UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

LEGAL RESEARCH:

NATURE, SCOPE & OBJECTIVES

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED AS A PART OF CURRICULUM

OF [Link]. LL.B. (HONS.) IN THE SUBJECT OF

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Charly Gulati Professor (Dr.) Gulshan Kumar

[Link]. LL.B. (Hons.)

Semester - 6th

Section – D

Roll Number – 184/19

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 1|Page

 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to my Research Methodology
teacher, Professor (Dr.) Gulshan Kumar, and to the Director, Dr. Rajinder
Kaur, for providing me with the opportunity to do this project, on the
topic –Legal Research: Nature, Scope & Objectives. This project has
helped me a lot in doing research and I got to learn many new things from
it about the topic and the subject.
I hope this project serves its purpose and is worthwhile to all the readers.

Charly Gulati

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 2|Page

Table of Contents
Research ....................................................................................... 4
Purpose of Research............................................................... 5
Legal Research ............................................................................. 7
Nature of Legal Research ......................................................... 8
Scope of Legal Research .......................................................... 9
Objectives of Legal Research ................................................. 11
Sources of Legal Research...................................................... 14
Process of Legal Research ...................................................... 16
Importance/Significance of Legal Research ........................... 18
Conclusion ................................................................................. 19
Bibliography .............................................................................. 20

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 3|Page

 Research

The word ‘research’, which is derived from a French word, is composed of two words
‘re’ and ‘search’, which means - to search or seek again, that is, to search for new facts
or to modify older ones in any branch of knowledge. It means intensive research with
a view ‘to become certain’ and ‘to investigate thoroughly’.

Research is an academic activity which consists of defining and redefining a problem

and formulation, testing, and proving or disproving the hypothesis. This is done through
the process of collecting data, organising it & tabulating it and then, presenting and
evaluating the data. Such evaluation leads to making deductions and reaching to
conclusions.

In the broadest sense, the meaning of research includes any gathering of literature, data,
information, material and facts for the advancement of knowledge. So, reading a factual
book of any sort, reading a newspaper, magazine, pamphlets, advertisement, watching
news and surfing the Internet are also various types of research. However, this broader
sense is rarely considered as research in the academic world.1 In the academic sense,
research deals with critical evaluation, analysis of some subject or additions/changes to
existing body of knowledge.

In its general sense, Research is used in many aspects of life. For example, when you
want to buy a product, say, a mobile phone, you ask your friends about its features and
drawbacks, and their experience with it, or you surf the web to find information from
other reliable sources like the website of that product manufacturer. That is also a way
of research. The basic purpose of inquiry is to reach the concluding observations.

Research is a process to find something that is in existence but which is not known yet
or something which we are not aware about. It is a logical and systematic way to find a
rational and acceptable conclusion or answer of a question. It is a search for knowledge,

1
Rattan Singh, Legal Research Methodology 16 (LexisNexis, Gaziabad, 3rd Edition, 2021).
UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 4|Page
information and truth. For this, different sources like books, journals, newspapers,
magazines, media, interviews, surveys, etc. can be used.2

It is a creative and systematic process which initiates with hypothesis and includes an
inquiry or investigation, discovery or invention or experimentation, during which
substantial evidence is gathered to prove its final product. The chief aim of research is
to know the truth. Research enables us to find old facts and verify existing facts. It
contributes to existing knowledge.

Definitions of Research

Burns defined research as ‘a systematic investigation to find answer to a problem.’

Redman and Mory defined research as ‘a systemised effort to gain new knowledge.’

PV Young defines research as ‘a scientific undertaking which by means of logical and

systematic techniques, aims to: discover new facts or verify old facts; analyse their
sequences, interrelationships and causal explanations and develop new scientific tools,
concepts & theories which would facilitate reliable & valid study of human behaviour.’

According to John W Creswell, ‘Research’ is a process of steps used to collect and

analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three
steps: 1. Pose a question; 2. Collect data to answer the question; 3. Present an answer
to the question.

According to Cambridge Dictionary, ‘Research’ means – a detailed study of a subject,

especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding, of
different areas such as medical/scientific/etc.3

Purpose of Research
There are usually three main purposes of any research project:

1. Exploratory Purpose: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory

studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may or may

2
Id. at 4.
3
Retrieved from [Link] (last accessed in May
2022).
UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 5|Page
 not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new
problem areas that haven’t been explored before. This exploratory process lays
the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis.
For example, in the example of buying a mobile phone, exploratory research
can be done to find out what all types of latest mobile phones are available in
the market and this will also reveal what further things can be researched while
choosing one to buy.
2. Descriptive: It focuses on expanding the knowledge on current issues through
a process of data collection. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies
are describing, explaining, and validating the findings.
For example, while looking for the phone to buy, you come across a new
concept called ‘virtual RAM’. Descriptive research can be conducted to gain a
better understanding of this concept before moving on with the decision of
choosing one final product to buy.
3. Explanatory: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the
impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running
experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to
understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory

Approach
Unstructured Structured Highly Structured
Used
Conducted
Asking questions Asking questions By using hypotheses
Through
Early stages of Later stages of Later stages of
Time
decision making decision making decision making

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 6|Page

 Legal Research

Legal Research is the systematic investigation of Acts, Codes, Constitutions, rules,

regulations, notifications, by-laws, ordinances, etc. and the investigation of problems
that concern with law and society.

Law is a subject that has broad dimensions of knowledge in society. There are a huge
number of laws in our country and we can’t remember everything. Legal research is
very essential in that case. Also, with the growing needs and challenges of society, laws
also have to change. This means the area of law is dynamic and so is our society.
Therefore, it becomes essential to review the laws and see whether they are suited to
the best interests of society or not. Here, also, legal research comes into play.

Legal research can be defined/explained in different ways depending upon the purpose
for which it is to be used. Here are a few ways in which meaning of legal research can
be explained:

▪ Legal research deals with investigation and verification of legal principles and
doctrines.
▪ Legal research deals with the systematic and scientific investigation of
jurisprudence and their conformity with the society and other stake holders.
▪ Legal research can also be defined as the process of identifying and retrieving
information that is required for supporting judicial and administrative decisions.
(Legal research when used by Courts)
▪ Legal research is the process to identify and collect required information to
support your arguments in the court of law and build up the case. (Legal
research when used by Advocates or Lawyers.)
▪ It is the systematic research to find out socio-political, economic, religious and
cultural conditions of society which gave rise to the rules, acts and regulations.
(Legal research when used by the Legislatures or Researchers)
▪ Legal research may be conducted to obtain a better understanding of any
problem of law, legal and social institution, legal doctrine, legal principles,
customs, precedents, etc.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 7|Page

 ▪ Legal research also studies behaviour of human beings and their actions &
reactions, their responses & attitude towards law, order, judgements, etc. (Legal
Research in the context of society)

Legal research is a broad area that leads to an inquiry and investigation consistently
made by judges, lawyers, advocates, law students, and legal researchers in the quest for
a deeper and better understanding of the law. It is necessary that the researcher
understands the nature and power of research tools, the weight of the authorities &
precedents, and the specific question being researched.

Nature of Legal Research

1. Discovers new Legal Facts – It discovers new legal facts and also verifies old
facts.
2. Solution of Legal problems - Legal research gives us solutions of legal problems.
3. Studies causal relations – Legal research establishes causal connections between
various human activities, like how people feel or react about the new laws, etc.
4. Systematic Approach – It involves systematic exposition, analysis and critical
evaluation of legal rules, regulations, policies, doctrines and their inter-
relationships.
5. Creates a path for generating new questions – Legal research provides the
researcher with new data about the field or body of knowledge. This newly found
data and existing data helps create more research opportunities.
6. Analytical – It is analytical in nature and uses all the available data so that there
is no ambiguity in inference. The data is analysed so as to find good solutions to
the problems.
7. Assesses the Impact of laws – It assesses impact of law and reveals the gap
between the legal idealism and social reality. Also, changes in the laws can be
recommended by doing critical examination of laws.
8. Creative Process – Legal research is a creative process which includes
investigation, inquiry, discovery or experimentation to find the truth.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 8|Page

 9. Descriptive and Logical – Legal research is descriptive (the researcher studies
the sources in detail) and logical in nature (based on reasoning).
10. Basis of legal decisions – Legal research is the mechanism by which a researcher
finds the basis of legal decisions. Like understanding the ratio decidendi.
11. Critical role in evaluation of laws – Legal research plays a critical role in
analysing the laws and policies and suggesting amendments. It critically examines
the provisions of laws, principles, doctrines, decisions with a view to see
consistency.
12. Law reforms - Legal research is an essential tool for reforms in the laws.
13. Method - The method of legal research differs according to the subject and object
of the research. Like, survey of a population in an area is a good method if you
want to study the reaction of those people to a particular law, but is not a good
method if you want to find precedents for a particular legal issue.
14. Objective of study is pre-requisite: Legal researcher undertakes study with a
view to discover new facts or rejects earlier existing theories. Research is mostly
conducted for the reform in the society and amendments in particular law.
Sometimes, research tries to fill the lacunae of law.
15. Qualitative or Quantitative: Legal research could be conducted with any kind
of methodology. Quantitative research is conducted when social reform is
required and proper empirical data is required for the study purpose. On the other
hand, qualitative research is done to justify the doctrines with citing precedents
and authorities. However, research could also be conducted with the combination
of both the techniques.

Scope of Legal Research

Legal research is essentially not different from other types of research. In broader sense,
legal research includes each step of a course of action that begins with an analysis of
facts of a problem and concludes with the application and communication of the results
of the investigation. Legal research takes into its ambit the following kinds of research4:

• K. Vibhute & A. Filipos Legal Research Methods (2009) (Retrieved May 02, 2022 at
[Link]
UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 9|Page
 ➢ Doctrinal Research – It is research into legal rules, principles, concepts or
doctrines. It involves a rigorous systematic exposition, analysis and critical
evaluation of legal rules, principles or doctrines and their inter - relationship. It
arranges the existing law in order and provides thematic parameters for such an
order. It also concerns with critical review of legislations and of decisional
processes and their underlying policy.
➢ Non-Doctrinal Research –
o Research in theory – It involves an inquiry into conceptual bases of
legal rules, principles or doctrines. It provides stimulus and intellectual
infrastructure for empirical research as well as for advancements in law
through legislative, judicial and administrative process.
o Empirical investigations – It assesses the impact of law and reveals the
gap between legal idealism and social reality. Perceiving the idea of law
as a social phenomenon, a researcher explores social, political,
economic and cultural dimensions or implications of law.
In Empirical research, the conclusions of the study are drawn from
verifiable evidence and it is not merely theoretical.
o Reform-oriented Research – It is based on empirical study and critical
examination of law. It recommends changes and reforms in law and
legal institutions.

These are not mutually exclusive and can overlap with each other.

Legal research has a wide scope, in the sense that it is very important and useful for
everybody in many different ways. It is used by common people, judges, lawyers,
advocates, law students, research scholars, the government, socio-legal researchers for
various purposes, some of which are listed as follows:

• Legal Research deals with investigation and verification of legal principles and
doctrines.
• Legal research is also used by judges and advocates to identify and retrieve
information that is required for supporting judicial and administrative decisions.
• It can be used to understand the problems of any law, legal principles in the
society.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 10 | P a g e

 • It helps the government to frame suitable laws so as to meet its policies.
• It helps the court in finding and setting precedents for similar issues.
• It can be used to identify and collect required information to support your
arguments in a court of law.
• It can also help to study the history of any law and any previous act which may
have been repealed, as they can help us to understand and interpret the current
laws in a better way.
• Legal research can be used to conduct comparative studies.
• Legal research is used to find out the previous laws in order to understand the
reason behind the existing law and the cause of its evolution.
• It helps us to find, understand, interpret and apply the law.

Objectives of Legal Research

The purpose of legal research is to find out the answers of questions by applying
scientific methods of research; to find out the hidden truth; know what is not known;
interpret which is not interpreted yet. We do legal research to know the relationship of
law and society, legislature and judiciary, executive and judiciary, legislature and
executive, their jurisdictions, limitations, powers, duties, rights and responsibilities. It
is also done to know How, why and for whom the laws are passed, what is the cause
and effect of these laws on society in general and on individuals in particular.

Therefore, the objectives of legal research are manifold and it is helpful to achieve many
objectives, some of which are listed below:

❖ General Objectives –
1. To discover new facts.
2. To test and verify old facts.
3. To examine the nature and scope of the new laws or legal institutions.
4. To find the relevant laws, cases, and other sources of law.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 11 | P a g e

 ❖ Legislative Objectives –
1. To find out merits and demerit of old and existing laws.
2. To propound a new legal concept.
3. To predict the consequences of new legislations.
4. To suggest that dead laws be repealed.
5. To conduct a study to give suggestions for framing new laws and changing old
laws.
6. To highlight the ambiguities and weaknesses of laws and administrative
policies.

❖ Judicial Objectives –
1. To develop the principles of interpretation for critical examination of statutes.
2. To analyse the law by reducing, breaking and separating the law into separate
elements: either new law or criticising existing.
3. To locate relevant authority that will help in finding a solution to legal issues.
4. To look at doctrinal or theoretical issues: either by criticising judicial opinions
or resolving conflicts between 2 courts.
5. To find support for a specific legal issue or decision and to interpret the laws
and its rules in critical way.

❖ Societal Objectives –
1. To examine the consequences of new facts or new principal of law or judicial
decision on the people.
2. To ascertain the relationship between legislature & judiciary and suggest as to
how one can assist the other in discharge of duties, for the betterment of the
society.
3. To analyse the impact of new legal system of society.
4. To analyse the effect of laws and judicial decisions on society.
5. To know the gap between the legal ideal and the social reality and to know the
reasons responsible thereof.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 12 | P a g e

 ❖ Academic Objectives –
1. To analyse the facts in a new theoretical framework.
2. To provide teaching materials for students: books, modules etc.
3. To blend the distinct elements of cases and statutes together into coherent or
useful legal standards or general rules.
4. To analyse the law and legal institutions from the point of view of history.
5. To ascertain the purpose, legal rules & principles, and determine their current
relevance and utility.
6. To compare and contrast the national and international phenomena of a
particular institution, state or nation.

❖ Researcher Objectives –
1. To develop new legal research tools or apply tools of other disciplines in the
area of law.
2. To acquire an understanding of the legal subject while arguing for a better way
of doing things.
3. To get true & intimate knowledge of society, legal matters and their functioning.
4. To develop new legal theories, principles and doctrines.
5. To construct a hypothesis and to prove or disapprove its testability.
6. To find the causal relationship between controlled-independent and dependent
variables.
7. To suggest reforms in the legal field.
8. To test causal relationship between two or more than two facts or situations.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 13 | P a g e

 Sources of Legal Research

There are many sources of legal research. They can be classified into 3 basic
categories:5

➢ Primary Sources – These sources are rules that are binding on the courts,
government and individuals. It includes sources like precedents/case laws, rules,
regulations, Acts, Constitution, statutes, etc.
➢ Persuasive Primary Sources – These are not binding per se but they aid/help
in explaining what the law is or should be. It includes sources like opinions of
Judges, of the Attorney General, Law Minister, Ministry of Parliamentary
Affairs and the like.
➢ Secondary Sources – These sources are also not binding but they are mostly
focused on explaining legal theories, legal principles and doctrines. Legal
journals, commentaries, books, scholarly works, legislative history, etc. are
examples of secondary sources. They are important to the research as they point
the researcher towards the primary sources.

Sources of legal research in India are –

• Printed Sources –
➢ Constitution of the Country
➢ Acts passed by the Parliament
➢ Case Law Reports of courts, such as:
o Pre 1950 reports–
▪ Law reports: Moor’s Indian appeals (1836-1872)
▪ Law reports Indian appeals (1872-1950)
▪ Indian cases (1909-1947)
▪ Federal court reports (1939-1950)
o Current Reports –
▪ All India Reporter (AIR)

5
Supra note 1 at 7.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 14 | P a g e

 ▪ Supreme Court Reports (SCR) (1950 onwards)
▪ Judgment Today (1980 onwards)
▪ SCALE (1970 onwards)
▪ Supreme Court Cases (SCC) (1969 onwards)
▪ High Court Legal Journals
➢ Foreign Reports
o U.S. Supreme Court Reports
o Supreme Court Reports - Canada
o Law Reports of the Commonwealth
o All England Law Reports
o Federal Law Reporter
➢ Academic Journals
o Indian Journals
o Foreign Journals
➢ Books published by various authors
➢ Legal Encyclopaedias
o Halsbury’s Laws of England
o Halsbury’s Laws of India
o Forms & Precedents
➢ Legal Dictionaries
o Black’s Legal Dictionary
o Stroud’s Legal Dictionary
o Wharton’s Law Lexicon
➢ Digests
o Supreme Court Yearly Digest (by SCC)
o A.I.R. Yearly Digest
o High Court Cases Digest
• Online Sources – Similar materials are available online as well, through the
official websites of the above publications and also through many other legal
websites, such as:
➢ Lexis-Nexis
➢ Butterworths
➢ [Link]
➢ Manupatra
UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 15 | P a g e
 ➢ AIR Supreme Court Software
➢ SCCOnline

Process of Legal Research

Legal Research is a process involving backward and forward movement between

different stages so they cannot be as neatly separated. Nevertheless, they can be divided
into the following categories for understanding the different stages in a better way:

➢ Choosing a focal point of Research – Identifying and formulating a research

problem is the first step in the process. If ill-defined and not properly
formulated, the researcher is bound to lose interest in the research. The
researcher has to have a precise goal in sight. For that purpose, it is necessary
for the researcher to identify a field of general interest, from that field an area
of specific interest and within that area of specific interest a particular aspect
that he would like to inquire into (Example – the interpretation of a particular
word or sentence in a Section of an Act). That would signify the focus and
direction of his inquiry. That has to be based on study done from the secondary
sources like a commentary, a scholarly article, etc. Secondary sources would
point a researcher to the primary sources of the law namely, legislative texts and
judicial decisions, etc.
➢ Review of literature – It is a survey of the existing related works in order to
find out as to what has already been discussed on the particular aspect; it will
also give an understanding as to what has not been discussed. The researcher’s
aim is to contribute something new to the existing state of knowledge so,
therefore, he has to choose from the latter area. That is necessary because it
would make the results to be both valued and valuable. This also justifies his
research and makes it an original contribution.
➢ Formulation of Hypothesis – On the basis of an extensive literature survey, a
researcher might rephrase or reformulate the problem. That can be done
depending upon the nature of research and can be in the form of a mere
statement or a proposition indicating relationship between variables, the validity
of which is not known (that is, hypothesis). So, it is a tentative statement the

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 16 | P a g e

 validity or invalidity of which has to be tested on the basis of research. The
manner in which it is formulated gives a hint of methods required, kind of data
needed and the method of analysis required for the research.
➢ Research Design – Research design is made. It signifies the structure of the
research and is characterized by a logical systematic planning of the research.
Though it may be tentative, as the researcher cannot foresee all the
contingencies that might arise and thus, he can adapt as and when required
which would increase the efficiency and reliability of his findings.
➢ Data Collection – It involves decision making as to the method to be employed
to collect the data and actual collection of data. This determines the fate of the
research. For determining the appropriate method of data collection, a
researcher has to keep in mind the objectives of the research and the scope of
the inquiry. Data may be primary or secondary. The data has to be relevant and
authoritative.
➢ Data Analysis – The next task after collection of data is its analysis. The raw
data has to be put to analysis so as to reflect the direction and trend of research.
Analysis happens before interpretation, though there is no clear-cut demarcation
between the two as analysis is not complete without interpretation and
interpretation cannot precede analysis. They are thus interdependent. Analysis
involves processes like classification and categorization (arranging data in
classes according to their resemblance or affinity), coding (assigning symbols
or numerical to every class so that it can be counted or tabulated), and tabulation
(arranging data in requisite rows and columns, this can show relation between
variables and also facilitate comparison). In a legal research, cases are also
required to be analysed, however, with a caution that two different set of facts
can lead to different outcomes, or in such a way that an earlier case law can be
distinguished on the basis of question of law raised.
➢ Interpretation of Data – It is drawing inferences from the collected data. The
interpretation gives the broader meaning to research findings and as well as
triggers new researches. However, caution must be exercised in interpreting the
data as it needs to be impartial and objective. A wrong interpretation can lead
to inaccurate and misleading conclusions.
➢ Report – The last phase is report writing. Through this, the researcher
communicates his work to the audience. Report contains significant facts, which
UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 17 | P a g e
 are - the problem, the method used and the findings arrived at by the researcher.
It has to be original and with precise clarity in communicating the results

Importance/Significance of Legal Research

The importance of legal research has been discussed here and there many times in the
above topics while discussing its scope and objectives. Some basic points of
significance are given as under:

1. To know what the law is – Analytical research can be done to find out what
the existing law is and what changes can be made to it.
2. Reforms in the law – There are various tools for legal reforms but research is
one of the best tools for any project of law reforms as it gives us a deep insight
into the reforms needed.
3. Historical Research and Evolution of laws – Legal research can help us to do
historical research about the laws and can answer how and why the laws have
changed/evolved.
4. Knowledge about Foreign Laws – Legal research can be used to know and
understand the laws in foreign countries. This can help us to understand our own
laws better and can also help the legislature to frame their own laws by taking
inspiration from the laws in other countries. One of the best examples of this is
the Constitution of India. The Constituent Assembly studied the laws of various
countries and borrowed a lot of provisions from the Constitutions and Legal
systems of other countries, while making our Constitution.
5. Impact on Society – It can be used to study and understand how far the laws
made by the legislatures have been implemented and to what extent (if any) they
have benefitted the society and individuals.
6. Useful in courts – Practicing advocated and judges are constantly engaged in
searching for precedents and interpretations that they can use while assisting the
court in reaching a Just and good judgement/decision.
7. Legal academicians – Teachers and academicians can and should use legal
research to gain a better understanding of their concerned subjects or fields of
knowledge.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 18 | P a g e

 Conclusion

Research is a process to find something that is in existence but which is not known yet
or something which we are not aware about. It is a search for knowledge, information
and the truth.

Legal research is basically research in the legal field. It can be concluded that legal
research is a systematic form of ascertaining the law and to understand the inter-relation
between human behaviors and the societal laws.

It is the process of identifying and retrieving the information necessary to support legal
decision making. Legal research systematically probes into underlying ‘principles of’
and ‘reasons for’ a particular law. Since the human beings and the society keeps on
changing from time to time, the law also needs to be change from time to time. Here
comes the role of legal research to suggest reforms that should be implemented in the
legal field. It is a systematic way to study the social behavioral phenomenon with pre-
requisite objectives.

The main object of legal research is to suggest the advancements and changes that
should take place in the field of law from time to time. In day-to-day life it is also used
for just gaining a basic understanding of the laws by people from legal as well as non-
legal backgrounds. The methods of legal research are many and the researchers need to
use appropriate methods depending upon the object and sources of the research
available to him.

It can be either subjective or objective in nature. The scope of legal research extends to
various subject matters such as Sociology, Psychology, Economics, Political Science,
Information and Communication Technology, and Judicial Research. It is a very useful
and necessary tool for researchers, students, lawyers, judges and the like.

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 19 | P a g e

 Bibliography

• Singh, Rattan, Legal Research Methodology (LexisNexis, Gaziabad, 3rd

Edition, 2021)
• Myneni, S.R., Legal Research Methodology (Allahabad Law Agency,
Faridabad, 5th Edition, 2015)
• Vibhute, K.& Filipos, A. (2009). Legal Research Methods. Retrieved May 02,
2022 at [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
[Link]
• [Link]
ethodology/02._legal_research/et/8149_et_et.pdf

UILS, PANJAB UNIVERSITY 20 | P a g e