CHAPTER 9 – MENTAL IMAGERY & SPATIAL COGNITION
(Gallotis, Chapter 9)
1. Mnemonics (p.297)
Mnemonics memory improvement techniques hain jo imagery aur
organization ka use karte hain.
Kyun effective hote hain
Human brain images ko words se zyada easily process karta hai
Imagery + structure = better retrieval cues
Types
Method of Loci
Familiar environment imagine kiya jata hai (ghar, road, college)
Items ko mentally different locations par place kiya jata hai
Recall ke time us path ko mentally walk kiya jata hai
Spatial memory ka direct use hota hai
Pegword Method
Numbers ko rhyming words se joda jata hai (1-bun, 2-shoe)
Har item ko us peg ke saath ek strong image mein link kiya jata
hai
Sequence recall ke liye useful
Keyword Method
Foreign word ke liye similar sounding familiar word liya jata hai
Us sound aur meaning ke beech ek image banayi jati hai
Vocabulary learning mein effective
Conclusion
Mnemonics ka success imagery + organization ki wajah se hota hai,
sirf repetition se nahi.
2. Dual-Coding Hypothesis (Paivio) (p.300)
Human memory ke do independent but connected systems hote hain:
1. Verbal system – words, language
2. Imaginal system – pictures, mental images
Agar information dono systems mein store hoti hai, to recall ke
chances double ho jate hain.
Concrete words zyada achhe se yaad rehte hain kyunki unka visual
image banana easy hota hai. Abstract words ke liye imagery mushkil
hoti hai.
3. Relational–Organizational Hypothesis (p.301)
Imagery sirf pictures create nahi karti, balki concepts ke beech
relationships bhi dikhati hai.
Mental image multiple elements ko ek structured way mein organize
karti hai. Isi wajah se imagery-based learning zyada meaningful aur
durable hoti hai.
4. Empirical Investigations of Imagery (p.302)
Research ka main question tha:
Mental images pictorial hote hain ya sirf symbolic descriptions?
Experiments ne dikhaya ki mental images spatial properties preserve
karte hain, jaise real objects karte hain.
5. Mental Rotation (p.304)
Shepard aur Metzler ke experiments mein participants ko rotated
objects compare karne ko diya gaya.
Finding:
Rotation angle badhne ke saath reaction time linearly increase
hota hai
Conclusion:
Log objects ko mentally rotate karte hain, step-by-step, jaise real
duniya mein ghumate.
6. Scanning Images (p.309)
Participants ne ek map memorize kiya aur phir imagine karke ek
location se dusri tak scan kiya.
Finding:
Jitna zyada imagined distance, utna zyada response time
Conclusion:
Mental images mein real spatial distance represented hoti hai.
7. Nature of Mental Imagery (p.315)
Depictive Theory
Mental images picture-like hote hain aur spatial layout preserve karte
hain.
Propositional Theory (Pylyshyn)
Mental images asal mein abstract descriptions hote hain. Spatial
effects logon ke world knowledge ki wajah se aate hain, images ki
wajah se nahi.
8. Principles of Visual Imagery (p.315)
1. Spatial equivalence – imagery space ko represent karti hai
2. Transformational equivalence – imagery ko rotate, scale kiya ja
sakta hai
3. Structural equivalence – image ke parts real object jaise relate
hote hain
4. Perceptual equivalence – imagery aur perception similar brain
areas activate karte hain
9. Critiques of Mental Imagery Research (p.319)
Critics ka kehna hai ki experimental results tacit knowledge ke effects
ho sakte hain.
Counter-evidence:
Brain imaging studies dikhati hain ki imagery ke time visual cortex
activate hota hai.
10. Neuropsychological Findings (p.324)
Visual imagery occipital cortex se strongly linked hai
Kuch patients mein perception intact hoti hai par imagery
impaired
Kuch mein imagery intact hoti hai par perception impaired
Isse pata chalta hai ki imagery aur perception related hain, par
identical nahi.
11. Spatial Cognition (p.326)
Spatial cognition environment ko represent aur navigate karne ki
ability hai.
Types of spatial knowledge
Landmark knowledge – specific locations
Route knowledge – paths and sequences
Survey knowledge – overall map-like understanding
Cognitive maps aksar distorted hote hain.
