Modulation for Analog Communication
Yao Wang Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY11201 [Link]
Outline
Baseband communication: bandwidth requirement Modulation of continuous signals
Amplitude modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Other modulation techniques: frequency/phase modulation
Frequency division multiplexing Application of modulation Demo of AM and QAM
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Baseband Communications
Signal strength attenuates with distance. Needs repeaters to amplify the signals in stages Received signal is corrupted by noise
R(t)=A S(t)+ n(t)
Received signal quality depends on channel noise and noise between repeaters accumulate To transmit a signal with bandwidth B, we need >=B Hz in channel bandwidth If the signal is low-pass (0-B), must the channel operate at 0-B range of frequency? How do we send multiple signals over the channel?
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A Typical Communication System
Modulator
Signal to be transmitted (analog or digital)
Transmitter
Demodulator
Received signal
Receiver
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Modulation = Frequency Shifting
Baseband signal
Modulated signal
fc
Frequency
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Why do we need modulation?
A communication channel only operates at a certain frequency range
telephone cables, terrestrial (over the air broadcast), ethernet, optical fiber, etc.
Modulation translates a signal from its baseband to the operating range of the channel By modulating different signals to different frequency bands, they can be transmitted simultaneously over the same channel frequency division multiplexing
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Frequency Division Multiplexing
To transmit the three signals over the same channel, each signal is shifted to a different carrier frequency and then summed together. From Figure 7.22 in Signals and Systems
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
How do we shift the frequency of a signal?
By multiplying with a sinusoid signal !
x(t )
y (t ) = x(t ) cos( c t )
cos( c t ) carrier signal c : carrier frequency
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Basic Equalities
Basic equality
x(t )e j 2f ct X ( f f c ) x(t )e j 2f ct X ( f + f c ) x(t )cos(2f c t ) 1 ( X ( f f c ) + X ( f + f c )) 2
Proof on the board
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
Frequency Domain Interpretation of Modulation
From Figure 7.5 in Signals/Syste ms
x(t )
cos( c t )
y (t ) = x(t ) cos( c t )
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
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How to get back to the baseband? (Demodulation)
By multiplying with the same sinusoid + low pass filtering!
H ( ) w(t ) y (t )
m cos( c t ) m
2
x (t )
LPF
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Frequency Domain Interpretation of Demodulation
Figure 7.7 in Signals and Systems
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Temporal Domain Interpretation
Modulation : y (t ) = x(t )cos(2f c t ) Demodulation : w(t ) = y (t ) cos(2f c t ) = x(t )cos 2 (2f c t ) 1 (1 + cos(2 ) ) 2 1 1 1 w(t ) = (1 + cos(4f c t ) )x(t ) = x(t ) + x(t ) cos(4f c t ) 2 2 2 The LPF will retain the first term and remove the second term. Using the equality cos 2 ( ) =
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Example
How to transmit a signal with frequency ranging in (-5KHz,5KHz) using a channel operating in (100KHz,110KHz)? What should be the carrier frequency ? Draw the block diagrams for the modulator and demodulator, and sketch the spectrum of the modulated and demodulated signals.
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
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Frequency Division Multiplexing: Frequency domain interpretation
Figure 7.22 in Signals and Systems
ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )
ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )
ya (t ) = xa (t ) cos( a t )
w(t ) = ya (t ) + yb (t ) + yc (t )
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FDM Transmitter
Figure 7.21 in Signals and Systems
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FDM Receiver
Demultiplexing
cos( a t )
Demodulation
Figure 7.23 in Signals and Systems
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Example
How to transmit two signals each with frequency ranging in (-10KHz,10KHz) over a channel operating in the frequency range (300KHz,340KHz)? Draw the block diagrams for the modulator and demodulator, and sketch the spectrum of the modulated and demodulated signals.
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Demo: modulating a sound signal
(amplitude_modulation.m)
X1 Waveform 10 0.2 0
0
X1 Spectrum
fs=22k
-0.2 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 x 10 Modulated X1: Waveform 0.2 0
4
10
-10
10
4
10
x 10 Modulated X1: Spectrum
fc=50k
-0.2 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05
4
10
-10
10 x 10
4
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EE3414: Analog Communications x 10
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DeModulated X1: Waveform 0.5 10
0
DeModulated X1: Spectrum
-0.5 5 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 x 10 Reconstructed X1: Waveform 0.2 0 -0.2 5
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4
10
-10
10
4
x 10 Reconstructed X1: Spectrum 10
0
10
-10
5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 10
10 10
4
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20
Lowpass Filter
0.12
0
0.1
Magnitude (dB)
-50
0.08
-100
-150
0.06
0 Phase (degrees)
6 Frequency (Hz)
10 x 10
4
0.04
-200 -400 -600 -800
0.02
10
15
20
25
6 Frequency (Hz)
10 x 10
4
Length=20, Cut-off freq=11k
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Original and Reconstructed Waveform 0.3 original reconstructed
0.2
original
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
reconstructed
5000
5005
5010
5015
5020
5025
5030
5035
5040
5045
5050
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
With amplitude modulation: a signal with bandwidth B needs 2B channel bandwidth
This is called double sideband (DSB) AM Other techniques can reduce the bandwidth requirement
Single sideband (SSB) Vestigial sideband (VSB)
By using QAM, we can send 2 signals each with bandwidth B over a channel bandwidth of 2B
Equivalent to each signal with bandwidth B
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
A method to modulate two signals onto the same carrier frequency, but with 90o phase shift
cos( 2 f1t ) s1 ( t )
m (t )
cos( 2 f1t ) s1 ( t )
LPF
m (t )
s2 (t ) sin( 2 f1t )
QAM modulator
LPF
s2 (t )
sin( 2 f1t )
QAM demodulator
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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QAM in more detail
Proof (in time domain) the demodulator can separate the signal on board! Discuss the sensitivity of the system to synchronization of the carrier signal.
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Other Modulation Methods
Amplitude modulation
y (t ) = x(t ) cos(2f c t + 0)
The amplitude of the carrier signal is controlled by the modulating signal Pitfall of AM: channel noise can corrupt the amplitude easily.
Frequency modulation
y (t ) = cos( (t )),
d (t ) = 2f c t + k f x(t ) dt
The frequency of the carrier signal is proportional to the modulating signal
Phase modulation
y (t ) = cos(2f c t + 0 + k p x(t ))
The phase of the carrier signal is proportional to the modulating signal
Yao Wang, 2006
EE3414: Analog Communications
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Application of Modulation and FDM
AM Radio (535KHz--1715KHz):
Each radio station is assigned 10 KHz, to transmit a mono-channel audio (bandlimited to 5KHz) Using Amplitude modulation to shift the baseband signal
FM Radio (88MHz--108 MHz):
Each radio station is assigned 200 KHz, to transmit a stereo audio. The left and right channels (each limited to 15KHz) are multiplexed into a single baseband signal using amplitude modulation Using frequency modulation to shift the baseband signals
TV broadcast (VHF: 54-88,174-216MHz, UHF:470-890MHz)
Each station is assigned 6 MHz The three color components and the audio signal are multiplexed into a single baseband signal Using vestigial sideband AM to shift the baseband signals.
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What Should You Know
Understand the bandwidth requirement
Channel bandwidth > signal bandwidth
Understand the principle of amplitude modulation
Know how to modulate a signal to a certain frequency Know how to demodulate a signal back to the baseband Can write the equation and draw block diagram for both modulation and demodulation Can plot the signal spectrum after modulation and demodulation
Understand the principle of frequency division multiplexing
Can write the equation and draw block diagram for both modulation and demodulation, for multiplexing of two to three signals.
Understand how do AM and FM radio and analog TV work in terms of modulation and multiplexing.
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References
A. M. Noll, Chapter 10. A. V. Oppenheim and A. S. Willsky, Signals and Systems, 2nd edition, Chapter 8, Sec. 8.1-8.3 (copies provided)
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EE3414: Analog Communications
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