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;aeGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/L / uNtL qmflGtsf/L ;
+o'Qm df]rf{nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] lg/Gt/tf
lbg / ljsf; ug{ g;Sg' xf] . To;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;Qf / ;+3if{sf] ;fwgsf ¿kdf
b]zJofkL ¿kdf lqmofzLn qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm
df]rf{ sld6Lsf] ;~hfn j:t'tM gi6 x'g
k'Uof] / :yfgLo :t/df ;Qfl/Qmtf jf k'/fg}
;Qfsf] cf+lzs k'g:yf{kgf x'g k'Uof] . o;af6
;d'lrt kf7 l;Sb} oyflz3| b]zsf ;a} efudf
qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm df]rf{ sld6Lx¿ lgdf{0f /
lqmofzLn ul/g'k5{ / cfdhgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff, Gofo,
ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;xsf/L cleofg / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts
¿kfGt/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg'sf ;fy} ;+3if{sf]
;fwgsf ¿kdf kl/rflnt ul/g'k5{ . To;sf ;fy}
b]zeQm, u0ftflGqs / jfdkGyL zlQmx¿aLr
ljleGg :t/sf] df]rf{ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ljz]if
Wofg lbg'k5{ .
&= ;j{xf/fjfbL cfGbf]ng :jefj}n]
cGt/f{li6«ojfbL x'G5 . k/Gt' kl5Nnf] r/0fdf
;j{xf/f cGt/f{li6«ojfbsf] If]qdf ug'{kg]
{ sfddf cfPsf] lzlyntfnfO{ lrb}
{ cGt/f{li6«o ;j{xf/fjfbL cfGbf]ng / ;fd|
fHojfblj/f]wL d'lQm cfGbf]ngx¿;Fu
P]Soa4tf sfod ug]{ s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8
lbg'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] df]rf{df ;d]t lqmofzLn
kf6L{ x'g'sf] gftfn] j}rfl/s–/fhgLlts ;DaGw /
s"6gLlts ;DaGwsf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ klg
Wofg lbg'k5{ .

-v_ ;+u7gfTds k|Zg / cGt/;+3if{ ;~rfngaf/]

!= kf6L{ ;+u7gdf dflyb]lv tn;Dd JofKt
c:tJo:tf, u'6aGbL / ;'lGgP/ df]6fPh:tf] l:yltsf]
cGTo ub}{ kf6L{ ;+u7gnfO{ Pstfa4, Jojl:yt,
cg'zfl;t, r':t / qmflGtsf/L agfpg oyflz3|
/fli6«o dxflwj]zg cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ .
dxflwj]zg tof/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf tn}b]lv ljleGg
txsf e]nf tyf ;Dd]ngx¿ cfof]hgf u/]/
kf6L{nfO{ lk/fld8sf] 9fFrfdf Jojl:yt ul/g'k5{
. ;a} k|d'v hgjuL{o ;+u7g / df]rf{x¿sf /fli6«o
e]nf / ;Dd]ngx¿ lglZrt cjlwleq ;DkGg
ul/g'k5{ . ljleGg ljefu, d~rx¿sf] cfjZostfcg';f/
k'gu{7g ub}{ ltgnfO{ sfdsfhL, ;fwg>f]t
;DkGg / lqmoflzn agfOg'k5{ .
@= kf6L{leq b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ jf cGt/;+3if{
;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df eO/x]sf] Jofks u'6aGbL,
c/fhstf, AofsafOl6ª, c;lxi0f'tf, lgif]wfTds k|
j[lQ cflbsf] cGTo ub}{ ljrf/ / /fhgLlts s]Gb|
Lo v'nf / :ki6 b'O{ nfOg ;~rfngsf] ljlw :yflkt
ul/g'k5{ . Pstf–;+3if{–¿kfGt/0f jf gofF
cfwf/df gofF Pstfdf hf]8 lbFb} leGg dtsf] sb/
/ ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . km/s
dtnfO{ ljlw;Ddt\ 9+un] tn;Dd k|jflxt ug]
{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ / ljz'4 k|fljlws, ;f+u7lgs tyf
tTsfnLg sfo{gLlts ljifoafx]ssf
j}rfl/s–/fhgLlts ljifodf v'nf / ;fj{hlgs jx; ug]
{ kl/kf6L a;flng'k5{ .
#= xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf] j}rfl/s, /fhgLlts /
;f+u7lgs l;4fGt;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s sf];]9'+uf
/x]sf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;;DaGwL k|:tfjnfO{ yk kl/dflh{t / ljsl;t
u/]/ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg'k5{ .
$=g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Los/0f / :yfkgf;DaGwL
hgo'4sfnLg dfGotfnfO{ gofF ;Gbe{df ljsl;t /
kl/dflh{t ub}{ sf]xL klg JolQm sld6L k|
0ffnLeGbf aflx/ g/xg] / ;a} txsf] g]t[Tj
;fd"lxstfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't
x'g kl/kf6LnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog
ul/g'k5{ .
%= ;a} txsf sld6Lx¿df k|f}9, jo:s / o'jfx¿sf]
Ps–df–tLg k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ /
;Dej eP;Dd ;dfj]lztfdf plrt Wofg lbg'k5{ .
ljz]iftM dlxnf, dw];L / blnt ;d'bfoaf6 g]t[Tj
ljsf;df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
^= kf6L{df dflyb]lv tn;Dd JofKt cfly{s
c/fhstf, e|i6frf/, ju{–pTyfgLs/0f /
lje]bLs/0fsf] cGTo ug{ ;a} /sd sld6L
dftxtdf /fVg], ;fd"lxs lg0f{on] vr{ ug]{ /
lx;falstfa kf/bzL{ 9+un] /fVg] Joj:yf
s8fOk"j{s nfu" ul/g'k5{ .
&= Ifdtf / cfjZotfcg'¿k ;a}nfO{ plrt
lhDd]jf/L lbg]u/L sfo{ljefhg ul/g'k5{ . sf]xL
a]/f]huf/ / sf]xL a]km';{b\ /xg] l:yltsf] cGTo
ul/g'k5{ .
*= k"0f{sfnLg sfo{stf{x¿sf] Joj:yfg /
j}rfl/s–/fhgLlts tyf cfly{s–ef}lts ;'/Iffsf]
ljz]if of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]/ sfo{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .
(= leGg–leGg cfGbf]ngsf] cg'ej / ;d"xx¿sf]
km/s k[i7e"ld;lxt w|'jLs[t / Pstfa4 ePsf] ljzfn
kf6L{ k+lQmsf] dflyb]lv tn;Dd
j}rfl/s–/fhgLlts, ;f+u7lgs / efjgfTds Pstf ;'9[9
ug{ lgoldt :s'lnªsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ /
kf6L{df ;'4[9Ls/0f cleofg ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .

-u_ tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgfaf/]

;+u7gaf/]
!= ;fdfGo l:ylt /lx/x] cfufdL df3;Dddf /fli6«o
dxflwj]zg ;DkGg ug]{u/L ;+u7gfTds
sfo{tflnsf agfpg'k5{ .
@= ;f]xLcg'?k k';;Dd :yfgLo e]nf / lhNnf tyf
/fHo ;Dd]ngx¿ ;DkGg ug'{k5{ .
#= hj;, df]rf{x¿sf] /fli6«o e]nf jf ;Dd]ng
d+l;/;Dd ul/g'k5{
$=sflQs;Dd :yfgLo, lhNnf / /fHo :t/df
qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm df]rf{ sld6Lx¿ lgdf{0f
u/]/ hg;]jf / ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd to ul/g'k5{ .
% jfOl;Pnsf ljz]if l6dx¿sf] b]zJofkL ;~hfn
lgdf{0f u/L k';;Dddf cfjZos k|lzif0f lbg'k5{ .
;+3if{af/]
!= tTsfn hj; / df]rf{x¿dfkm{t\ /fli6«otf,
hgtGq / hghLljsfsf ljifox¿ lnP/ ljljw k|s[ltsf ;
+3if{sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
@= k|:tfljt hgtfsf] ;+3Lo u0ftGqsf] ;
+ljwfgnfO{ hgefiffsf ;+If]kLs/0f u/]/ xft]
k'l:tsfsf] ¿kdf b]zJofkL ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{ /
hg;d'bfosf] aLrdf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ . ;bgaf6 hg;+ljwfgsf] kIfdf k|efjsf/L ;
+3if{ ;~rfng ug]{ .
#= jt{dfg ;/sf/ lgdf0fsf] k|lqmof c;kmn ePsf]
axfgfdf ;+ljwfg;ef e+u u/]/ /fi6«klt zf;g jf
cGo s'g} k|ltqmflGtsf/L sbd rflnP tTsfn
To;lj?4 b]zJofkL cfGbf]ng ;+ul7t ug]{ .
$= ;fdfGo cj:yf /x] /fli6«o dxflwj]zgkZrft\
Jojl:yt 9+un] b]zJofkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]
{ / ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;dodf
To;nfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] .
k|fljlws of]hgfaf/]
rf/ tof/L / rf/ cfwf/ lgdf{0 ;DaGwL ljutsf] k|
fljlws of]hgfnfO{ cfjZos kl/dfh{g;lxt
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

)^&÷%÷( ut]