Unit 4-Flight Deck and Cockpit

Control and display technologies, CRT LED LCD & Plasma panel, Touch Screen, Direct Voice Input; Civil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFD, HUD MFK HOTAS

SYLLABUS
1. Control and display technologies, CRT LED LCD & Plasma panel, Touch Screen 2. Direct Voice Input; Civil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFD, HUD MFK HOTAS

Cockpit Technologies
Fight Display Technology-PFD & MFD Flight Control Technology- PFC & SFC

Cockpit-Definition
Pilot controlling the aircraft area -Cockpit. Windows with a sun shield & can be opened when aircraft on the ground Control column or Joystick located centrally to Pilot for Control

Flight Display Technology

Types

Flight Display Technologies

1. PFD-Primary Flight Displays providing information critical to flight-1. True Airspeed, 2. Attitude, 3. Altitude, 4. Heading, 5. Vertical speed and 6. Yaw. 2. MFD-Multi Flight Displays-Providing information on 1. Weather, 2. Navigation 3. Engine performance for safe landing and take off from Multiple systems

Primary Flight Display

Lay out

Layout
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Attitude Air speed Altitude Vertical Speed Heading

Layout
Altitude ALT +20 -+10 0 -10 -20 + + Attitude HDG

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Layout
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Centre of PFD indicate Attitude AI, indicating to Pilot Attitude, Aircrafts Pitch and Roll, and Orientation of Aircraft relative to Horizon Aircraft movement in the next few seconds as calculated by the Onboard computer Altitude indicator to the left and right of the attitude Colored Flags indicating the allowable airspeed Bottom of the display indicate the heading ARINC 429 and RS232 interface to work with GPS and NAV systems

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2. Multi Function Display

A large format display to the Pilot for making Safe Decisions on every phase of the flight Provide Engine performance and Situational Data (location, terrain, traffic, weather and airport information) presented to him at a glance

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5.5 MFD-Multifunction Display

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Schematic

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Schematic
1. 2 Displays with a Small LCD Screen or OLED screen 2. A Moving Map on the Right Hand Side showing Traffic, Terrain, lightening, and info about the nearest airport 3. Aircraft Instrumentation on the left 4. Destination airport diagram and list of possible approaches are loading and is viewed at any time during the flight
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Flight Control Technology

Types, FMS and backup instruments

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2 Types

Primary Flight Control TechnologyFor Controlling the pitch For Controlling the Rudder pedals for yaw for vertical movement For Controlling the throttle for speed

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PFC

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PFC

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SFC
2. Secondary Flight Control :
A. For controlling the elevator trim, B. For holding a pitch attitude , C. For altering the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower speeds during r takeoff and landing. D. For Controlling air brakes and variablesweep wings.
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Technology in PFC
1. Fly By Wire-FBW-mechanical linkage between control column and control surface has been replaced by electrical wires as in Airbus 320-Both PFC & SFC controlled by 7 computers 2. Fly By Light-FBL-Input command signals are sent to the actuators through the medium of optical-fiber lines for smooth autopilot override function

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FBL

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Airbus 320 using FBW

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Flight Display Technologies

Types, description and comparison

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Types

1.Cathode Ray Tube -CRT 2.LCD 3.Plasma 4.LED 5.ELD

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1. CRT Displays
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON

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Multi color CRT

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Definition of Terms
1. Size 2. Resolution-ability to adjust and distinguish the electron beam 3. Contrast Ratio:Ratio of the brightest possible white value compared to the darkest possible black value 4. Dot pitch-Size of a given pixel on the screen in millimeters. 5. Screen Contour-Variety of contours to the front of the screen or tube
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Schematic

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Schematic
Screen Magnetic Anode+ With coating Electron Gun

1. Red

2. Green

3. Blue
Shadow Mask Magnetic Cathode 30

Color CRT
By 3 Electron Guns producing RGB, directing the electron on the screen with different phosphor material The beam from a particular Gun (Red) striking the Screen elements with Red color, appearing as Red dots, Due to Raster Scan, & due to persistence of Vision, Red screen appears stationary

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6 x 6 CRT Monitor

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Features
1. 2. 3. 4. Size of Screens 6 x 6,5x5 High Resolution High Brightness Airworthiness against shock& vibration (0.02 g2/Hz), altitude(20,000 M) and temp(-55 to 85*C)

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Multi color CRT Displays(767/757)

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Advantages
I. II. Contrast ratio and Depths of colors greater than LCDs Ability to easily scale to various resolutions.

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Dis-Advantages
1. Size and Weight of the tube 2. High power consumption 3. Specification and visual verification of a color 4. Color ability degrading over time due to breaking down phosphors in the tube. 5. Generating Excess Heat

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2. LCD
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON

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LCD Display

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Function
Liquid Crystals modulate light on application of electrical input from VLSI Transistors thru backlight source These Transistors activate RGB Matrix of Filters thru transparent electrodes Each pixel of RGB activate three subpixels in front of them Thru Polarizer the image is formed in front according to color combination
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Cross Section-LCD
polarizer RGB Filters Glass Substrate Liquid crystal Glass Substrate polarizer VLSI Transistors Transparent Electrode

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Exploded view

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Features
1. Have more Contrast, Sharper, Brighter and faster 2. Smaller and Lighter 3. Energy Efficient 4. Less Eye Fatigue 5. Blurry Images Outside Native Resolution 6. Motion Blur on Fast Moving Images
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CRT & LCD Compared

No 1 2 3 4 5 Features Size & Weight, viewing angle
Voltage

CRT Heavy High Not bright High Higher than LCD

LCD
Light weight,portable and large

Low High Less High 6000:1

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Brightness Eye Fatigue Contrast Ratio

Plasma Display PanelPDP

FUNCTION, FEATURES, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON

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Function
1. Plasma-Gas in the cells turns into a plasma a collection of free flowing ions responding to Electromagnetic field. 2. Mixture of noble gases-He, Ne held between two panels of glass 3. On application of Signal, Plasma excites phosphors to emit light as Photons 4. There are plenty of Grids excited by Address Electrode to emit light on the Display electrode, protected by front and back glass plate 5. Display electrode being protected by an insulating Dielectric material.
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Schematic

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Cross Section

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Features
1. Large Display-108 upto 150 Screen device with an excellent viewing angle 150* 2. Higher Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixels 2. Bright -1000 lux 3. High Contrast Ratio 100,000:1 4. Power consumption varying with picture

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Schematic

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Advantages
1. 2. 3. 4. Slim & Low cost Wall mounted Lighter and less bulky Achieves better and accurate color reproduction than LCDs 5. Higher contrast ratios (up to 1:1,000,000) 6. Wider viewing angle-up to 150 7. No motion blur due to fast response time (up to 0.001 milliseconds)
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Disadvantages
1. Susceptible to Screen burn-in and image retention 2. Loosing luminosity over time, 3. Susceptible to "large area flicker" 4. Smaller size not available 5. Susceptible to reflection glare in bright rooms 6. Heavier than LCD due to the requirement of a glass screen to hold the gases 7. Damage to the glass screen permanent and difficult to repair.

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Plasma Vs LCD
No 1 2 3 4
5

Features Contrast Ratio Color Accuracy Viewing Angle

For Static image
For Fast moving objects

Plasma High High Highest 150* Good

V.Good Not much suited

LCD Low
High (bright room)
Less (120 to 130*)

V.good
Good Highly suitable
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Use In aircraft

ELD
FUNCTION, DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON

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Principle
Consisting of a Solid State thin film Phosphor and a glass Substrate with an insulator-producing Blue luminescence; other colors by RGB filters (GaAs between two layers of conductors Through current flow or electric field, conducting layer of material emitting radiation in the form of visible light. Light Emitted by Strong Electric Field driven by +/- 200V pulses Instant Turn on and no cooling required Can be dimmed at night Used as a Backlit display

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ELD

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Cross Section

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LED
FUNCTION,Types DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON to ILD

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LED-s

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Basic types
1. Edge Emitting LED 2. Surface Emitting LED

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Major Applications
1. As Backlit indicators in MFD in Avionics 2. Destination displays in Airport Buses from Terminal to Aircraft 3. As traffic light Signs

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7 Segment LED

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Based on Color
1. Ultraviolet and Blue LEDs (Gallium Nitride) 2. Multicolor LEDs 3. Phosphor based LEDs (Blue-Indium Galium Nitride) 4. Organic LEDs-(OLED)Zinc Selenide 5. Quantum LED-s using semiconductor nano crystals
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OLED Structure

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Function
Ge, Sil or GaAz as the basic P material having an N substrate, when excited by a DC voltage, emitting photons LED have Anode and Cathode Depeding on the material used as impurity, produce different color Used to indicate Numerals, and sign indicators for speed, altitude etc.
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LED Vs ELD
Produce multiple colors Require only small DC voltage (5v or 12V) No cooling reqd Cannot be dimmed at night Currently OLED being used in Avionics Produce only one color Require high voltage Pulse No cooling reqd Can be dimmed at night No Technological improvement

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Flight Control Technology

Analog & Digital

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Cockpit Instruments-Analog

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Glass Cockpit in Space Shuttle

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Cockpit Instruments
1. Mode Control Panel, usually a long narrow panel located centrally in front of the pilot, used to control Heading(HDG), Speed(SPD), Altitude(ALT), Vertical Speed(V/S), Vertical Navigation(VNAV) and Lateral Navigation(LNAV) 2. Primary Flight Display showing the current pressure setting for the altimeter (local or standard), target speed and current speed, target altitude and current altitude, vertical speed and the condition of the Instrument Landing System (ILS)
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Cockpit Instruments-contd
3. Navigation Display, adjacent to the PFD, showing the current route and information on the next waypoint, current wind speed and wind direction 4. Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (for Boeing) or Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (for Airbus) allow the pilot to monitor the : values for N1, N2 and N3, fuel temperature, fuel flow, the electrical system, cockpit or cabin temperature and pressure, control surfaces and so on.
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PFD & Nav Display

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A310 Flight deck

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Flight Control sytstems

Fly by Wire and Fly by Light

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Voice Recognition and Speech Synthesis

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Voice Recognition and Speech Synthesis

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Speech Systems
Displaying text and turns the written text into speech. For "hands free for Pilots An automated checklist either in text only or in text-to-speech mode Thru Voice Commands & speech regonition systems No Co pilot, except a PC

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Types of Speech Recognition systems

Acoustic Model Direct Voice Input Speech Synthesis

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Speech Recognition system

specified in terms of accuracy and speed Accuracy measured in terms of word error rate (WER), Speed is measured with the real time factor. Modern Speech Regonition AlgorithmMakhov Model

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Direct Voice Input

DVI allowing the pilot to activate non-safety critical mode and data entry functions as an alternative to using manual methods Manual methods: Multi-Function Head Down Display (MHDD) selection and manipulation Radio selection and navigation route manipulation Target selection Target allocation to formation members
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DVI

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DVI system

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DVI-features
DVI module -a speaker-dependent, connected word, voice recognition system Can recognise up to 200 words, System must be "trained" to recognise each pilot's voice on a ground station. More than 95% in the cockpit environment. System coupled with voice warning generation modules

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Direct Voice Input

DVI allows the pilot to activate non-safety critical moding and data entry functions as an alternative to using manual methods Manual data entry Multi-Function Head Down Display (MHDD) selection and manipulation Radio selection and navigation route manipulation Target selection Target allocation to formation members
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DVI
DVI module is a speaker-dependent, connected word, voice recognition system It can recognise up to 200 words, any 25 of which may be active at a given time, says CDC. The system must be "trained" to recognise each pilot's voice on a ground station. The target recognition performance is more than 95% in the cockpit environment. The system is coupled with voice warning generation modules in the CAMU, which provide direct voice output.

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Cockpits
Lay outCivil Cockpit and military cockpit, MFK,HMD, HUD,HDD, HOTAS

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Types of Cockpits Civil & Military

MFK- Multifunction Keyboard Cockpit for Single Seat (Military) HOTAS (Hand on Throttle And Stick) for Military (F16) HMD-Helmet Mounted Display-for Civil Aircrafts HUD-Head Up displays for both military and civil aircrafts HDD-Head Down Display-all modern aircrafts

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Head up Display

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MFK Display

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HOTAS

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Eurofighter using HOTAS

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HMD (F35)

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Glass Cockpit
left- and right-side- flight display (FD) and navigation display (NAV) screens horizontal and vertical positions by Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) for time and speed over-and-under center display screens shows the aircraft's systems conditions and engines performance
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Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up Display

Decided by Engineering and Human factors Cockpit desgn based on action/information requirements, timelines and workload analysis Workload analysis include include external vision,internal vision,right hand, left hand, feet, audidion and verbal Usually top down system

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Layout of a Cockpit-Head up display

Displays perpendicular to line of sight ( not more than 45*) Each Pilot shld have Airspeed indicator, Gyroscope Bank, Pitch indicator, Altimeter, Rate of Climb indicator, Direction indicator Visible instruments for the pilot=Clock,Air temp indicator, Magnetic compass

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Layout of a Cockpit-Head Up Display

Canopy Collimator EYE

CRT

Lens Folding Mirror

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HUD
A High intensity with Green Phosphor CRT or an AMLCD array with high intensity lamp A collimator to pass the rays 90* to the Pilot HUD may be 2 element or 3 element collimator (combiner) For Max brightness HUD-monochramatic

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Glass Cockpit in Boeing 737, 767 and Airbus A300 A310 Airbus

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HOTAS-Hands on Throttle and Stick

a style of aircraft control which allows the pilot to access the cockpit functions and fly the aircraft HOTAS controls allow the pilot to carry out complex tasks with relative ease during intense situations Sensor and weapon controls DASS management Aircraft handling Target manipulation X/Y Cursor Control
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HOTAS

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Advantage of HMD over HUD

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