First Swing Stabilty
PRESENTED BY
SAMEER KUMAR SINGH (10M206)
TARESH KUMAR MITTAL (10M207)
NIKHIL KUSHWAHA (10M212)
Stability
The stability of an
interconnected
power system is its
ability to return to
normal or stable
operation after
having been
subjected to some
form of disturbance.
Machine Connected to Infinite Bus
∞
∞
P P
KE
Builds up Excess KE
Fault makes generator electric Power zero Needs to be removed
Generator accelerates. Can generator get back to
SPEED
constant --synchronous speed?
Only if it can get rid of excess KE
Excess KE needs to go into the infinite bus through
the line? Will it? What happens if it can’t?
Stability means returning to synchronous speed
Line Real Power P
Instability
Instability means a condition denoting loss of synchronism
or falling out of steps.
Types of Power System Stability
Pm jXd’ jXL
+ Fixed (Infinite Bus)
Pe
V/0
E’/δ
Pmax
Pe = (EV/X) sinδ
Pe = (VsVr/X)sinδ
P
180°
0°
δ
Power-angle curve of the system
SWING EQUATION
Definition: The electromechanical equation describing
the relative motion of the rotor load angle (δ) with
respect to the stator field as a function of time is known
as Swing equation.
M(d²δ/dt²) = Pm – Pe
M = Angular Momentum
Pm = Mechanical or shaft power input
Pe = Electrical power output
δ = rotor angle with respect to a synchronously rotating
reference
For Stable Condition
d2δ/dt2 =0 Pm = Pe
dδ /dt =0 ω = ωsyn
Pmax
P Pm=Pe
180°
0°
δ
Equal Area Criteria
Equal Area Criteria
First Swing Stability
Following a large disturbance, a power
system can be considered as first swing stable if
the angle of all machines in center of angle (COA)
reference frame initially increases (decreases) until
a peak (valley) is reached where the angle starts
retuning to the stable equilibrium point
First Swing Stability
First Swing Stability
Applications
1. Establish initial conditions
2. Define sequence of events and network for each
event
3. Develop Power angle curves
4. Apply EAC
Applications Of FACTS Controller
1. Power transfer capability
2. Power oscillation Damping
3. Transient Stability
4. Prevent blackouts
Fundamental of improving FSS
Pe = (EV/X) sinδ
Pe = (VsVr/X)sinδ
Power systems are
normally designed
to be transiently
stable, with defined
pre-fault
contingency
scenarios and post-
fault system
degradation when
subjected to a major
disturbance .
Improvement of FSS using Shunt Devices
Pe = (V2/X)sinδ (for Uncompensated system)
Pe = 2(V2/X)sinδ/2 (for compensated system)
P- δ curves for various operating conditions of SVC
areas when the angle increases areas when the angle decreases.
System with a STATCOM
Equivalent circuit
P- δ curve.
Improvement of FSS using series Devices
P= V2sinδ Q= 2V2. k . (1-cosδ)
(1-k)X X (1-k)2
K= Xc ,o<k<1
X
Improvement of FSS using Series compensator
Without compensation With compensation
Using Phase Angle Regulator
P= V2sin(δ- )
X
Q= V2. {1-cos(δ - )}
X
Conclusion
When the fault is cleared (after roughly 0.1 s) the power
system has to be restored to sufficiently small angle
deviations between the generator rotors again. After the
first swing we require damping of the oscillations.
In the first phase, the electrical properties are very quickly
adjusting to the new situation.
In the second phase the unbalance between mechanical
input and electrical output of each generator are causing a
change of generator mechanical speed.
In the third phase protection and control are coming into
play.
References
[1] PAVELLA M., ERNST D., RUIZ-VEGA D.: ‘Transient stability of power
systems: a unified approach to assessment and control’ (Klumer Academic
Publishing, Boston, 2000)
[2] KUNDUR P., PASERBA J., AJJARAPU V., ET AL.: ‘Definition and
classification of power system stability’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2004, 19,
(2), pp. 1381–1401 2003, 142, (2), pp. 59–67
[3] HAQUE M.H.: ‘Improvement of first swing stability limit by utilising full
benefits of shunt FACTS devices’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2004, 19, (4), pp.
1894–1902
[4] CHANG J., CHOW J.H.: ‘Time-optimal control of power systems requiring
multiple switchings of series capacitors’, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 1998, 13,
(2), pp. 367–373.
[5]Narain G. Hingorani , Understanding FACTS
THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY
