NEOPI-R
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY
The term 'personality' often appears in our day-to-day discussion. The literal meaning of
personality is derived from the Latin word persona, the mask used by actors in the Roman theatre
for changing their facial make-up. After putting on the mask, the audience expected the person to
perform a role in a particular manner. It did not. however, mean that the person enacting the
given role necessarily possessed those qualities.
For a layperson, personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance of an
individual. For example, when we find someone good-looking, we often assume that the person
also has a charming personality. This notion of personality is based on superficial impressions,
which may not be correct.
DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY
According to Freud (1923),"Personality is the result of the conflict between the id, ego, and
superego."
According to Jung (1933), "Personality is the organised, dynamic system within the individual
that contains those psychological processes that determine his or her unique adjustments to the
environment."
According to Skinner (1953), "Personality is a collection of learned behaviour patterns."
According to Bandura (1986), "Personality is an interaction of the individual with the
environment and the cognitive processes that mediate this interaction."
According to Eysenck (1967), "Personality is composed of three major traits: extraversion,
neuroticism, and psychoticism.”
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
TYPE THEORIES
The Greek physician Hippocrates had proposed a typology of personality based on fluid or
humour. He classified people into four types (i.c... sanguine. phlegmatic, melancholic and
choleric); each characterised by specific behavioural features.
There is also a typology of personality based on the trigunas, i.e. sativa, rajas, and tamas.
Sattva guna includes attributes like cleanliness, truthfulness, dutifulness. detachment.
discipline. etc.
Rajas guna includes intensive activity, desire for sense gratification, dissatisfaction. envy for
others, and a materialistic mentality, etc.
Tamas guna characterises anger. arrogance, depression. laziness. feeling of helplessness, etc.
Using body build and temperament as the main basis. Sheldon (1942) proposed the
Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic typology.
The endomorphs are fat, soft and round. By temperament they are relaxed and sociable.
The mesomorphs have strong musculature, are rectangular with a strong body build. They are
energetic and courageous.
The ectomorphs are thin. long and fragile in body build. They are brainy, artistic and introvert.
Jung (1921) has proposed another important typology by grouping people into introverts and
extraverts.
According to this typology, introverts are people who prefer to be alone, tend to avoid others,
withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy.
Extraverts, on the other hand, are sociable, outgoing, drawn to occupations that allow dealing
directly with people, and react to stress by trying to lose themselves among people and social
activity.
Friedman and Rosenman (1974) have classified individuals into Type A and Type B
personalities.
People characterised by Type-A personality seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel
short of time, be in a great hurry, and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people
find it difficult to slow down and relax. People with Type-A personality are more susceptible to
problems like hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD).
Opposite to this is the Type-B personality, which can be understood as the absence of Type-A
traits.
Morris has suggested a Type-C personality, which is prone to cancer. Individuals characterised
by this personality are cooperative. unassertive and patient. They suppress their negative
emotions (e.g.. anger), and show compliance to authority.
More recently, a Type-D personality has been suggested. which is characterised by proneness to
depression.
TRAIT THEORY
Allport's Trait Theory
Allport, categorised traits into cardinal, central, and secondary (Allport,1936).
Cardinal traits are highly generalised dispositions. They indicate the goal around which a
person's entire life seems to revolve. Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence and Hitler's Nazism are
examples of cardinal traits.
Less pervasive in effect. but still quite generalised dispositions, are called central traits. These
traits (e.g.. warm. sincere, diligent, etc.) are often used in writing a testimonial or job
recommendation for a person.
The least generalised characteristics of a person are called secondary traits. Traits such as 'likes
mangoes' or 'prefers ethnic clothes' are examples of secondary traits.
Cattell: Personality Factors
(Cattell,1965) believed that there is a common structure on which people differ from each other.
This structure could be determined empirically. He tried to identify the primary traits from a
huge array of descriptive adjectives found in language. He applied a statistical technique, called
factor analysis, to discover the common structures. He found 16 primary or source traits.
The source traits are stable, and are considered as the building blocks of personality.
Besides these, there are also a number of surface traits that result out of the interaction of source
traits. Cattell described the source traits in terms of opposing tendencies.
Eysenck's Theory
(Eysenck,1967) proposed that personality could be reduced into two broad dimensions. These are
biologically and genetically based. Each dimension subsumes a number of specific traits.
The least generalised These dimensions are:
(1) Neuroticism vs. emotional stability: It refers to the degree to which people have control over
their feelings. At one extreme of the dimension. We find people who are neurotic. They are
anxious, moody, touchy. restless and quickly lose control. At the other extreme lie people who
are calm, even-tempered, reliable and remain under control.
(2) Extraversion vs. introversion: It refers to the degree to which people are socially outgoing or
socially withdrawn. At one extreme are those who are active, gregarious, impulsive and thrill-
seeking. At the other extreme are people who are passive, quiet, cautious and reserved.
Five-Factor Model of Personality
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae have examined all possible personality traits. The findings
indicate a set of five factors. They are often called Big Five Factors. These factors include:
1. Openness to experience: Those who score high on this factor are imaginative, curious, open to
new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits. In contrast, those who score low are rigid,
2. Extraversion: It characterises people who are socially active, assertive, outgoing,talkative, and
fun loving. On the opposite side are people who are shy.
3. Agreeableness: This factor characterises people who are helpful, co-operative, friendly. caring,
and nurturing. On the opposite are people who are hostile and self-centred.
4. Neuroticism: People who score high on this factor are emotionally unstable, anxious,worried,
fearful, distressed, irritable and hypertensive. On the opposite side are people who are well
adjusted.
5. Conscientiousness: Those who score high on this factor are achievement-oriented, dependable,
responsible, prudent, hardworking and self-controlled. On the opposite are people who are
impulsive.
INDIAN TEST
1. NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Adaptation for India (Kumar & Dixit, 2014)
The NEO-FFI is an Indian adaptation of the widely used NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The
adaptation addresses cultural nuances specific to the Indian population, measuring the Big Five
personality dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and
conscientiousness. This tool is utilised in research and clinical settings to assess personality traits
among Indian adults.
2. Multidimensional Assessment of Personality (MAP) (Malhotra & Verma, 1990)
The MAP measures various personality traits, such as emotional stability, self-control, and
anxiety. This inventory is based on Indian cultural and social contexts, ensuring its relevance to
Indian populations. The MAP is widely used in educational and organisational settings in India
for assessing personality traits and predicting behaviours.
3. The Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) (Singh & Bhargava, 1991)
The EMS is a tool designed to assess the emotional aspects of personality among Indian
individuals, focusing on emotional stability, self-awareness, and emotional responsiveness. It is
used in clinical and educational settings to gauge emotional maturity, an essential component of
personality in Indian cultural settings.
INTERNATIONAL TEST
1. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Hathaway & Mckinley, 1943)
The MMPI is one of the most widely used standardised psychometric tests for assessing
personality structure and psychopathology. It contains multiple scales to assess a range of
psychological conditions and personality traits.
2. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (Cattell, 1970)
Developed by Raymond Cattell, the 16PF is based on a model of 16 personality traits and is
widely used in various settings, including counselling, clinical diagnosis, and occupational
assessments.
3. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Myers & McCaulley, 1985)
The MBTI assesses personality based on Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types, dividing
individuals into 16 personality types based on four dichotomies: extraversion-introversion,
sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. It is widely used in organisational
and counselling settings.
RECENT RESEARCHES ON PERSONALITY
1. Personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis. (Anglim et al., 2022)
The study aimed to assess the associations between personality and intelligence through a
meta-analysis (N = 162,636, k = 272) of Big Five and HEXACO frameworks. Methodology
included domain, facet, and item-level correlations, and examination of age, sex, and study-level
moderators. Findings showed that openness (ρ = .20) and neuroticism (ρ = −.09) were the
strongest correlates of intelligence, with openness more strongly linked to crystallised
intelligence and facet-level traits providing more explanatory power than domains.
2. Big Five personality traits and academic performance: A meta-analysis (Mammadov,
2021)
The meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and
academic performance, synthesising 267 samples (N = 413,074). Methodology included
examining the incremental validity of personality traits alongside cognitive ability. Results
showed cognitive ability accounted for 64% of academic performance variance, with
conscientiousness explaining 28%. Openness was a key determinant in early schooling.
Personality traits, particularly conscientiousness, significantly influence academic performance,
beyond cognitive ability.
3. Personality traits and dimensions of mental health (Kang et al., 2023)
The study examined the relationship between personality traits and mental health dimensions
using data from 12,007 participants in the British Household Panel Study. Methodology included
confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and generalised linear models. Findings revealed that
neuroticism was positively related to all mental health dimensions, while extraversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness showed varying negative associations with
specific GHQ-12 dimensions. The results support models linking personality traits to mental
health and can inform early interventions for at-risk individuals.
AIM
To assess the personality of the testee with the help of Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPI
-SAKA) developed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar in the year 2011.
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION OF THE TESTEE
Name: - XYZ
Gender: - Male
Age: - 20
Education Qualification: - BA 3rd Year
MATERIAL REQUIRED
Questionnaire and Manual of Big Five Personality Inventory (BFPI -SAKA) developed by Dr.
Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar (2011), Pen, Paper and Pencil.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST
This test was developed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar in the year 2011 to
measure the personality of an individual. This test is divided into 5 dimensions and each
dimension consists of 36 items each and there is total 180 items in the inventory. The dimensions
are., (i) Neuroticism (N), (ii) Extraversion (E), Openness to Experience (O) Agreeableness (A),
Conscientiousness (C). These dimensions are further divided into 5 sub-factors each. In
Neuroticism sub factors are (a) Anxiety, (b) Angry Hostility, (c) Impulsiveness, (d) Depression,
(e) Self-Consciousness, In Extraversion sub factors are (a) Activity Level, (b) Assertiveness, (c)
Excitement Seeking, (d) Positive Emotion, (e) Gregariousness, In Openness to Experience sub
factors are (a) Aesthetics, (b) Action, (c) Ideas, (d) Fantasy, (e) Value, In Agreeableness sub
factors are (a) Altruism, (b) Compliance, (c) Tendermindedness, (d) Straight forwardness, (e)
Trust, In Conscientiousness sub factors are (a) Competence, (b) Order, (c) Dutifulness, (d)
Self-discipline, (e) Deliberations. The Inventory is divided into agree and disagree items for each
tally response the testee is awarded +2 score and for those which don’t tally testee is awarded +1
score.
RELIABILITY
BFPI possesses sufficient degree of both test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability.
For estimating the test-retest reliability, the inventory was administered on a sample of 100 twice
with a reasonable gap of 14 days. The test-retest reliability for N, E, O, A and C were 0.816,
0.843, 0.876, 0.907 and 0.936 respectively. All these correlation coefficients were statistically
significant. Likewise, the split-half reliability (corrected for full length) for these five dimensions
were 0.802, 0.836, 0.867, 0.858 and 0.946 respectively. All these values of coefficient
correlations were found to be significant ones.
VALIDITY
BFPI has also sufficient and satisfactory level of validity. A group of 20 experts (N=20) mostly
teachers of Psychology and Sociology provided a high level of consensus regarding the
suitability of items for the respective dimensions. They had been requested to rank the various
items on 4-point scale: True representative (4), representative (3), undivided (2) and not
representative (1). Th coefficient of concordance (W) was calculated among the ranks awarded
by 20 experts. The coefficient was 0.788 for N, .656 for E, 0.725 for O, 0.721 for A and .679 for
C. All these obtained values of W were significant in terms of chi-square test of significance.
This provided evidence for the satisfactory level of content validity of the different dimensions
of BFPI.
The N and E dimension of BFPI were correlated with N and E dimensions of Eysenck
Personality Inventory. The resulting correlation coefficients were 0.652 and 0.821. (N=100;
df=98) Thus evidence for satisfactory level of concurrent validity was also provided.
Finally, indices of reliability that is considered as a good measure of validity were correlated
(Garrett, 1966; Singh,2010). As ‘we know’ the index of reliability provides an estimate about the
relationship between obtained scores and theoretical scores. Based on test-retest reliability, the
indices of reliability were √0.816 = 0.90 for N, √0.843 = .918 for E, √0.876 = .935 for O, √0.907
= 0.952 for A and √0.936 = 0.967 for C. Baes on split-half reliabilities coefficients, the index of
reliability for N was √0.802 = 0.895, for E was, √0.836 = 0.914, for O was √0.867 = 0.931. for A
was √0.858 = 0.926 and for C was √0.946 = 0.972. Thus, BFPI possesses a satisfactory level of
validity coefficient.
NORMS
Percentile norms were developed for interpreting the scores obtained on BFPI. For developing
percentile norms, the inventory was administered on a sample of 300 males and 200 females.
The entire sample represented a cross-sectional representation of population such as college and
university students, government officials and employees from various private sectors such as
private banks, teachers engaged in private and missionary schools etc. t-test between scores of
males and females were computed for each of the five dimensions such Neuroticism,
Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. All these t ratios
were significant. Table 1 shows the norms of Big Five Personality Inventory developed by Dr.
Singh & Dr. Kumar (2011)
Table 1 shows norms of Big Five Personality Inventory developed by Singh & Kumar (2011)
Dimensions Range of Scores Qualitative Interpretation
46 or below Low
Neuroticism
47 to 55 Moderate
56 or above High
47 or below Low
Extraversion
48 to 52 Moderate
53 or above High
47 or below Low
Openness to Experience
48 to 55 Moderate
56 or above High
48 or below Low
Agreeableness
49 to 54 Moderate
55 or above High
46 or below Low
Conscientiousness
47 to 57 Moderate
58 or above High
PROCEDURE
PRE-ARRANGEMENT
All the materials were prepared in advance before calling the testee. She was made to sit
comfortably and was ensured that the laboratory was well-ventilated and there was a quiet
environment. A proper rapport was established between the examiner and the testee. It was
ensured that all the instructions were clear to the testee.
INSTRUCTIONS
The following instructions were given to the testee
“After filling up the required personal information, read each statement carefully. Each statement
has two response options: Agree and Disagree. If you agree with the statement, put a tick mark in
rectangular made below ‘Agree’ and if you disagree with the statement, put a tick mark in the
rectangular below ‘Disagree’. You are requested to mark your response on the Answer Sheet
only. Your responses will be kept confidential. Don’t waste much time in thinking over the
response of any statement. Although there is no time limit for completion of the inventory, you
are expected to respond to all the statements maximally within 50 minutes. Return the test
booklet and Answer Sheet after completing the inventory.”
The procedure of administration of BFPI is as under:
1. The inventory can be most successfully administered in a group of 25 to 30 persons at a
time.
2. BFPI normally takes 45 to 50 in its completion.
3. If the testee has any problem regarding the meaning of any statement, the tester should
make the meaning clear.
4. The testee should read the printed instruction carefully before starting answering the
statement. He or she should not start answering unless told to do so.
5. BFPI is most suitable for adults having age 20 years and above (Singh & Kumar, 2011).
ACTUAL ADMINISTRATION
After the testee enters the laboratory. It was ensured that all the materials were prepared in
advance. She was asked to sit comfortably and a proper rapport was established. Proper
instructions were given to the testee for smooth conduction of the test. The testee attempted all
the questions. The testee was asked about the experience while attempting the test. The scoring
was calculated and interpretation was done.
PRECAUTIONS
1. It was ensured that there was no noise in the environment.
2. It was ensured that the laboratory was well-ventilated.
3. It was made sure that the testee had followed the sequence.
4. All the doubts of the testee were cleared before starting the test.
5. It was ensured that confidentiality of the testee was maintained.
INTROSPECTIVE REPORT
“Initially I was feeling very nervous on how to answer all the questions about my personality.
After I entered the laboratory the examiner made me feel very comfortable and I listened to the
instructions very carefully ensuring that I didn’t miss any items. I tried to answer all the items as
honestly as possible. After the end of the test, I was feeling relaxed and eagerly waiting for the
result of the test.
SCORING
Scoring for Big Five Personality Inventory (Singh & Kumar, 2011) is as follows: -
“Responses given by the testee on BFPI can be easily scored by following a simple rule. All
responses that tally with the scoring key are awarded a score of +2 and those which don’t tally
are awarded a score of 01 (One).
Table 2 shows the scoring key of Big Five Personality Inventory developed by Singh and Kumar
(2011)
Options No. of Items Total
Agree 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, 139
27,29,30,31,33,34,35,36,38,39,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,51,
52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,66,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,
76,77,79,80,81,82,83,84,86,87,88,90,91,92,93,95,96,98,99,100,
101,103,107,108,109,110,111,113,114,117,118,119,120,121,122,
123,124,125,127,128,129,130,131,133,134,135,136,137,138,
143,145,146,149,150,152,154,156,157,158,160,161,162,163,
164,165,166,167,168,170,171,172,173,176,178 and 180
Disagree 17,19,28,32,37,40,50,53,65,67,75,78,85,89,94,97,102,104, 41
105,106,112,115,116,126,132,139,140,141,142,144,147,
148,151,153,155,159,169,174,175,177 and 179
Grand Total 180
RESULT TABLE
Table 3 shows result table of Big Five Personality Inventory developed by Singh & Kumar
(2011)
Area Neuroticism Extraversion Openness to Agreeableness Conscientious
Experience
Score 43 63 60 65 68
Interpretation Low Level High Level High Level High Level High Level
INTERPRETATION
The aim of the test was to assess the personality of the testee with the help of Big Five
Personality Inventory (BFPI -SAKA) developed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok
Kumar in the year 2011.
“According to Jung (1933), "Personality is the organised, dynamic system within the individual
that contains those psychological processes that determine his or her unique adjustments to the
environment." According to Bandura (1986),"Personality is an interaction of the individual with
the environment and the cognitive processes that mediate this interaction."
Big Five Personality Inventory was developed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar
in the year 2011 to measure the personality of an individual. This test is divided into 5
dimensions and each dimension consists of 36 items each and there are 180 items in the
inventory. The dimensions are., (i) Neuroticism (N), (ii) Extraversion (E), Openness to
Experience (O) Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C). The Inventory is divided into agree
and disagree items for each tally response the testee is awarded +2 score and for those which
don’t tally the testee is awarded +1 score.
Before the testee entered the laboratory it was ensured that all the materials were prepared in
advance. She was asked to sit comfortably and a proper rapport was established. Proper
instructions were given to the testee for smooth conduction of the test.
In Neuroticism, the raw score of the testee was 43 which shows that the testee has a low level
of neuroticism and indicates that the testee has emotional stability and resilience. They are likely
to remain calm under stress, experience fewer mood swings, and feel less prone to anxiety or
negative emotions. They have a generally positive outlook, with a stable emotional response to
life’s challenges, contributing to their overall psychological well-being. In sub areas, the testee
raw score in Anxiety was 9, in Anger was 7, in Impulsiveness was 8 and in Depression was 9
which shows that the testee has minimal emotional distress and stable psychological functioning.
The testee had a score of 10 in Self Consciousness which shows that the testee has heightened
awareness of self-image and sensitivity to how they are perceived by others.
In Extraversion, the raw score of the testee was 63 which shows that the testee has a high level
of extraversion and is sociable, energetic, and enjoys engaging with others. She is likely to
thrive in social situations, is talkative, and is comfortable in expressing herself. She shows
preference for excitement and stimulation, along with a generally positive and outgoing
disposition, contributing to a strong sense of enthusiasm in social interactions. In sub areas the
testee raw score in Activity Level was 12, in Assertiveness was 11, in Excitement Seeking was
12, in Positive Emotion was 15 and in Gregariousness was 13 which shows that the testee is
energetic, confident, enjoys excitement, experiences frequent positive emotions, and thrives in
social interactions.
In Openness to Experience, the raw score of the testee was 60 which means that the testee has
a high level of openness to experience and has a strong curiosity and willingness to explore new
ideas, experiences, and perspectives. She is likely to be imaginative, creative, and open-minded,
and is adaptable, receptive to change, and enjoys intellectual and artistic pursuits, contributing to
their personal growth. In sub areas the testee raw score in Aesthetics was 14, in Action was 15,
in Ideas was 11, in Fantasy was 8 and in Value was 12 which shows that the testee has a strong
preference for practical engagement and exploration of ideas, is active, creative, and have
value-driven approach to life.
In Agreeableness, the raw score of the testee was 65 which means that the testee has a high
level of agreeableness indicating a tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and considerate
toward others. She is likely to prioritise harmony in relationships, show kindness, and be open to
compromise. The testee values social connection, is trusting and helpful, and often seeks to avoid
conflict in her interactions with others. In sub areas the testee raw score in Altruism was 16, in
Compliance was 14, in Tendermindedness was 12, in Straightforwardness was 14 and in
Trust was 12 which shows that the testee is highly compassionate, cooperative, and honest and
demonstrate a strong desire to help others, adhere to social norms, and foster trustful
relationships while maintaining a genuine and straightforward approach to interactions.
In Conscientiousness, the raw score of the testee was 68 which means that the testee has a high
level of conscientiousness indicating a strong sense of responsibility, discipline, and
organisation. She is goal-oriented, dependable, and diligent in her efforts and values structure,
tends to follow through with commitments, and is motivated to achieve high standards in both
personal and professional settings, reflecting a strong work ethic. In sub areas the testee raw
score in Competence was 14, in Order was 12, in Dutifulness was 14, in Self Discipline was
14 and in Deliberation was 12 which shows that the testee is highly responsible, organised, and
disciplined and has a strong sense of duty, high competence in their tasks, and a methodical
approach to decision-making, reflecting a well-developed and conscientious personality.
CONCLUSION
The assessment of personality with the help of Big Five Personality Inventory developed by Dr.
Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar in the year 2011 shows that the testee has High level
of Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and has Low
level of Neuroticism.
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