UNIT III:

Classification of visualization systems, Interaction and visualization techniques misleading,

Visualization of one, two and multi-dimensional data, text and text documents. Visualization of
groups, trees, graphs, clusters, networks, software, Metaphorical visualization.

Q).Explaib about Classification of visualization systems (External exam: 2023)

Definition / Meaning of visualization systems

Classification of Visualization Systems in Data Visualization refers to the categorization of tools and
techniques based on their functionality, data types, user interaction, and visual representation. This helps in
understanding what kind of visualization system is suitable for a specific data analysis or presentation task.

Common Classifications of Visualization Systems:

1. Based on Data Type:

2. Hierarchical Data Visualization: For tree or nested data (e.g., tree maps).
3. Network/Graph Data Visualization: For relational data (e.g., social networks).
4. Scalar Data Visualization: For single-value data points (e.g., temperature).
5. Vector Data Visualization: For directional or multi-dimensional data (e.g., wind flow).
6. Multivariate Data Visualization: For datasets with multiple variables (e.g., scatterplot matrix).
7. Temporal Data Visualization: For time-series data (e.g., stock prices).
8. Geospatial Data Visualization: For location-based data (e.g., maps).

2. Based on Visualization Technique:

 Scientific Visualization: Focuses on continuous data(Measurable Eg: Height, temperature) (e.g.,

fluid dynamics, medical imaging).
 Information Visualization: Focuses on abstract, discrete data (Countable Eg: Number of children)
(e.g., graphs, tables).
 Visual Analytics: Combines visualization with automated data analysis and user interaction for
decision making.

3. Based on Interaction Style:

 Static Visualization Systems: The visual is generated once and remains unchanged (e.g., an image
or PDF)..Users cannot click, zoom, filter, or modify the view..
 Interactive Visualization Systems: Allow users to manipulate and explore the data dynamically.
 Immersive Visualization Systems: High Interactivity [Link] can move, zoom, rotate, and
manipulate data objects. These are advanced systems that allow users to interact with data in a
highly engaging, 3D or virtual environment

4. Based on Output Medium:

o 2D Visualization Systems: Data is displayed using horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis)
dimensions. (e.g., charts).
 o 3D Visualization Systems: Data is displayed along X, Y, and Z axes. These systems allow
users to explore complex, multi-dimensional datasets
o Mixed Reality Systems: Combine real-world and computer-generated visualizations. Users
can interact with both physical and virtual objects simultaneously.

[Link] on Purpose or Task:

o Exploratory Visualization: Used to find patterns and insights during analysis.

o Explanatory Visualization: Used to communicate specific findings or messages.
o Monitoring Systems: Real-time data visualization (e.g., dashboards).

Q). Interaction and visualization techniques misleading ?

[Link] Misleading in Data Visualization:

Interaction Misleading in data visualization refers to the misuse or poor design of interactive
features (like tooltips(Showing incomplete or out-of-context information in tooltips), filters, zooming,
or drill-downs), They can hide patterns that can confuse, mislead, or bias the user's understanding
of the data.
(Interaction misleading happens when interactive elements in a visualization falsify , hide, or
misrepresent data insights, causing the user to draw incorrect conclusions.)

Create a Interactive Data Visualization

There are four key steps in creating a world-class interactive data visualization.

1. Data integration. Collect raw data and turn it into clean, analytics-ready
information by performing (coping data from one location to another location) data
replication, ingestion (importing data from large different databases to single

database) and transformation. Then store it in a data lake or data

warehouse.
2. Goal definition. Define the business objective you’re trying to achieve and the
data insights you seek.

3. Visualization design. Design begins with selecting KPIs and types of graphs,
charts, and maps that best tell your story. Keeping your visualizations clean
and simple will help users understand and work with the data.

4. Collaboration and sharing. Allow all approved users to sightsee the data
freely to uncover their own insights. Your software should allow users to embed
 your visualizations in other applications and to engage with them on their mobile
devices.

2. Visualization Techniques Misleading in Data Visualization:

Visualization techniques misleading in data visualization refer to the misuse of various visual
elements and design methods, such as scaling, chart types, color choices leading to misleading
representations of data. This can result in viewers developing false insights of the data.

Visualization techniques misleading or Examples of Misleading Data

Visualization:

Below are some of the most examples of misleading visualizations and how they can be avoided:
1. Truncated Y-Axis
A truncated Y-axis is a common mistake in data visualization where the scale of the Y-axis is
artificially shortened to make changes in the data appear more significant.
This can lead to misleading visualizations and incorrect conclusions.
Example:

Y-axis is truncated to show the numbers displayed to be overstated

For example, if a
or understated.
Solution:

To avoid this, it is important to use an appropriate scale for the Y-axis that
accurately reflects the data.
2. Cherry-Picking Data
 Cherry-picking data is the act of selecting only the data that supports a desired conclusion while
ignoring data that contradicts it.
This is a common mistake in data visualization and can lead to misleading visualizations and
incorrect conclusions.
It is important to consider the context and limitations of the data when creating a visualization.
Example:

Source: NBC News

Additionally, even though the results seem to be given as a percentage, not all of them add up to
100.
As a result, this picture is out of proportion and provides a poor representation of the
available data.
Solution:

To avoid cherry-picking data, it is important to consider all relevant data when creating
a visualization.

3. Dualing Data
Dualing data refers to the practice of comparing two or more sets of data in a way that

creates a misleading or incorrect conclusion.

This can occur when data is presented in a way that gives an unfair advantage to one set of data
over the other
Example:

Source: Politifact

Dualing data can occur when different sets of data are plotted on different scales or when one
set of data is highlighted while the other is not as in the example above.
This can give a one-sided picture of the relationship between the data sets and lead to
incorrect
conclusions.
Solution:
To avoid dualing data, it is important to present data in a fair and impartial way.
This can include using the same scales and axes for all sets of data and providing equal
highlighting and attention to all data sets.

4. Using The Wrong Chart Type

Using the wrong chart type is a common mistake in data visualization that can lead to
misleading or incorrect conclusions.
Different chart types are designed to visualize different types of data and relationships, and
using the wrong chart type can result in a inaccurate picture of the data.
Example:
 Source: Infogram
For example, using a bar chart to display continuous data or using a pie chart to display a large
number of categories can result in a confusing or misleading visualization.
Solution:
To avoid using the wrong chart type, it is important to carefully consider the data and the
relationship that needs to be visualized.

Q). Explain about Visualization of one, two and multi-dimensional data, Text and Text Documents?
( External exam:2023)
I. Visualization of One-Dimensional Data:

 Definition: Data that has only one attribute or variable.

Example: List of temperatures, sales figures, student scores.
 One-dimensional data visualization, also known as temporal data Visualization,
represents data in a one-dimensional plane.
One-dimensional data means a single variable or category to present visually.
Here are some effective ways to display one-dimensional data using various chart types.
1. Bar charts are an excellent way to display one-dimensional data, particularly when you have
categorical or nominal data. In a bar chart, each category is represented by a separate bar, and
the bar’s height is proportional to that category’s value or count.
For example, imagine we wanted to display the average yearly rainfall in different cities. A bar chart
would easily show which cities experience the most rainfall by having longer bars for those with
higher rainfall.
 2. Pie charts are another great option for displaying one-dimensional data. This type of chart works
best when you want to show proportions or percentages within a whole. Each slice of the pie
represents a category, and the size of each slice corresponds to its proportion in the total.

 One-dimensional data usually involves time as an independent variable. In a line

chart, data points are plotted at regular intervals and connected with a line to illustrate
trends or patterns over time.
 Some examples of one-dimensional data visualization include: Bar chart,
Scatterplots, Line graphs, Timelines, Time-Series Line plots, Sparkline,
Streamgraph, Horizon graph.

II. Visualization of Two-Dimensional Data: ( External exam:2023)

Definition: Data with two variables, often used to explore relationships or comparisons.

2D visualization is about translating abstract (non concrete/immaterial) data into a visual format that
can be processed by the human eye with ease and speed.

Two-dimensional (2D) data visualization refers to Rows and Columns: If you're working with a dataset
in a tabular format.
Here are some common methods for visualizing two-dimensional data:

Bar Charts

 Description: Bar charts represent categorical data with rectangular bars. The length of each bar corresponds
to the value it represents.
 Usage: Good for comparing quantities across categories.
 Example: Sales numbers for different products or departments.
Scatter Plot: For showing correlation or patterns between two continuous variables.

 Line Charts:

Show trends over time by connecting data points with a continuous line. They're great for
illustrating changes and trends.

 Pie Charts:

Represent data as slices of a circle, with each slice proportional to the category's contribution
to the whole. They're useful for showing percentage or proportional data.

III. Visualization of Multi-Dimensional Data: ( External exam:2023)

 Multidimensional data visualization can be used to represent one, two, three, or
more dimensions. For example, one dimension can be represented as a point, two
dimensions as a 2D object or graph, and three dimensions as a 3D object or graph. Four
or more

dimensions can be represented as a movie or a series of 3D objects or graphs.

There are two categories of Multidimensional Visualizations.

The first looks at category proportions, or category counts.

Examples:
pie chart, bar chart, histogram, rank plot, tree map
The second examines the relationships between the variables
Examples:
scatter plot, line chart, step chart, area chart, heat map, matrices, parallel coordinates/sets,

waterfall chart

Other examples of multidimensional data visualization include:

 Scatterplot selection: An effective approach to represent essential portions
of multidimensional data in a limited display space.
 Pair-wise scatter plot: To visualize the pairwise relationships (correlations, trends, or
clusters) between multiple continuous variables.

Tools for Multidimensional Visualizations:

 Google Charts
Display live data on your website. upload your own data and create your own visualizations.
 Tableau Public:
Tableau Public is a free tool that "brings data to life" (according to their website). View others'
visualizations or create your own.

Q). Visualization of Text and Text Documents ( External exam:2023)

Text :

 Text can be defined as a collection of words or letters that can be understood by a

reader. It can be written or spoken language, and can be as simple as the body of an
email or as complex as a book or legal document. Text can also be other things, such as:
 Movies, Scripts, Paintings, Songs, Political cartoons, Advertisements, Maps.

Text can also be defined as:

 The original words and form of a written or printed work
 An edited or rewritten copy of an original work
 The main body of matter in a book, newspaper, etc.
Visualizing the Text:
Visualizing the text within a document, and collections of documents which are likely related
(quantity). Difficulty in analysis includes the loose structure, varied vocabulary, and optional
metadata such as author(s), date, modification dates, comments, keywords, catalog codes,
citations.

Levels of text to be represented:

 Lexical level -- Simple grouping of characters into "tokens" which are typically
words, but word stems, phrases, word n-grams and character ngrams may be
beneficial
o Example: Consider the sentence, "I love dogs." At the lexical level, the
tokens are simply the individual words: "I," "love," "dogs."
 Syntactic level --Parsing purpose of token, grammatical category, tense,
plurality, in the context of the phrase, sentence and paragraph
o Example: In the sentence, "She is eating cake," at the syntactic level, we analyze
that "She" is a pronoun, "is eating" is the present continuous tense of the verb,
and ". This level helps us understand the sentence's grammatical structure. cake"
is a noun
 Semantic level -- Extract meaning of the syntactic structure with the
tokens using fuller analysis of the context
o Example: For the sentence, "The cat sat on the mat," at the semantic level, we go
beyond grammar and understand that it describes a scene where a cat is
positioned on a mat. This level involves comprehending the context and
interpreting the text's actual meaning.

Text Documents Visualization:

Document visualization is a visual way of presenting information—word clouds, graphs, maps,
timelines, networks and more used to visualize text data.
Here we have two types of Text Document Visualizations are available they are following
1. Single Document Visualization
2. Document Collection Visualizations
Single Document Visualization
a) Tag Clouds (word clouds) : Tag clouds visualize words by size, reflecting their
frequency within a single document or section. Larger words indicate higher
frequency.
Wordle offers visualizations with word size based on frequency.
b) Word Tree : A Word Tree displays a selected word or phrase as a root node, and branches out to
show how it is connected to other words that come before or after it in the text

Document Collection Visualizations:

a) Graph Spring Layouts:Visual layouts that use spring-like forces to arrange
documents based on their similarity.

b) Multi-Dimensional Scaling: Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a technique that is used

to create a visual representation of the pattern similarities, dissimilarities, or

distances among a set of objects.

 c) Clustering: Various clustering methods, such as K-means and hierarchical clustering,
can group documents with shared characteristics.

Fig: Hierarchical clustering

 Q). Discuss about Visualization of groups?
Def: Visualization of groups in data visualization refers to the graphical representation of
categorical groupings or clusters within a dataset. The goal is to make patterns, relationships, or
differences between these groups easily understandable and visually distinguishable.

Purpose of Group Visualization:

 To compare different groups or categories.

 To highlight trends or patterns within or across groups.
 To detect clusters or group-based structures in multidimensional data.
 To aid decision-making by revealing group-based insights.

Common Scenarios

 Sales grouped by region or product.

 Customer segmentation (e.g., age group, income level).

Popular Visualization Techniques for Groups

Visualization Type Description

Bar Chart Displays group values using rectangular bars.
Pie Chart Represents each group as a slice of a whole.
Clustered Column Chart Groups columns side-by-side for comparison.
Bubble Chart Uses bubbles of different sizes and colors to represent groups.

Creating Groups
A field’s members are combined using Tableau Groups. For instance, using Tableau Groups, you

can get aggregated values for Furniture and Office Supplies. Once Tableau has finished
creating Tableau Groups, the aggregated value of Furniture and Office Supplies can be
displayed in the visuals. The following is a procedure for creating Tableau Groups:
s
 Step 1: Select Category from the right-clicking menu. Choose the option Create then
choose the option Group for creating Tableau Groups.
Step 2: The Create Group window appears. Enter the name of the Group data in Tableau. Choose the
members who will be grouped. Select the Group button.

Step 3: In the Edit Group Window Furniture and Office supplies are created as Tableau
Groups. To create Tableau groups, simply click Ok.
 This creates the Tableau groups with the name of the group and added it to the dimension
list. This can be used to visualize a group of people using the Tableau method for members in a field. The
functionality of the Tableau create group is demonstrated in the image below. In Tableau, the total sales for
both furniture and office supplies are visualized for grouping.

Q).Write about Visualization of Trees? (External exam:2023)

Def:Tree visualization is a method used to represent hierarchical data structures, where data is organized in a
parent–child relationship. It allows users to explore nested, branching relationships in a clear and interpretable
format.

 A tree is defined as a set of nodes and edges where there are no loops. Every edge
has a pair of nodes called the parent node and child node. A child node has only
one parent node.

 The root node which is a single node has no parents and the leaf nodes have no
 children. The depth of a tree is the number of nodes from the root to the leaf.

The following about different tree visualization methods:

Traditional Tree (classical Tree) Data Representations

Some of them are listed below.

 Balloon view: related to 3-d cone tree

 H-tree layout: best for balanced trees
 Radial view

Figure 36.1 Traditional visualization methods

The balloon, H-tree and radial view layouts have difficulty in finding the root but they
efficiently use the screen space.

Types Of Tree Visualizations

Indented Layout
Dendrogram
Balloon Trees
Hyperbolic Tree
3d Tree Visualization - Cone Tree

Indented Layout
This layout places all items along vertically spaced rows. Uses indentation to show parent
child relationships. Example: Windows explorer.
Figure :Indented Layout

Dendrogram

 A dendrogram is a diagram that shows the hierarchical relationship between objects. It

is most commonly created as an output from hierarchical clustering.

 The main use of a dendrogram is to work out the best way to allocate objects to
clusters.
Balloon Tree :

balloon Tree places the focus node in the middle of the canvas (picture) and all its children in a
circle around it. Children of children are again places in a circle around their parents, etc
It is effective on showing the tree structure at the cost of node details.

Hyperbolic Tree

A basic hyperbolic tree. Nodes in focus are placed in the center and given more room,

while out-of-focus nodes are compressed near the boundaries. This example also
uses balloon tree drawing
3D Tree visualization – Cone Tree
Cone trees are a 3D extension of the 2D layered tree drawing method. Parent is at the tip of a
cone, and its children are spaced equally on the bottom circle of the cone. Can be either
horizontal or vertical.

Figure: Cone Tree

Node-Link Trees

The below figure shows that the nodes are distributed in space, connected by straight

or curved lines. 2D space is a typical approach used to break apart breadth and depth.
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Q). What is GRAPH VISUALIZATION ? ( External exam:2023)

Def: Graph Visualization is the process of visually representing graph data structures, where:

 Nodes represent entities (like people, devices, or concepts).

 Edges represent relationships or a connections between these nodes(entities).

“ Graph Visualization refers to representation of billions of interconnected nodes

 arranged in space and navigation through a visual representation.” It helps users to
gain Insight into data by turning data elements and their internal relationships into graphs.

Examples of Graph Visualization:

 Social Network Graphs: People as nodes, friendships as edges.

 Web Graphs: Webpages as nodes, hyperlinks as edges.

When is Graph Visualization Used?

 Social network analysis (e.g., showing how people are connected on Facebook or LinkedIn)
 Fraud detection in financial networks

Graphs consists of nodes and edges but is different from a tree by the concept that a child node may have
multiple parent nodes.
 A graph contains loops, or multiple paths between two nodes in the graph.
 Representation of size of graph is difficult (How about representing thousands
of nodes? in a small screen).
 Navigation also problem in Graph drawing.

 It has two representations namely the Node-link diagrams and Matrix display.

Key Concepts:

1. Nodes (Vertices): These represent the entities or data points in the graph. For example, in a social
network graph, nodes could represent individuals.
2. Edges (Links): These are the connections between the nodes. In the social network example, an
edge might represent a friendship or interaction between two individuals.
3. Directed vs. Undirected Graphs:
o Directed Graphs: The edges have a direction, indicating a one-way relationship (e.g., following
someone on social media).
o Undirected Graphs: The edges do not have a direction, indicating a mutual or bidirectional
relationship (e.g., a friendship).

4. Weighted Graphs: In some graphs, edges can have weights or values associated with them,
representing the strength or capacity of the connection (e.g., the number of messages exchanged
between two individuals).

VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECTED GRAPH

The goal of graph visualization techniques is to increase the understanding level of data
by providing clearer, intelligible layouts as well as suitable interaction mechanisms.
 Spring Layout

Is a force directed approach where nodes are modeled as physical bodies that are
connected through strings Nodes connected by edges will exert an attraction force.
Graph using a Force-Directed Layout

Call Graph using a Force-Directed Layout

Spanning Trees
Definition:
A Spanning Tree of a graph is a subset of the graph that:
 Includes all the vertices
 Is connected
 Has no cycles
 Has exactly (n - 1) edges if there are n nodes
3D Layout
Def: A 3D layout is a graphical arrangement where data points, objects, or nodes are positioned within a
three-dimensional coordinate system, allowing users to explore data from multiple angles.
Applications:

 Computer Networks: Displaying how different devices are connected.

 Social Network Analysis: Visualizing connections between people or groups to understand the structure and
influence within the network.
 Biological Networks: Mapping interactions between proteins and genes.

or
Tools for Graph Visualization:

There are various tools and libraries available for creating graph visualizations, such as:

 NetworkX: A Python library for the creation, manipulation, and study of complex networks.
 Cytoscape: Often used for biological research to visualize molecular interaction networks.
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Q. Explain about Visualization of Clusters ? ( External exam:2023)

a data cluster is a subpopulation of a larger dataset in which each data point is closer to the
cluster center than to other cluster centers in the dataset — a closeness determined by iteratively
minimizing squared distances in a process called cluster analysis.
 Cluster analysis partitions marks in the view into clusters, where the marks within
each cluster are more similar to one another than they are to marks in other clusters.
Example: Create clusters using World Economic Indicators data.

Create clusters
To find clusters in a view in Tableau, follow these steps.
1. Create a view.
2. Drag Cluster from the Analytics pane into the view, and drop it on in the target
area in the view:

You can also double-click Cluster to find clusters in the

view. When you drop or double-click Cluster:

o Tableau creates a Clusters group on Color, and colors the marks in your
view by cluster. If there is already a field on Color, Tableau moves that field to
Detail and replaces it on Color with the clustering results.
 o Tableau displays the Clusters dialog box, where you can customize(alter) the cluster.

3. Customize the cluster results by doing either of the following in the Clusters dialog box.
o Drag new fields from the Data pane into the Variables area of the Clusters
dialog box. You can also drag fields out of the Variables area to remove them.

When you add variables, measures are aggregated using the default aggregation
for the field; dimensions are aggregated using ATTR, which is the standard
way that Tableau aggregates dimensions.

To change the aggregation for a variable, right-click it.

o Specify the number of clusters (between 2 and 50). If you do not specify a
value, Tableau will automatically create up to 25 clusters.

4. When you finish customizing (alter) the cluster results, click the X in the upper-right
corner of the Clusters dialog box to close it:
 To rename the resulting clusters, you must first save the cluster as a group.

We can perform the clustering methods in tableau as follows

1. K-means Clustering
2. Hierarchical Clustering Dendrograms
3. Hierarchical Clustering Agglomerative
4. DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with
Noise) K-means Clustering:
 It is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for grouping a set of data points
into clusters based on their similarity. The primary objective of K-means is to
partition the data into K distinct, non-overlapping clusters, with each cluster
represented by its centroid, which is the mean of the data points within that cluster.

Hierarchical Clustering Dendrograms:

 Hierarchical Clustering Dendrograms are graphical representations commonly
associated with hierarchical clustering, an unsupervised machine learning technique. In
hierarchical clustering, data points are grouped into clusters in a hierarchical manner,
emphasizing their natural relationships.
 A dendrogram is a tree-like diagram that visualizes these hierarchical structures.
Each data point starts as a leaf node, and as clusters merge or split, branches form,

and the

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Q). Explain about Visualization of Networks?

def:
Visualization of Networks in data visualization refers to the graphical representation of networks,
which are composed of nodes (or vertices) and edges (or links). This type of visualization is used to
display and analyze relationships, connections, or flows between entities.

Importance of Network Visualization (also called Network Graph):

Network visualization is of highest importance for several reasons:
1. Revealing(Expose) Hidden Insights:. Network visualization techniques help expose
these hidden patterns and relationships. For example, visualizing a social network can
reveal(expose) influential users or groups that clearly appear in a tabular dataset.
2. Identifying Patterns and Clusters: It enables the identification of recurring

(repeated) patterns, subgroups, and clusters within the network. These insights
are essential for understanding the behavior and dynamics of networks. Example, in a
transportation network, clusters of high traffic routes can be identified, helping in
route optimization.
3. Informed Decision-Making: By visualizing complex networks, decision-makers can
allocate resources effectively, detect bottlenecks (jams), and improve processes. This is
particularly valuable in supply chain management or organizational restructuring.
4. Enhanced Communication: To communicating complex information to a wider
audience. Visualization makes it easier for people with varying levels of expertise to
grasp the network's structure and dynamics. This helps in collaborative efforts and
facilitates better decision-making within multidisciplinary teams.

Types of Networks:
1. Social Networks: These networks involve individuals and their relationships.
Examples include social media connections and friendship networks. Example
Visualizing Facebook friends.
2. Transportation Networks: Transportation networks involve various modes of
transport, such as roads, railways, air routes, and shipping lanes. Visualizing
transportation networks is crucial for optimizing routes, reducing jamming, and
ensuring efficient logistics.

3. Communication Networks: Communication networks involve the exchange of

information through various channels, including the internet, telephone systems, and
data networks. Visualization helps in understanding data flow, identifying bottlenecks
(jams), and optimizing network performance.
4. Biological Networks: Visualization helps biologists understand the complex
interactions between genes, species, and ecosystems.
5. Financial Networks: Financial networks are central to the world of finance,
encompassing stock markets, banking systems, and trading networks. Visualizing
financial networks can reveal (expose) market trends, interdependencies.
6. Supply Chains: Supply chain networks illustrate the flow of goods from
manufacturers to consumers. Visualization helps in improving supply chain operations,
identifying inefficiencies, and ensuring timely delivery.
Network Visualization Techniques:
1. Node-Link Diagrams: Node-link diagrams display nodes connected by links

(relationships). These are commonly used in social and biological network

visualization to reveal (tell) network structures, identify hubs, and analyze

connectivity.
2. Matrix layout: Uses rows and columns to show connections.
3. Hierarchical layout: Displays layers (good for organizational or tree-like data).
4. Heat Maps: Heat maps use colors to represent network data, making it easier to

identify trends, concentration areas, or variations within the network, such as areas
of high or low activity.
5. Geo-Spatial Maps: Geo-spatial maps overlay (cover) network data on geographical
maps. This is valuable for visualizing transportation networks, showing routes, and
understanding geographic patterns.
Network visualization examples:

let’s take a look at some real-world examples.

Static network maps:
Static network maps in data visualization are visual representations of network topology,
displaying the connections and relationships between network devices, presented as a fixed
image. Static maps are useful for understanding the initial design.

static maps can be created manually using tools like Visio or — as in the example below —
LucidChart.
Static network maps in data visualization are fixed, image-based representations of a network's topology
at a specific point in time Dynamic network maps
Dynamic network:
Def: Dynamic network maps in data visualization are interactive, real-time representations of network
topology that automatically update to reflect changes in the network
 Dynamic network maps add real-time data on network changes to the mix. While a
static map is useful for understanding the intended network design, or even the state of
 Generally, real-time dynamic network maps are interactive, allowing you to drill
down and view specific metrics on connections, devices, and traffic flows.
 static maps, which show a fixed state, dynamic maps update constantly, providing
insights into network performance, security, and troubleshooting.

Network visibility solutions that provide network discovery and dynamic network mapping are
significantly better network troubleshooting, change management, and analysis resources than
static maps that must be manually updated.
 Q). Discuss about Visualization of software?
 Def: Visualization of Software in data visualization refers to the graphical representation of software
systems, structure, behavior, and evolution. It helps developers, testers, and project managers
understand complex software components, relationships.

Purpose of Software Visualization:

 Understand software architecture

 Track changes and evolution over time
 Detect bugs, code smells, or inefficiencies
 Communicate structure and design effectively
 Aid in maintenance, debugging, and optimization

Types of software visualization:

1. Static Structure Visualization

This type focuses on the structure of the software at rest — how it's organized in terms of modules,
packages, classes, functions, and dependencies.

Example Techniques:
Module/Package Dependency Graphs

Fig: Safely restructure your codebase with Dependency Graphs | Understand Legacy Code

Use Case:
Helps understand code organization, modularity, and how different components relate.

2. Dynamic Behavior Visualization

This focuses on how the software behaves during execution, showing interactions between components,
method calls, or object lifecycles.

Example Techniques:

 Sequence Diagrams
  Call Graphs

Use Case:
Useful for debugging, understanding logic flow, and analyzing complex interactions.

3. Evolution Visualization:

This type tracks how software changes over time, helping identify trends, refactoring patterns,
or possible sources of bugs.

Example Techniques:

 Commit timelines

Use Case:

Essential for code maintenance, project reviews, and impact analysis of changes.

4. Performance Visualization
Focuses on runtime performance metrics, enabling developers to spot bottlenecks, inefficient code.

Example Techniques:
Profiling Charts
Resource Usage Graphs

Use Case:

Useful in performance tuning, scalability testing, and optimization.

5. Testing Visualization:
Visualizes the testing process and results, helping evaluate test coverage, bug locations, and quality
metrics.

Example Techniques:
 Test Execution Graphs

 Defect Distribution Charts

Use Case:
Ensures code quality, identifies untested areas, and improves test strategy.

Q). Discuss about Metaphorical Visualization (image visualization) ? ( External exam:2023)

Def: Metaphorical Visualization is a type of visualization where complex or abstract (theoretical) data is
represented using familiar metaphors (images) to enhance understanding, engagement, and memory
retention(holding).
Why Use It:

 To make complex or abstract data more relatable.

 To make the visualization more engaging or emotional.
 To highlight relationships in data.

Benefits:

 Improves user understanding of complex data.

 Engages attention with creative visuals.
 Helps in storytelling with data.
 Encourages exploration and interaction.

Methods
1. Distance-Based Mapping
a. Authors to Words
b. Authors to Cats
c. Authors to Visual Styles
2. Attribute-Based Mapping
a. Attribute-Based Mapping
3. Topology-Based Mapping
Distance-Based Mapping

Distance-based mapping aligns data points with concepts based on distance

measurements, maintaining their pairwise similarities. It's flexible, accommodating diverse
concept spaces with distance functions. This approach is powerful for complex entities,

using machine learning models to create distance functions. It enables meaningful

metaphors, such as mapping researchers to English nouns or cat images.

a) Authors to Words

Authors from conferences like CHI, VIS, and SIGGRAPH are symbolically linked to English nouns. By
measuring similarity, authors are associated with nouns, enabling a novel means of visualizing relationships among
authors. This method adds a layer of metaphorical context to explore author connections through the lens of common
nouns.

b) Authors to Cats

Author relationships are took using cat images. Author-keyword data is

used to create matrices (conditions), and authors are paired with
similar cat images based on these matrices.
 c) Authors to Visual Styles

Here, authors' research interests are metaphorically represented with

visual styles. SIGGRAPH authors, in particular, are linked to various artistic styles.
Attribute-Based Mapping

 Attribute-based mapping aligns tabular data with interpretable attributes by

specifying which data and concept attributes should have similar values.

 For example, it can map books, movies, and games based on attributes like

rating and popularity, facilitating comparisons like finding a "Twilight" equivalent

among games and the "Shawsshank Redemption" of books.
a) Books to Movies and Games
Books:
In the attribute-based mapping demonstration, the authors create a metaphorical

connection between popular books by comparing interpretable attributes.

Movies:
The same attribute-based mapping approach is applied to movies .

IMDb(Internet Movie Database) data is used to represent movies, and

 Aattributes such as user ratings and movie duration are

compared.
Games:
For video games, the authors again utilize attribute-based mapping. They use data
from the Steam platform to represent games,

 Focusing on attributes like user ratings and average playtime.

Similar to books and movies,

 The 500 most popular games are clustered, and mappings are established
between these clusters.
Topology-Based Mapping
 It is exact distances are not essential or available .
 This approach is particularly useful for network data or hierarchies

represented as graphs.

 In such cases, the focus is on preserving (protective) the topology, which could mean
adjacency for generic graphs or descendancy for tree structures.