CROSS TABULATION AND TEST OF INDEPENDENCE USING MINITAB AND SPSS
Zsuzsanna Kassai
25th May 2009 Yasar University, Turkey
TOPICS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Contingency tables, Pearsons Chi-square test, Likelihood ratio, Introduction to SPSS 13, Examples in SPSS 13, Introduction to MINITAB 14, Examples in MINITAB 14
CONTINGENCY TABLES I.
Each cell of the table represents a combination of a level on the row factor and a level on the column factor, so each case falls in one cell.
CONTINGENCY TABLES II.
count the number of cases falling in each cell,
and report the counts, and related statistics; used primarily to investigate the dependence of two categorical factors on each other.
PEARSONS CHI-SQUARE TEST
Formula of Pearsons chi-square test:
(Observedi j Modeli j ) 2 Modeli j
Formula for calculating the expected value: RowTotal i ColumnTotal j Modelij n
n is the total number of observations.
CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE TEST I.
Position Subordinate Manager Total Male 50 60 110 Female 50 40 90 Total 100 100 200
RowTotali
The degrees of freedom: (r-1) x (c-1) r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns. ColoumnTotali Here (2-1) x (2-1) = 1df.
The critical value for the chi-square distribution would be 3.84 by 1 df and p = 0.05.
CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE
TEST II.
ModelMale, Subo.
ModelMale, Man.
RTSubo. CTMale 100 110 55 n 200
RTMan. CTMale 100 110 55 n 200
ModelFemale, Subo.
RTSubo. CTFemale 100 90 45 n 200
ModelFemale, Man.
RTMan. CTFemale 100 90 45 n 200
CALCULATING CHI-SQUARE TEST III.
(50 55) 2 (60 55) 2 (50 45) 2 (40 45) 2 2 55 55 45 45 (5) 2 52 52 (5) 2 55 55 45 45 0.455 0.455 0.556 0.556 2.022
Chicrit = 3.84 by 1 df and p = 0.05. Chicalc = 2.02
If Chicalc > Chicrit If Chicalc < Chicrit reject Ho accept Ho
The expected frequencies should be greater than 5. It is acceptable in larger contingency tables to have up to 20% of expected frequencies below 5. Nonetheless, in larger contingency tables, none of the expected frequencies should be below 1.
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE CHI-SQUARE TEST
THE LIKELIHOOD RATIO
An alternative to Pearsons chi-square is the likelihood ratio statistic. The formula is:
L 2 Observedij ln(
2
Observedi j Modelij
SPSS 13
THE START-UP WINDOW IN SPSS
VARIABLE VIEW IN SPSS
DATA VIEW IN SPSS
THE MOST IMPORTANT MENUS IN SPSS
File Edit View Data Transform Analyze
Compare Means, (t-tests, ANOVA), General Linear Model, Correlate, Regression,Classify (Cluster Analysis), Data Reduction (Factor Analysis),Descriptive Statistics, (Frequencies, Descriptive, Ratio, Crosstabs, etc.).
DIALOG BOX FOR CROSSTABS COMMAND IN SPSS
STATISTICAL OPTIONS FOR NOMINAL DATA IN SPSS
Chi-square,
Contingency coefficient,
Phi and Cramer's V,
Lambda, Uncertainty coefficient
STATISTICAL OPTIONS FOR ORDINAL DATA IN SPSS
Chi-square, Gamma, Somers' d, Kendall's tau-b, Kendall's tau-c
DIALOG BOX FOR CROSSTABS : CELL DISPLAY IN SPSS
EXAMPLES IN SPSS 13
MINITAB 14
WINDOWS OF MINITAB
THE MOST IMPORTANT MENUS IN MINITAB
File, Edit, Manip/Data, Calc, Graph, Stat:
Basic statistics, Regression, ANOVA, Multivariate (Principal components, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis, ),Tables (Crosstabulation and Chi-square test), etc.
DIALOG BOX FOR CROSS TABULATION COMMAND IN MINITAB
CHI-SQUARE DIALOG BOX IN MINITAB
OTHER STATISTICS IN MINITAB
EXAMPLES IN MINITAB 14
Thank you for attention!
