UNIT 1 PERSONAL

INFORMATION

GREETINGS AND FAREWELLS

We use formal and informal greetings for different times
of day.

SAYING HELLO
Hello
Hi
Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
How are you?
How is it going?
How are you doing?
I’m OK, thank you.
I’m (just) fine, thanks.
Great, thanks.
Pretty good.
How about you?

We use formal and informal ways to say good-bye for

different times of the day.

SAYING GOOD-BYE
Bye
Bye-bye
Good-bye
Good night
See you later
See you tomorrow
See you next class
See you next Sunday.
Have a good evening
Have a great week
Have a great weekend
Thank you, you too

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TITLES
We use titles with last names for men and women.

Miss Kato = (single females)

Mrs. Jones = (married females)

Ms. Young = (single or married females)

Mr. Rodriguez = (single or married males)

EXERCISE

A. Listen and write the titles.

1._____________Santos 2. _____________Wilson

3. _____________Park 4. _____________Rossi

B. Complete the conversations.

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THE ALPHABET
Listen and practice.

➢ How do you spell your name?

First name = ___________________________

Middle name= ___________________________

Last name = ___________________________

Example:

H e i d y

/ eich / /i/ / ai / / di / / wai /

R i v a s

/ ar / / ai / / vi / / ei / / es /

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EXERCISE

A. How do you spell the names? Listen and check the correct answers.

NUMBERS
Numbers are generally used for specifying amounts and in mathematics: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Cardinal numbers:
0 zero 21 twenty-one
1 one 22 twenty-two
2 two 30 thirty
3 three 40 forty
4 four 50 fifty
5 five 60 sixty
6 six 70 seventy
7 seven 80 eighty
8 eight 90 ninety
9 nine 100 one hundred
10 ten 101 one hundred (and) one
11 eleven 102 one hundred (and) two
12 twelve 200 two hundred
13 thirteen 500 five hundred
14 fourteen 1,000 one thousand
15 fifteen 2,000 two thousand
16 sixteen 10,000 ten thousand
17 seventeen 11,000 eleven thousand
18 eighteen 20,000 twenty thousand
19 nineteen 100,000 one hundred thousand
20 twenty 111,111 one hundred eleven thousand
one hundred eleven

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The ordinal numbers are those that show a rank in a group or series. Most ordinals
are formed by adding -th to the end of the number: tenth, twentieth, sixty-seventh,
hundredth, and so on. But five ordinal numbers have special spellings which should
be memorized:

1 = first

2 = second

3 = third

5 = fifth

12 = twelfth

Dates are expressed in two ways: May fifth or the fifth of May. When giving a date as
a number, it is most common to give the month before the day: 9/11 = September
eleventh, 6/12 = June twelfth.

EXERCISE

➢ What’s your phone number?

Example:

4 0 2 - 5 5 5 - 2 3 0 1

/ four / / oh / / two / / five / / five / / five / / two / / three / / oh / / one /

My phone number is: _____________________________________________________

➢ What’s your email address?

ryan-walker_09@[Link]

= ryan /dash/ walker /undersore/ /zero/ /nine/ /at/ cambridge /dot/ org

My email address is: _____________________________________________________

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MONTHS

EXERCISE

Complete the dates.

➢ When is your birthday?

Example:

It’s November 18th . When´s yours?

My birthday is on: _____________________________________________________

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TIME
➢ What time is it?

EXERCISE

Look at the clocks. What time is it?

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UNIT 2 PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS.
Nouns can be either proper or common. Proper nouns
are those that refer to a particular person, place, thing,
or idea. Such nouns are capitalized: America, George,
Washington, Mr. Neruda, October.

Nouns that do not refer to a particular person, place,

thing, or idea are common nouns. They are not
capitalized: land, girls, money, test.

Compare the following list of proper and common

nouns:

Proper Nouns Common Nouns

Mexico country
Ms. Finch woman
English language
McGraw-Hill publisher
American Airlines company
December month

EXERCISE

A. Rewrite each noun, capitalizing the proper nouns.

1.____________________________________glass

2. ____________________________________mexico

3. ____________________________________bus

4. ____________________________________new york times

5. ____________________________________roberto

6. ____________________________________professor torres

7. ____________________________________my books

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ARTICLES (A, AN, and THE).
a= one

We use a for singular nouns and the word begins with a consonant sound:

o Do you want a cup of tea? (not “Do you wants cup of tea?”)
o I want to ask a question. (not “ask question”)
o Alice works in a bank. (not “in bank”).

We use an (not a) before a / e / i / o / u /:

o They live in an old house. (not “a old house”)

o This is an interesting book.

We use a/an for jobs, etc.:

o “What´s your job?” “I´m a dentist.” (not “I´m dentist.”)

o “What does she do?” “She´s an engineer.”
o Are you a student?

We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean. For example:
the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door / the carpet etc. (of a room)
the roof / the garden / the kitchen / the bathroom etc. (of a house)
the center / the train station / the airport / the post office etc. (of a city)
the piano / the guitar / the trumpet etc. (musical instruments)

o “Where´s Tom?” “In the kitchen.” (=the kitchen of this house)

o Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)
o I took a taxi to the station. (= the station in that town)
o I’d like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop)

We also say ‘(go to) the bank / the post office’:

o I have to go to the bank and then I’m going to the post office.
(The speaker is usually thinking of a specific bank or post office.)

We use the when there is only one of something. For example:

the sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ground etc.

o Rome is the capital of Italy.

o The sky is blue and the sun is shining.

Compare the and a:

o The sun is a star. (one of many stars)
o I live in an apartment on the tenth floor.
o I have to go to the bank today.
o Is there a bank near here?
o I don’t like going to the dentist.
o My sister is a dentist.

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EXERCISE

A. Write a / an.

1.- ______ book 6.- _____university 11.- ______accident

2.- ______ old book 7.- ______ organization 12.- ______ bad accident
3.- ______ window 8.- ______ restaurant 13.- ______ question
4.- ______horse 9.- ______ Chinese restaurant 14.- ______ hamburguer
5.- ______airport 10.- ______Indian restaurant 15.- ______ hour
16.- ______ nice evening

B. What are these things? Choose your answer from the list and write a
sentence.
☐ animal ☐ musical instrument
☐ river ☐ bird
☐ tool ☐ fruit
☐ planet ☐ flower
☐ game ☐ vegetable

1.-a duck? It’s ____________________________

2.-the Nile? It’s ____________________________
3. -a rabbit? It’s ____________________________
4.- tennis? It’s _____________________________
5.- a rose? It’s _____________________________
6.- a hammer? It’s _____________________________
7.- a carrot? It’s _____________________________
8.- Mars? It’s _____________________________
9.- a trumpet? It’s _____________________________
10.- a pear? It’s _____________________________

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PLURALS.
Spelling Rules.

Most nouns are made plural simply by adding –s. In these words, the final sound
blends well with the /s/ sound.
hill - hills cake - cakes cereal - cereals
However, nouns ending in the letters ch, sh, s, x, or z, whose sounds are called the
sibilant sounds, are made plural by adding –es. The sibilant sounds do not blend well
with the sound of the pluralizing –s. Please note that you must double the final
consonant z before adding -es.
watch - watches wish - wishes kiss - kisses
fox - foxes whiz - whizzes miss - misses
To pluralize a noun ending in a y preceded by a consonant, simply change the y to i
and add –es.
daddy - daddies puppy - puppies lily - lilies
If the final y is preceded by a vowel, simply add –s.
key - keys delay - delays relay - relays
It can be difficult to pluralize nouns endings in f, ff, or fe. These general rules will
help.
*Generally, with nouns that end in f or fe, change the f or fe to v, and add –es to form
the plural.
wife - wives knife - knives life - lives
shelf - shelves calf - calves loaf - loaves
Exceptions to rule * there are a number of words that end in fe or f to which we
simply add –s to form their plurals.
safe - safes chief - chiefs roof - roofs

These things are plural (Never singular)

❖ Scissors
❖ Glasses
❖ Pants
❖ Jeans
❖ Shorts
❖ Pajamas

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Some plurals DO NOT end in –s:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Man men
Woman women
Child children
Foot feet
Mouse mice
Tooth teeth
Person people
Sheep sheep
Fish fish

EXERCISE

A. Write the plural.

1.- flower _______________________ 12.- foot _________________________

2.- man _______________________ 13.- umbrella _________________________
3.- boat _______________________ 14.- city _________________________
4.- language _______________________ 15.-family _________________________
5.- watch _______________________ 16.- holiday _________________________
6.- country _______________________ 17.- person _________________________
7.- knife _______________________ 18.- sandwich_________________________
8.- woman _______________________ 19.- mouse _________________________
9.- tooth _______________________ 20.- church _________________________
10.- leaf _______________________ 21.- box _________________________
11.- child _______________________

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Subject and object.

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.

Subject and object pronouns are two different kinds of pronouns (words that
replace nouns) that play different grammatical roles in sentences:

• A subject pronoun (I, we, he, she, they, or who) refers to the person or thing
that performs an action. It normally appears at the start of a sentence, before
the verb.

Notice that you is both singular and plural. When speaking to one person, say you .
When speaking to two or more person, say you :

Tim, you are a very good student.

Bruno and Rene, you have to study more.

SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON I we
SECOND PERSON you you
THIRD PERSON he, she, it they

• An object pronoun (me, us, him, her, them) refers to the person or thing
affected by an action. It normally comes after a verb or preposition.

SINGULAR PLURAL
FIRST PERSON me us
SECOND PERSON you you
THIRD PERSON him, her, it them

Subject Object
I I like Ann. Ann likes me. me
you You like Ann. Ann likes you. you
he He likes Ann. Ann likes him. him
she She likes Ann. Ann likes her. her
we We like Ann. Ann likes us. us
they They like Ann. Ann likes them. them

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EXERCISE

A. Finish the sentences with him/her/them.

1. I don’t know those women. Do you know them ?

2. I don’t know that man. Do you know ________________?
3. I don’t know those people. Do you know ________________?
4. I don’t know Fred´s wife. Do you know ________________?
5. I don’t know his friends. Do you know ________________?
6. I don’t know the woman in the black coat. Do you know ________________?
7. I don’t know Mr. Stevens. Do you know ________________?

B. Finish the sentences. Use I /me/we/us/you/he/him/she/her/they/them.

1. I want to see her, but she . doesn’t want to see me .

2. I want to see him, but . doesn’t want to see .

3. They want to see me, but . don’t want to see .
4. We want to see them, but . don’t want to see .
5. She wants to see him, but . doesn’t want to see .
6. They want to see her, but . doesn’t want to see .
7. I want to see them, but . don’t want to see .
8. He wants to see us, but . don’t want to see .
9. You want to see her, but . doesn’t want to see .

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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
This / That / These / Those.

We use this / that / these / those with a noun or without a noun.

o This hotel is expensive, but It’s very nice.

o Who’s that? ( = Who’s that woman)

EXERCISE

A. Put in this or these.

1. this .chair. 4. .things. 6. .place.

2. these .chairs. 5. .children. 7. .houses.
3. .sandwich. 8. .pants

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B. Put in that or those.

9. .picture. 12. .tree. 15. .room.

10. .socks. 13. .eggs. 16. .people.
11. .men. 14. .woman.

C. Write questions: Is this / that your…? or Are these / those your…?

D. Complete the sentences. Use this / that / these / those + these words:

birds house plates postcards seat shoes

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POSSESSIVES.
Possessives adjectives.

I → my I like my job.
you → your You like your job.
he → his He likes his job.
she → her She likes her job.
we → our We like our jobs.
they → their They like their jobs.
it → its Hawaii (= it) is famous for its beaches.

We use my / your / his / her, etc. + a noun:

my hands your best friend her new car
our house his mother their room

EXERCISE

A. Finish the sentences.

1. He lives with his parents .

2. They live with hparents.
3. We live with hparents.
4. Ann lives with hparents.
5. I live with hparents.
6. John lives with hparents.
7. They live with hparents.
8. The children live with hparents.

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Possessives pronouns.

Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun

I → my → mine It’s my money. It’s mine.
you → your → yours It’s your money. It’s yours.
he → his → his It’s his money. It’s his.
she → her → hers It’s her money. It’s hers.
we → our → ours It’s our money. It’s ours.
they → their → theirs It’s their money. It’s theirs.
it → its → its

We use mine / yours / ours / his / hers / theirs without a noun:

➢ These books are mine, but this newspaper is yours. ( = your newspaper)
➢ I didn’t have an umbrella, so Laura gave me hers. (=her umbrella)
➢ It’s their problem, not ours. ( = our problem)

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Whose is the possessive form of the pronoun who. It is used in questions to ask who
owns something, has something, etc
We can use Whose with or without a noun:
Whose money is this?
It’s mine.
Whose is this?
Whose shoes are these?
They’re John’s.
Whose are these?
EXERCISE

A Finish the sentences with mine / yours, etc.

1. It’s your money. It’s yours .

2. It’s my bag. It’s .
3. It’s our car. It’s ..
4. They’re her shoes. They’re .
5. It’s their house. It’s ..
6. They’re your books. They’re ..
7. They’re my glasses. They’re ..
8. It’s his coat. It’s ..

B. Choose the right word.

1. Is this your / yours book? (your is correct)

2. It’s their / theirs problem, not our / ours. (their and ours are correct)
3. Are these your / yours shoes?
4. Is this camera your / yours?
5. Is this your / yours camera?
6. That’s not my / mine umbrella. My / Mine is yellow.
7. They have two children, but I don’t know their / theirs names.

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C. Look at the pictures. Write questions with Whose……..?

1. Whose book is this? 7. __________________________________?

2. Whose .are these? 8. __________________________________?

3. Whose .is this? 9. __________________________________?

4. Whose .is this? 10. __________________________________?

5. _______________________________? 11. __________________________________?

6. _______________________________? 12. __________________________________?

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Possessives with ‘s .

We usually use –‘s for people:

o I stayed at my sister’s house. (not the house of my sister)
o Have you met Mr. Black’s wife? (not the wife of Mr. Black)
o Are you going to James’s party?
o Paul a man’s name. Paula is a woman’s name.
You can use –‘s without a noun after it:
o Sophie’s hair is longer than Kate’s (=Kate’s hair)
o Whose umbrella is this? It’s my mother’s (= my mother’s umbrella)
o Where were you last night? I was at Paul’s. (= Paul’s house)

We write ‘s after
friend / student / mother etc. (singular):
o My mother’s car (one mother)
o My father’s car (one father)

We write ‘ after
friends / students / parents etc. (plural):
o My parents’ car (mother and father)

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UNIT 3 VERB “TO BE”
Verb “TO BE” is an action and an auxiliar, we use it to talk
in a present tense.

POSITIVE STATEMENTS

➢ I + am + Laura.
➢ You + are + my English Class.
➢ She + is + my sister Mary.
➢ He + is + my friend Carlos.
➢ It + is + Miller.
= ( My last name + is + Miller ).

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EXERCISE

A. Complete the conversation with the correct words in parentheses. Then

practice with a partner.

B. Complete the conversation. Then practice in groups.

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NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

➢ I + am + not + Luis.
➢ You + are + not + my Math Class.
➢ She + is + not + my mother.
➢ He + is + not + your brother Carlos.
➢ It + is + not + English.
= ( My first language + is + not + English ).

Contractions are common in statements and negative short answers. We do not use
them in Yes/No questions or positive short answers.

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YES / NO QUESTIONS

➢ Am + I + late ?
➢ Are + you + from California ?
➢ Is + she + from Brazil ?
➢ Is + he + from Costa Rica ?
➢ Is + it + Spanish ?
= ( Is + your first language + Spanish ? )

EXERCISE

A. Complete the conversation with the correct words in parentheses. Then

practice with a partner.

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 B. Match the questions with the answers. Then practice with a partner.

C. Write 5 questions about your classmates. Then ask and answer your questions
with a partner.

Wh-QUESTIONS
Wh- words:

✓ What
✓ Where
✓ When
✓ Who
✓ How

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