ ;o @, ;]n'nfO8 lkmNd Ohfht lnPsf] ;+Vof–% ;o ##, lel8of] lkmNd Ohfht
lnPsf] ;+Vof–! ;o ^! /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

rnlrq -lgdf{0f, k|bz{g tyf ljt/0f_ P]g, @)@^ rnlrq Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf]
lgldQ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;do ;fk]If 5}g . o:df rnlrq Joj;fonfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{
;f]xLcg';f/ b]xfosf Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 .
• pTkfbg jf lgdf{0f :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf JolQmn] g]kfnL rnlrq
lgdf{0f ug{ rfx]df rnlrq lgdf{0fsf] k"j{ Ohfht lng'kg]{ ;a} vfn] Joj:yf
x6fOg'kg]{,] ;]G;/l;ksf] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L u]|l8ªsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . lel8of] jf
l8lh6n k|ljlw / ;]n'nfO8 k|ljlwaf6 pTkfbg x'g] rnlrqdf kmDof{6sf] dfq
km/s ePsfn] ;+/rgfut lje]b x6fpg'kg]{

• k|bz{gsf] :jtGqtf ;DaGwdf k|bz{g / ljt/0fsf nflu rnlrq ljsf; af]8{ /

rnlrqsdL{sf ;+u7gx¿af6 lng'kg]{ :jLs[lt / l;kmfl/;sf] Joj:yf vf/]h u/L
k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, g]kfnL rnlrqdfly k|bz{gk"j{ ul/Fb} cfPsf]
leh'cn ;]G;/l;knfO{ vf/]h u/L rnlrqnfO{ u|]l8ª ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, o;/L
u|]l8ª ubf{ rnlrqsf] k|s[ltcg'?k kfl/jfl/s rnlrq, cleefjssf] lgu/fgLdf
dfq b]vfOg] rnlrq, jo:ssf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] rnlrq / ;fj{hlgs k|bz{gdf
k"/} /f]s jf lglZrt ;dodf dfq b]vfpg ;Sg] jf lglZrt rnlrq xndf
lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xn] dfq x]g{ ;Sg] u/L rnlrqsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ .

• g]kfnL rnlrqnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ ;DaGwdf rnlrq pTkfbg÷lgdf{0fsf ;fwgx¿

-nufgL, lgb]{zs, lgdf{tf, d'Vo snfsf/, d'Vo k|fljlws, k6syfsf/_ / ljifo
j:t'sf cg'kft tf]sL c+s ef/sf cfwf/df g]kfnL jf ljb]zL rnlrq egL
kl/eflift ul/g'kg]{ .

• ljb]zL rnlrqsf] 5fofs+g ;DaGwdf g]kfnleq 5fof+sg ug{ ljb]zL rnlrq

sDkgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . o;/L 5fof+sgsf] lglDt :jLs[lt lbFbf g]kfndf ePsf]
k|ljlw / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;d]t k|of]u u/]df ljz]if ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf
x'g'kg]{ . o;}u/L ljb]zLn] :jLs[lt jf Ohfht lnFbf Ps} 7fpFaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf]
Joj:yf x'g] Psåf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDag ul/g'kg]{ .

• efiffeflifsf rnlrq ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf ljleGg efiffefifLsf rnlrq lgdf{0fnfO{

k|f]T;flxt ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf] x'bfF ljleGg efiffefifLsf rnlrq lgdf{0f ug{ /fHon]
cg'bfg, ;xof]u / ;'ljwf lbO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ kg]{ .

19
 • rnlrq lgofds lgsfo ;DjGwdf rnlrq dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, u|]l8ª /
lgodg ug{sf nflu ;DjlGwt If]qsf lj1x?sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L cljl5Gg,
:jfoQ tyf clwsf/ ;DkGg :jtGq lgsfosf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ . o:tf] lgsfodf
k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ;dfj]zL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ kg]{ .

s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf If]qdf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/

s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿ ljt/ssf] JolQmut k|of;af6 dfq ;~rflnt xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
o;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ :ki6 sfg"gsf] cefj v8\lsPs} 5 . s]a'n 6]lnlehgnfO{
Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{ b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug'{ plrt x'g] b]lvG5 .

• sfo{If]q ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿ hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs

tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtfnfO{ k|rngdf Nofpg ;Sg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /xsf] dfWod
ePsfn] s]a'n 6]lnlehgn] cfk}+m sfo{qmd pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f ug{ rfx]df
pTkfbgsf] :jLs[lt ;d]t lnO{ k|;f/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . g]kfnleqaf6
/fi6« tyf /fli6«o efiffdf k|;fl/t /fli6«o Rofgnx¿nfO{ s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf] s"n
Ifdtfsf] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt Rofgn 5'6\ofpg'kg]{ . ;f] Rofgn 8fpg ln+s ug{
nfUg] pks/0f vr{ eg] 6]lnlehg Rofgnn] s]a'n 6]lnlehg ;+rfnsnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg'kg]{, s]a'n 6]lnlehgx¿n] cfk}+m pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f u/]sf] Rofgndf
lj1fkg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• Ohfht k|lqmof ;DaGwdf @ ;oeGbf sd u|fxs ;+Vof x'g] u|fdL0f e]usf s]a'n
6LeL ;~rfng ubf{ :yfgLo txdf g} /lhi6]«zg dfq u/] k'Ug], To;nfO{ Ohfht
lng' gkg]{ Joj:yf ug]{, zx/L If]qdf zx/L cfsfzdf x'g] tf/sf] phf{nfO{ ;d]t
ljrf/ u/L v'nf tf/af6 ljt/0f ug]{ s]a'nnfO{ v'nf / kf/bzL{ k|lqmofjf6 lglZrt
sf]6f tf]sL Ohfht k|bfg ug{'kg]{, jfP/n]; k|0ffnL (MMDS) tyf cGo
ultljlwaf6 x'g] s]a'n k|;f/0fnfO{ ;d]t Jojl:yt ug{ Ohfhtsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• l8l6Pr ;DjGwdf k|ljlwnfO{ /f]s nufpg c;Dej x'g] x'Fbf 8fO/]S6 6' xf]d -
l8l6Pr_ nfO{ j}wflgstf lbg Ohfhtsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / g]kfndf ljt/0f x'g]
l8l6Pr (DTH) ;]jfsf] Kofs]hdf @% k|ltzt g]kfnL Rofgnx¿ /fVg clgjfo{
ug'{kg]{ .
• pkef]Qmf d"No lgwf{/0f ;DaGwdf 8fpg ln+s gLlt hf/L u/L nfut d"Nosf
cfwf/df !) k|ltzteGbf a9L gfkmf /fVg gkfpg] u/L pkef]Qmf d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{,
• slG8;gn PS;]; l;:6d ;DjGwdf slG8;gn PS;]; l;:6d r/0fa4 ¿kdf nfu"
ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
• cGo ;]jf ;~rfng ;DjGwdf s]jn ;+rfnsx?n] Od]n, kmf]g tyf lel8of]
cgnfO{g h:tf ;]jfx? ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

20
• ljb]zL Rofgnx¿ s]a'naf6 k|;f/0f ubf{ tL Rofgnx¿af6 k|;f/0f x'g] lj1fkgnfO{
cGo b]zsf] ;d]t sfg"g / k|rngsf] cWoog u/L g]kfnleq aHg lbg] jf glbg]
eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ .

21
 efu ^

;"rgf k|ljlw÷l8lh6n dfWod / ;'wf/

l8lh6n dfWod÷k|ljlw 5fkf tyf On]S6«f]lgs dfWod / k|ljlwx¿sf ;a}

ljz]iftfo'Qm, 8]6f÷;"rgf pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f / ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf l56f], ;lhnf]
/ ;:tf] dfWod xf] . g]kfndf clxn] l8lh6n dfWodaf6 cfd ;~rf/sf cGo dfWodx¿
;d]t ;~rfng eO/xsf 5g\ . b'u{d lhNnfdf klg o; dfWodaf6 k':ts, kqklqsf, lrq,
rnlrq, 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb ;"rgf / 1fgsf kf7\o, Wjlg / >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-8]6f_ k|fKt / k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . of] dfWodsf] dxTj / pkof]u lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf]
5 . l8lh6n dfWodsf] k|of]ulagf cfw'lgs hLjg k4lt ;xh ¿kdf rNg g;Sg] cj:yf
cfO;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf l8lh6n dfWodsf] pkof]u

!= sDKo'6/x¿aLr ;~rf/ M 8]6f ;Dk|]if0f, Rof6, ;:j/ s'/fsfgL (VoIP)
@= j]a;fO6df kf7\o, >Jo / b[Zo ;fdu|L M k':ts, kqklqsf, lrq, rnlrq
#= OG6/g]6af6 /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, l;g]df
$= cgnfOg klqsf
%= OG6/g]6af6 :jb]z / ljb]zdf cvaf/ / kqklqsfsf] b"/ pTkfbg÷k'gM k|sfzg

l8lh6n dfWod ;~rfng ug]{ cfwf/

!= sDKo'6/ pks/0f / ;~rfng k|0ffnL -xf8{j]o/ / ;km\6j]o/_
@= OG6/g]6 M ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ M
s_ b"/;~rf/sf] ;~hfn -g]6js{_ :yfgLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf, dfOqmf]j]e ln+s, kmfOa/
clK6s ln+s, ;~rf/ e"–pku|x -eL:of6_, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o AofG8ljy /
pko'Qm lk|mSj]G;Lsf /]l8of] pks/0f
v_ jN8{jfO8j]a, Od]n, Anu, Rof6 O=

g]kfndf l8lh6n dfWod / o; ;DaGwL ;]jfsf] l:ylt

lgofds lgsfo M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos M $
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos M #@
sf7df8f}+aflx/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos M @
eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfos M *
OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{ k|ToIf M %),))) -cg'dflgt_
ck|ToIf M @%),))) -cg'dflgt_

22
eL:of6 k|ljlwaf6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf M !) 7fpFdf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofPsf] M %% lhNnf

g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfossf] Ohfht, z'Ns / s/;DaGwL

ljBdfg Joj:yf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] xfn g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (ISP) af6
Ohfht tyf gjLs/0f z'Nsafkt ljleGg k|sf/sf rsf]{ z'Ns lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu eL:of6 g]6js{sf nflu Ohfht z'Ns ?= @%,)),))). gjLs/0fsf nflu
?= @@,%),)))., eL:of6 k|of]ustf{sf nflu ?= @,%),))). / @,@%,)))., OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf
nflu ?= #,)),))). / ?= @,&),)))., cflb . cg'dltkq kfFr jif{sf] nflu eP tfklg
cg'dltkqsf] Dofb ;lsg'eGbf ^ dlxgf cufj} gjLs/0f b:t'/ ?= @@,%),))). e'QmfgL
ug'{k5{ . Dofbleq gjLs/0f u/fpg g;s]df k|flws/0faf6 cg'dlt lnO{ Ps dlxgfleq
gjLs/0f b:t'/sf] @% k|ltzt, tLg dlxgfleq %) k|ltzt / 5 dlxgfleq ztk|ltzt
yk b:t'/ lnO{ cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ul/lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

To:t}, g]6js{ / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx?n] cfk\mgf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] rf/ k|ltzt
/f]oN6L tyf b'O{ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]if (RTDF) afkt 5 k|ltzt /sd
e'QmfgL ul//x]sf] 5 . of] /sd -s_ g]6js{ ;]jf k|bfosx?n] :of6]nfO6 ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
ljb]zL ljlgdo d'b|fdf e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ z'Ns, -v_ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx?n] e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{
Jof08ljysf] z'Ns, -u_ g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ z'Ns tyf -3_ g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf cGo cg'dlt k|fKt ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsx? s6\6f gu/L s'n
cfDbfgLdf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s ef/ k/]sf] 5 .
cGttf]uTjf of] ef/ u|fxsdfly g} k5{ .

g]kfn l8lh6n dfWodsf] o'udf k|j]z ul/;s] klg o;sf] ljsf; / pkof]usf
nflu cfjZos k|j4{gsf/L gLlt / sfg'gsf] cefjÙ cJofjxfl/s z'Ns tyf s/ k|0ffnLÙ
lgofds lgsfox¿aLr sfo{If]qsf] c:ki6tf / ;dGjosf] cefj tyf
:of6nfO6÷Aof08ljysf] rsf]{ z'Nsn] ubf{ cfdhgtfn] l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf
nfe kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . l8lh6n dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] lgjf{w ;~rf/ ug]{ tyf
;"rgfsf] clwsf/af6 cfd hgtf al~rt 5g\ . of] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L l8lh6n
dfWodnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] nflu b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t ;j{;'ne / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
b]xfosf Joj:yf÷;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 M—
• hgtfsf] lgjf{w ;~rf/ ug]{ / ;';"lrt x'g] xs cGtu{t l8lh6n dfWodsf]
:jtGqtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt÷k|Tofe"t ug'{kg]{ .
• l8lh6n dfWod ;DaGwL s'g} klg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLx¿aLr v'Nnf
k|lt:kwf{ x'g'kg]{ / ;]jfsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;a{;fwf/0f hgtfn] pkef]u ug{
kfpg' kg]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ s'g}klg k|sf/sf] d"Nodf Psflwsf/
-sf6]{lnË_ nfO{ sfg"gL ¿kdf cj}w 3f]if0ff u/L s8f sf/jfxLsf] Joj:yf ug'kg]{] .

23
• g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt / 5l/Psf a:tLx¿df ;~rf/sf nflu :of6]nfO6÷
eL:of6 lnÍ tyf tf//lxt k|ljlw pko'Qm / k|efjsf/L dfWod ePsf] x'gfn]
cGt/f{li6«o eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLaf6 ;]jf lnFbf ckgfOg] k|lqmof ;/n ug]{,
nfO;]G; -Ohfht_ z'Ns x6fpg] / cJofjxfl/s s/k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wfg]{ . ;+ej eP
g]kfnsf] cfjZostfnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] :of6]nfO6sf] ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
cfjZos k/]df o;sf nflu u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 cg'bfg lbg]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
• g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (ISP) n] ;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu lng'kg]{
ljleGg k|sf/sf Ohfhtsf] -:of6nfO6sf] k|of]u, g]6jls{ª cflb_ emGeml6nf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n agfpg] / Ohfhtkq lnFbf Ps k6snfO{ Go'gtd Ohfht b:t"/
/fVg], k|flws/0fsf] jflif{s vr{sf nflu k|flws/0fn] tof/ u/]sf] ah]6sf cfwf/df
;]jf ;~rfnssf ;dfof]lht s'n cfoaf6 bfdf;fxLsf lx;fan] pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ . xfn lnO/x]sf] RTDF u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ hf/L
/x];Dd lng] t/ lnOcfPsf] $ k|ltzt /f]oN6L glng] . gjLs/0f ubf{ nfUg] ;a}
vfnsf z'Ns, /f]oN6L vf/]h u/L clen]v / gjLs/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq
Go"gtd –gfddfqsf]_ z'Ns lng] .
• cfO{P;kLx¿n] :of6]nfO6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿;Fu ldn]/ cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] :yfkgf ug{
;Sg]Ù ;x'lnot b/df ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{sf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg]Ù s]a'n 6]lnlehgsf
s]a'ndfkm{t OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg ;Sg], kmfOa/ clK6s tyf tf//lxt÷/]l8of] pks/0f
k|of]u u/L u|fxs;Dd (last mile access) ;]jf k'¥ofpg;Sg] Joj:yf ug]]{ . o;sf
nflu k|of]u ul/g] @=$ tyf %=* luhfxh{ lk|mSj]G;Ldf rNg] cfOP;Pd Jof08sf
pks/0fx¿sf] cfoft, vl/b / pkof]usf nflu Ohfht lng' gkg]{ / z'Ns gnfUg]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
• u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cfOP;kLx¿af6 u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifafkt lnOg] z'Ns 5'6 ug]{ / To:tf cfOP;kLx¿n] u|fdL0f /
b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf k'/\ofpgsf nflu ltgn] lgdf{0f ug]{ k"jf{wf/sf nflu pQm
sf]ifaf6 cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo jf gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo gePsf cflwsfl/s ;+:yfn]
:yfgLo :t/df cfO{P;kL ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df ;a} k|sf/sf z'Ns 5'6 ug]{ /
u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, oGq pks/0f vl/bsf nflu
cg'bfg tyf ;x'lnot b/df C0f pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|sfzg / k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf]
pTkfbg÷sfo{qmd l8lh6n dfWodaf6 cGo :yfgdf ;Dk|]if0f u/L cfkm\g} sfof{no
jf cGo pTkfbs tyf k|;f/snfO{ ljqmLljt/0f ug{sf nflu cfkm\g} g]6js{ lgdf{0f
ug{ rfx]df To;sf nflu Ohfht lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• OG6/g]6af6 8]6f ;Dk|]if0f u/]h:t} Wjlg ;Dk|]if0f u/L sDKo'6/x¿sf] dfWodaf6
s'/fsfgL (VoIP) nfO{ v'nf ug]{ . sDKo'6/x¿aLr jf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gaLr
s'/fsfgL ug]{ ;'ljwfnfO{ cfdpkef]Qmfn] pkof]u ug{ kfpg' kg]{ . t/ cglws[t

24
 ;+:yf jf JolQmaf6 x'g;Sg] cGt/f{li6«o sn afOkf;nfO{ ;do ;fk]If gLlt
lgodx¿ agfO{ lgodg ug]{ .

cgnfOg kqsfl/tfsf] k|j4{gsf nflu b]xfosf Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{

• l8lh6n dfWodaf6 ;"rgf, 1fg / ;dfrf/sf ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ lgjf{w ?kdf
k|;fl/t eO/x]sf] tyf k/Dk/fut cvaf/, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg;d]t cgnfOg
dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ;dfrf/Lo ljifoj:t'nfO{ dfq}
;d]6]/ k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] cjwf/0ffdf ;Lldt ePsf cgnfOg klqsfnfO{
cnUofP/ x]g{ ufx|f] 5 . cgnfOg dfWod ;a}eGbf nf]stflGqs, pbf/ / lgjf{w
dfWod ePsf] tyf OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePsf hf];'s}n] klg ;"rgf / ;dfrf/Lo
ljifoj:t' ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ lgod sfg"gdf afFw]/
/fVg' of] k|ljlws} :jefj ljk/Lt x'g] x'Fbf btf{ u/]/ dfq} cgnfOg klqsf k|sflzt
ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug'{ gx'Fg] . t/ s;}n] sDkgL btf{ u/L, Jofj;flostf,
ljZj;gLotf / kqsfl/tfsf dfGotfcg';f/ ;DkfbsLo hgzlQm k|of]u u/L
cgnfOgdfkm{t klqsf k|sflzt ug{ rfx]df lgh sDkgLnfO{ 5fkfklqsfsf] dfGotf
/ ;'ljwf lbOg'kg]{ . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/L lglZrt
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

• OG6/g]6af6 k|jflxt x'g ;Sg] cfklQhgs ;fdu|Ldfly lgoGq0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf

l8lh6n k|ljlwsf] afwf/lxt cfjfudg / cGt/f{li6«o pb\ud, cbfntsf] clwsf/
If]q, cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf / dfWodsf] cl:y/ Pjd\ cik:6 :j?k (Media
Convergence) cflb ljz]if rl/qn] ubf{ o;nfO{ lgodg ug{ / sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf
Nofpg ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . tfklg dfWod km/s kb}{df ck/fw / b08sf] :j?k /
dfqf gkm]l/g] k|rlnt dfGotf l8lh6n dfWoddf klg nfu" x'G5 . ctM ;fOa/
ck/fwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf k|rlnt P]g, sfg"gcg';f/ sfg"g
agfpg] tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;cg';f/ sfg"gnfO{ lg/Gt/ cWofjlws ug]{ .

• kqsf/x¿n] ;Lldt cfo;|f]tn] ubf{ l8lh6n k|ljlw rfx]/ klg ckgfpg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . k|sfzg u[xx¿n] sDKo'6/, Sofd/f cflb l8lh6n pks/0f ePsf
kqsf/x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ sfddf nufpg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . l8lh6n k|ljlw
pkof]u u/L l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/x¿nfO{ pks/0f pknAw u/fpg' k|sfzg u[xsf]
bfloTj xf] . kqsf/n] l8lh6n pks/0f / k|ljlw vl/b ug{ rfx]df ;x'lnot jf
cg'bfg tyf k|fljlws tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .

25
 efu &

k|]; / ;~rf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf d"ntM lgofds / ;xhstf{

x'g] ePsfn] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfocGtu{t dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{non] ug]{
lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfaf6 k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\nfO{ :jtGq /fVg clxn]sf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf
kl/jt{g u/L cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|];;DaGwL xsnfO{
hLjGt agfpg / hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|rng u/fpg :jtGq
/ clwsf/ ;DkGg 5'§} lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs;Fu
;DalGwt sfg"g cljnDa hf/L ug{' Psftkm{ Tolts} cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;~rf/
dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|rngsf nflu ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ¿kdf
b]xfoadf]lhd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]usf] u7g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]u

!= cfof]usf] u7g

s= cfof]udf k|d'v ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfo'Qm;lxt % hgf ;Dd ;b:o /xg]
Joj:yf ug]{,
v= cfof]usf] k|d'v ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfo'Qmnufot ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQm
k|lqmof, kbfjlw / ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/L;/x
agfpg],
u= cfof]usf] k|d'v cfo'Qm / ;b:ox¿ cfd ;~rf/sf] If]q, ;"rgf tyf
k|ljlwsf If]q, sfg"gsf If]q / Joj:yfkg If]qsf lj1 x'g'kg]{ u/L of]Uotf
lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;dfj]zL dfGotfcg'¿k lgo'lQm ug]{,

@= cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

s= ph'/L ;'Gg]
• ;"rgf glbPsf], unt / e"m6f ;"rgf lbPsf], ck"0f{ ;"rgf
lbPsf], ;"rgf lbg l9nfO u/]sf], c8\sf] yfkL ;"rgf glbPsf
h:tf ljifox¿sf] ph'/L ;'Gg] .
• k|]; / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] xssf] pNn+3gsf ljifodf ph'/L
;'Gg] .
• 5fkf Pjd\ k|;f/0f dfWodsf] xssf] pNn+3g ljifodf ph'/L
;'Gg] .

26
v= hfFra'em ug]{
• ph'/Lpk/ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ / cfjZostfcg'¿k hfFra'em ug]{ .
• k|df0f a'e\mg], k|df0f a'em\g] ;DaGwdf b]jfgL cbfntnfO{
eP;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ .

u= cfb]z lbg ;Sg]

• ;"rgf k|jfx ug{,
• ;"rgf clws[t lgo'lQm ug{,
• ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f ug{ / k|sfzg ug{,
• ;"rgfsf] clen]v plrt lsl;dn] Joj:yfkg ug{,
• hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4df plrt Joj:yf ug{,

• ph'/Lstf{nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'u]sf] /x]5 eg] Ifltk"lt{ lbg,

• xs k|rng u/fpg .

3= k/fdz{ / l;kmfl/; ug]{

• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg"g, cleJolQm :jtGqtf / ;~rf/
dfWodsf] ljifodf sfg"g agfpg' k"j{ tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos
k/fdz{ lbg],
• ;~rf/ dfWodsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{
ljifox?df l;kmfl/; ug]{,

ª= jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{

• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bg ;+;b\df k]z ug]{ .

r= cGo sfo{
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df cfjZos kg]{ sfg"g, gLlt,
dfu{bz{g hf/L ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cg';Gwfg, tfnLd,
k|lzIf0f, cGtlq{mof, uf]i7L cflb ug]{ .
• ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qnfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] lsl;dsf] ;fdu|Lx¿
k|sfzg ug]{ .
• k|]; tyf ;~rf/sf ljifodf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{, u/fpg
cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug]{ .

27
k|]; sfplG;nsf] ;+/rgf / e"ldsfdf ;'wf/
:j:y kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf lglDt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k|]; sfplG;nsf] u7g,
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / e"ldsfdf b]xfPadf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ug{' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 M—

• k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ kqsf/sf] cfrf/;+lxtf th{'df ug]{, ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{,

cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn+3gdf ph'/L ;'Gg] / sf/afxL ug]{ :jtGq / k|efjsf/L lgsfosf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ tbg'¿ksf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ldl8of ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L
;Da4 bftf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn u/L ;"rgf ljefu jf cGo lgsfonfO{ tf]Sg] .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] cBfjlws ¿kdf kqklqsfsf] clen]v /fVg] . clen]vsf cltl/Qm
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -skL–/fO6_ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf cg'udgsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt;d]t
x/]s k|sfzsn] cfkm\gf k|sfzg lgoldt ¿kdf sfplG;ndf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
• k|]; sfplG;nn] kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf eP–gePsf];DaGwdf cg'udg ug{
ljz]if ;+oGq / cfGtl/s sfo{k4ltsf] lgdf{0f cfkm+}n] ug{ ;Sg] .
• s'g} ;~rf/sdL{ kqsf/ xf] jf xf]Og jf s'g} ;"rgf ;fdu|L kqsfl/tfsf]
ljifoj:t'leq k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg/fs/0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|]; sfplG;nnfO{
x'g] .
• 5fkf / k|;f/0f dfWodnufot ;~rf/sf] s'g If]q / s'g kIfnfO{ kqsf/
cfrf/;+lxtfsf] bfo/fleq ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|];
sfplG;nnfO{ x'g] .
• k|]; sfplG;nsf] u7g ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_n] :jtGq lgsfosf] ¿kdf ug'{kg]{5 .
sfplG;n u7g ubf{ Gofo–sfg"g / kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf
cg'ej k|fKt k|ltli7t JolQmx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ . o;/L lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt, dw]zLnufot ljleGg efiff–efifL;d]tsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf
ug]{ . o;}u/L ;lqmo kqsf/sf] ¿kdf lqmofzLn ePsf] Joltm k|]; sfplG;ndf
lgo'lQm ePkl5 k|]; sfplG;nsf] lgikIftf / :jtGqtf sfod /fVg To:tf] JolQmn]
;~rf/ dfWoddf cfkm"nfO{ k"j{jt\ lqmofzLn u/fO/fVg gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;ndf k"0f{sfnLg sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ plrt dof{bfsf ;fy cfsif{s
kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|]; sfplG;nnfO{ k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ cfjZos pks/0f,
k|fljlws Pjd\ cGo hgzlQm / kof{Kt cfly{s ;|f]t ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrttf x'g'kg]{ .

/fli6«o k|;f/0f k|flws/0f

Jofkfl/s, ;fd'bflos tyf z}lIfs k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿n] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{
k|rng u/fpgsf nflu /fhgLlt / Jofkfl/s :jfy{af6 d'Qm eO{ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f

28
lgdf{0f ug{ To:tf k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Ohfht lbg, cg'udg ug{ / lgodg ug{ :jtGq
lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f k|flws/0f :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
!= k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf] u7g
• k|;f/0fsf ljljw If]qdf ljlzi7tf xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿dWo] sDtLdf % hgfb]lv
a9Ldf ( hgf;Ddsf] k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt -af]8{_ u7g ug]{ .
• k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ;/sf/ -d+=k=_ n] % jif{sf]
nflu ug]{ .
• k|flws/0f u7g ubf{ ;dfj]zL dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ug]{ .
• k|flws/0fsf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf, ;t{ P]gåf/f g} tf]lsg'kg]{ .

@= k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

• k|;f/0f ;+:yfnfO{ k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg] .
• k|;f/0f dfWod / ;+:yfx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ d"NofÍg ug]{ .
• lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yf of]hgf (Frequency Spectrum Plan) th'{df ug]{, sfof{Gjog /
cg'udg ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f ;+yfx¿n] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfd u/]–gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f gLlt th{'df ug]{ .
• k|;f/0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lglDt cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
• k|flws/0f ;~rfng ug{sf lglDt k|;f/0f ;+:yfaf6 lglZrt z'Ns p7fpg] clwsf/
k|flws/0fnfO{ x'g] .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f ;DaGwdf

nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] k|;f/0f dfWod
/fVg' plrt x'Fb}g . o;} dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfn 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|;f/0f (Public Service Broadcasting) cGtu{t /fVg' kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfjZos 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;f] jf cGtu{tsf] k|;f/0f dfWodn] ;fj{hlgs lxt / cfd gful/ssf]
:jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{kl/tf lbO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k ;]jf k|bfg ug{'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfnfO{
/fhgLltaf6 :jtGq / ahf/sf] k|efjaf6 cnUu} ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;f]xLcg'¿ksf]
;+u7gfTds :j¿k / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ljz]if P]gåf/f g} ug{{] Joj:yf ljleGg d'n'ssf
k|of]u / k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf
l;4fGtcg'¿k g} ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jfsf ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{
n}hfg ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f ;]jf;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k :jtGq af]8{sf]

29
u7g ug]{, of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmsf] lgo'lQm ug]{, To:tf] af]8{ ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] / ;+;bLo
;'g'jfO ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;/sf/åf/f af]8{ u7gsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfly{s ;|f]t–;fwgsf]
;'lglZrttfh:tf Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg
/fHon] ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ ;~rfng ul//fVg' nf]stflGqs dfGotfcg'¿k gePsfn]
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0faf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf d'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf lghL If]q ;Ifd eO{ csf]{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
geP;Dd /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpFb} n}hfg'kg]{ .

30
 efu *

lj1fkg gLlt, ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f

!= lj1fkg gLlt
k|]; tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{
kIf eg]sf] lj1fkg xf] . s]Gb|b]lv df]km;n;Ddsf k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] ;dfg'kflts
lsl;dn] lj1fkg k|fKt ug{ ;s]df g} k|];sf] jfl~5t ljsf; ;Dej x'g ;S5 . lj1fkgsf
;DaGwdf b]xfosf Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 M–

• lj1fkgsf] k|s[lt, lj1fkgsf] p2]Zo / To;sf] c;/÷k|efjsf cfwf/df lj1fkgnfO{

…nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgÚ, …;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkgÚ / …Jofkfl/s
lj1fkgÚ egL juL{s/0f ug{'kb{5 . ;dfhsf] ;jf{lË0f lxt / sNof0fsf] b[li6n] ul/g]
lj1fkgnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ / rf;f];Fu ;DaGwL
;"rgfd"ns lj1fkgnfO{ …;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkgÚ / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
nufgL / laqmL k|j4{gsf] p2]Zo af]s]sf lj1fkgnfO{ …Jofkfl/s lj1fkgÚ egL
juL{s/0f ug{' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . o;dWo] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg / ;/sf/L
lgsfosf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf;DaGwL lj1fkg /fHon] ;dfg'kflts lsl;daf6 ljt/0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .
• lj1fkg Joj;fonfO{ Pp6f :jtGq pBdsf ¿kdf k|j4{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . t/
;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, ;+:s[ltÙ cfbz{, ;fj{hlgs lxt, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff,
afnaflnsf / pkef]Qmfsf] tfTsflns Pjd\ bL3{sfnLs lxt k|lts"n x'g] lsl;dn]
lj1fkg ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . :j:y ¿kdf lj1fkg Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{
ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg'¿ksf] ælj1fkg cfrf/;+lxtfÆ th'{df u/L k|efjsf/L
cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
• /fHon] xfn;Dd 5fkf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lbFb} cfPsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgsf]
cg'bfg /sd j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 . of] /sd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
d'b|f:kmLlt b/cg';f/ jif]{lg j[l4 x'g'kb{5 . of] lj1fkg cfh;Dd 5fkf dfWoddf
dfq ;Lldt /x]sf]df ca sDtLdf df]km;nsf PkmPkm /]l8of]x¿nfO{ ;d]t
juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df pknAw u/fOg'kb{5 .
• xfn;Dd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefuaf6 kqklqsfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f
x'Fb} cfPsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkg cfOGbf PkmPd /]l8of]x¿nfO{ ;d]t lbg] /
To:tf] lj1fkgsf] ljt/0f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿dfk{mt ug]{ . o;sf lglDt
nf]ssNof0fsf/L lj1fkgsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 lglZrt /sd -pbfx/0ffy{–
k|To]s lh=lj=;=nfO{ ¿= @ nfv_ x/]s lhlj;nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] /
afFsL /sd lhNnfsf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf lhlj;x¿aLr g} afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
o:tf] /sd ah]6 k'l:tsfdf g} pNn]v u/L cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;Lw} lhlj;x¿df
hfg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

31
• lk5l8Psf If]q, ;d'bfo ju{sf] lxtsf lglDt nlIft tyf g]kfnL afx]s g]kfnsf
cGo efiffx¿df k|sflzt jf k|;fl/t x'g] ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L
lj1fkg lbbfF k|fyldstf / yk ;'ljwf lbg] .
• s'g} klg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|sflzt / k|;fl/t x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿df $) k|ltzteGbf
a9L lj1fkgsf] efu x'g' gx'g], ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs /]l8of], l6eLdf k|;f/0f
;dosf] !% k|ltzteGbf a9L lj1fkgsf] efu x'g' gx'g] .
• :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o:t/sf lj1fkg :yfgLo, If]qLo / /fli6«o:t/sf kqklqsf
Pjd\ /]l8of]nfO{ lbg'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltaf6 juL{s[t ePsf tyf kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf u/]sf
kqklqsf Pjd\ /]l8of]n] dfq lj1fkg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• k|sflzt tyf k|;fl/t lj1fkgx¿ lj1fkg–cfrf/;+lxtfcg'¿k 5–5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] cg'udg / tt\;DaGwL ph'/L–u'gf;f] ;'Gg] sfo{ k|]; sfplG;nn] ug]{
Joj:yf ug]{ .

@= ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f
;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf nflu b]xfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf] sfd xfnsf] h:tf] k|];
sfplG;ndfkm{t geO{ lj1fkgbftf, k|sfzs, ;~rf/sf pkef]Qmf, ;~rf/lj1,
kqsf/, k|]; sfplG;n / ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw cflb dWo]af6 ul7t :jtGq
lgsfoaf6 lglZrt ;t{ / cfwf/ to u/L j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ubf{ ;DalGwt k|sfzg÷k|sfzgsf] ljt/0f, kf7s ;+Vof, If]q
lj:tf/, hg;+Vof cflb h:tf kIfx¿df Wofg lbO{ ahf/ ;j]{If0fsf] ljZjJofkL
dfkb08sf cfwf/df j:t'lgi7 / j}1flgs k4ltaf6 x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ;DaGwL cfwf/ / ;t{x¿sf] Joj:yf Pjd\ ;Dk/LIf0f
;ldltsf] u7g sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f u/fpg rfxg] OR5's k|sfzgn] æ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltÆ
;dIf tf]lsPsf] z'Ns;lxt tf]lsPsf] ;t{ / 9fFrfdf cfj]bg lbg'kg]{ . o;/L
;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f u/fpg rfxg] k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] cfˆgf] k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f
/fli6«o jf If]qLo jf :yfgLo s'g :t/sf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 pNn]v u/L cfj]bg
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
• ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltn] ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ubf{ /fli6«o, If]qLo
/ :yfgLo u/L tLg >]0fLdf juL{s[t ug]{ / x/]s txsf] juL{s/0fsf lglDt
kf7s / >f]tf ;+Vof, ljt/0f If]q, hg;+Vof, hgzlQmsf] l:ylt / >dhLjL
kqsf/x¿sf] xs–lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf, k|ljlw, k[i7, cfsf/ Pjd\ ;+Vof
h:tf ljleGg cfwf/x¿ to u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0f ug]{
Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

32
• ;Dk/LIf0f / juL{s/0fsf lglDt cfj]bg lbFbf k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fn] /fli6«otxsf]
ju{df juL{s[t x'g rfx]df s]Gb|Lo ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt ;dIf / If]qLo jf :yfgLo
txsf] ju{df juL{s[t ug{ rfx]df If]qLo ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt ;dIf cfj]bg lbg'
kg]{ .

33
 efu (

ljljw

• cfd;+rf/sf If]qdf gofFgofF dfWod / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]Ù ;~rf/ dfWoddf

Jofkfl/s k|j[lQ a9b} uPsf] / nf]ssNof0fsf/L e"ldsf 36b} uPsf] tyf OG6/g]6h:tf
pkef]Qmf :jo+ ;lqmo pTkfbs x'g;Sg] -OG6/PlS6e_ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lg/Gt/
al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhdf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 x'g;Sg] b'ik|efj 36fpgsf nflu
;~rf/ dfWodsf] ;+rfng tyf ;a} vfnsf ;"rgfdf k|jflxt x'g] lj1fkgnufotsf
ljifoj:t'÷;fdu|L sf] pTkfbg, nIo÷:jfy{, k|:t'lt, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIf
tyf ;du|df cfd;~rf/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ ljifodf cfd;~rf/sf cfdpkef]QmfnfO{
;r]t / lzlIft agfpg, cg';Gwfg ug{ /fHon] lzIf0f ;+:yfx?df ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ .
• xfn k]lG6od tLg eGbf cl3Nnf k':tfsf sDKo'6/ k}7f/L ug{ k|ltjGw ul/Psf]df
Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf] nflu geO{ z}lIfs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?sf] k|of]usf nflu
pkxf/ jf ;xof]udf k|fKt x'g] sDKo'6/x?dWo] ahf/df ;a}eGbf kl5 pknAweGbf b'O{
cl3Nnf k':tfsf sDKo'6/ k}7f/L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
• klqsf k|sfzgsf] nflu Ohfht lnO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd To:tf] klqsf k|sfzg
gul/Pdf ;f] klqsfsf] gfd csf]{ kIfnfO{ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o;/L csf]{
kIfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ubf{ k"j{ k|sfzsn] Joxf]g{'kg]{ s'g} bfloTj /x]5 eg] To:tf] bfloTj
bf]>f] kIfn] Joxf]g{' gkg]{ u/L :ki6 ug{'kg]{ .
• ufnL a]OHhtLsf] sfo{nfO{ kmf}hbf/L s;'/sf] ¿kdf g/fvL b]jfgL bfloTjsf] ljifo leq
/fVg ufnL a]OHhtL P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
• d'n's ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] jt{dfg l:yltdf :jtGq k|]; / ;~rf/
dfWodx¿n] Psftk{m ljz]if / ;+j]bgzLn e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 eg] csf]{tk{m
ljBdfg cGof]n / c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0fn] ubf{ ;~rf/sdL{ / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{
lgjf{w ¿kdf cfˆgf] k]zfut bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ sl7g x'G5 . of] j:t' tYonfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL ;+qmd0fsfnsf] a]nfdf klg ;~rf/sdL{ / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] lgeL{s / lgjf{w
9Ëaf6 sfd ug{ ;+ej x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ /fHo nufot cGo kIfx¿ ;d]tn]
ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ .

34
cg';"rLx¿

35
 cg';"rL — !
pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u -@)^#_ nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] ;+3÷;+:yfx¿
1 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3
2 g]kfn k|]; OlG:6Ro'6
3 k|]; rf}tf/L g]kfn
4 ;Dkfbs ;dfh g]kfn
5 g]kfn ;Dkfbs ;+3
6 g]kfn k|]; o'lgog
7 cgnfOg ldl8of P;f]l;P;g g]kfn
8 cGt/f{li6« k|]; :jtGqtf / jfs\ :jtGqtf ld;g
9 5fkf ;~rf/ dfWod÷5fkf kqsfl/tf
10 Od]h Rofgn
11 ;fd'bflos / Jofj;flos PkmPd /]l8of]
12 ldl8of KjfOG6
13 g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 -l;Gw'kfNrf]s zfvf_
14 g]kfn ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3
15 ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ cleofg -ODdf]8–g]kfn_
16 r}tGoHof]lt k|sfzg
17 lbJo r]tgf ;flxlTos ;dfh
18 a"9fgLns07 cf>d
19 zf]if0f lj?4sf] df]rf{
20cflbjf;L hghflt kqsf/ ;+3
21 d]rL–dxfsfnL ldl8of ;f];fO6L, g]kfn
22 g]kfn hgf{lnhd :6'8]G6\; P;f]l;P;g
23/fli6«o hgbafa ;d"x
24 g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_
25g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{
26hg ljZjf; ;fKtflxs -wgs'6f_
27 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, kqsfl/tf tyf cfd ;~rf/ ldl8of ljefu
28 :jtGq /]l8of] arfp cfGbf]ng
29 g]kfn jfg
30 g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x
31 blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq kqsf/ ;+u7g -;fk\mdf_
32gfb ljGb", cw{–jflif{s
33b[Zo g]kfn, kflIfs
34d]rL–dxfsfnL ldl8of ;f];fO6L,sf:sL zfvf .

36
 cg';"rL — @

International Press Freedom and

Freedom of Expression Mission to Nepal
sf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg

37
 cg';"rL — #

cfof]udf ;ldltx¿af6 k]z ePsf

k|ltj]bgx¿

38
 cg';"rL — $
;Gbe{ ;"rL

• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

• /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$(
• kqsfl/tf If]q cWoog tyf ;'emfj sfo{bn, @)%^ sf] k|ltj]bg
• ;fd'bflos k|;f/0f, k|:tfljt sfg"g tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k}m;nf, ;fd'bflos
/]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|–g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, @)%(
• ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljsl;t u/L ;~rfng ug]{af/]sf ;'emfj
-@)^)_
• kqklqsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg ul7t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^)
• cfd ;~rf/ sfg"gsf] k'g/jnf]sg, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3÷blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq
kqsf/ ;+u7g -@)^#_ .
• lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n];g k|;f/0f k|0ffnL -PkmPd /]l8of]_ sf] :yfkgf Pjd\ Joj:yfkg
;DaGwdf Jojl:yt Pjd\ kf/bzL{ gLlt th{'df ug{ ul7t ;'emfj ;ldltsf]
k|ltj]bg -@)^!_
• Toby Mendel: Public Service Broadcasting; A comparative Legal Survey,
UNESCO, AIBD, 2000.
• Public Service Broadcasting: A Best Practices Sourcebook, UNESCO, 2005.
• A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law, International Standards Services,
Article 19, 2005.
• Royal Charter for the Continuance of The British Broadcasting Corporation

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