BCHE204L – Transport Phenomena

Dr. Shishir K. Behera

School of Chemical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India – 632 014.
1D Viscous flow: Shell balance

Module - 4
 Momentum, Energy and Mass transport

Type of MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS

Transport
Transport by Viscosity, µ Thermal conductivity, k Diffusivity, DAB
molecular Newton’s law of viscosity. Fourier’s law of heat Fick’s law of diffusion.
motion conduction. Temperature, Pressure, and
composition dependence on DAB
Temperature, Pressure & Temperature, Pressure, and
Composition dependence on µ composition dependence on k

BSL - Chapter 1 BSL- Chapter 9 BSL - Chapter 17

Transport in Shell Momentum Balances Shell Energy Balances Shell Mass Balances
laminar flow Velocity profiles Temperature profiles Concentration profiles
or in solids in Average velocity Average temperature Average concentration
one dimension Momentum flux at surfaces Energy flux at surfaces Mass flux at surfaces

BSL - Chapter 2 BSL - Chapter 10 BSL - Chapter 18

Continue…
Type of MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transport
Transport Equation of Change Equation of Change (Non- Equation of Change
(Isothermal) isothermal) (Multi-component)
in an arbitrary
continuum* Equation of continuity Equation of continuity Equation of continuity for
Equation of motion Equation of motion for each species
forced and free convection Equation of motion for
BSL - Chapter 3 Equation of energy forced and free convection
Equation of energy
Transport in Unsteady viscous flow Unsteady heat conduction Unsteady diffusion
laminar flow or Two-dimensional Heat conduction in Diffusion in viscous flow
in solids, with viscous flow viscous flow Two-dimensional diffusion
two independent Boundary-layer Two-dimensional heat in solids
variables momentum transport conduction in solids Boundary-layer mass
Boundary-layer energy transport
transport

*Continuum - something that keeps on going, changing slowly over time

*Arbitrary continuum - an area that keeps on dividing infinitely

Continue…
Type of MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transport
Transport in Turbulent momentum Turbulent energy Turbulent mass transport
turbulent flow transport transport
Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of
equation of change equation of change equation of change
Eddy viscosity Eddy thermal Eddy diffusivity
Turbulent velocity conductivity Turbulent concentration
profiles Turbulent temperature profiles
profiles

Transport Interphase momentum Interphase energy Interphase mass transport

between transport transport
Two phases Heat-transfer coefficient -
Friction factor - f Heat-transfer coefficient - kx
Dimensionless h Dimensionless correlations
correlations Dimensionless (forced and free
correlations (forced and convection)
free convection)

Continue…
Type of MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transport
Transport in Microscopic balances Microscopic balances Microscopic balances
large flow (Isothermal) (Non-isothermal) (Multi-component)
systems
Mass balance Mass balance Mass balance of each
Mechanical energy Momentum balance species
balance Mechanical and total Momentum balance
(Bernoulli equation) energy balance Mechanical and total
energy balance
 1D Viscous flow: Shell balance

• In this module we will obtain the velocity profiles for laminar flow of

fluids in simple flow systems.

• Once the velocity profiles are obtained, we can get other quantities

such as the maximum velocity, the average velocity, or the shear stress

at a surface.

• The problems are approached by setting up momentum balances over a

thin “shell” of the fluid.

 Shell Momentum Balances: Boundary conditions

For the steady state flow*, the momentum balance is:

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + Sum of forces acting on the

system = 0 ------ (Eq. 1)

The momentum may enter the system by momentum transfer according to Newtonian
or Non-Newtonian expression for momentum flux. Momentum may also enter by
virtue of the overall fluid motion. The molecular momentum flux includes both the
pressure and the viscous contributions. The gravity force acting on the volume as a
whole are also considered.
*Pressure, density, and velocity components at each point in the stream do not change with time
 Procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow problems

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + Sum of forces acting on the

system = 0 (Eq. 1)

• Write the momentum balance in the form of Eq. (1) for a shell of finite thickness.
• Let the thickness of the shell approach zero.
• Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux distribution.
• Insert Newton’s law of viscosity and obtain a differential equation for the velocity.
• Integrate this equation to get the velocity distribution.
• Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the maximum
velocity, average velocity, or force on solid surfaces.
Boundary conditions

The most commonly used boundary conditions are as follows:

a. At solid-fluid interfaces, the fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the
solid surface is moving, i.e. the fluid is assumed to cling to any solid surfaces
with which it is in contact.
b. At liquid-gas interfaces, the momentum flux in the liquid phase is very nearly
zero and can be assumed to be zero in most calculations.
c. At liquid-liquid interfaces, the momentum flux perpendicular to the interface
and the velocity are continuous across the interface.
 Flow of a Falling Film
This is the flow of a liquid down a flat plate. Such films are studied in connection with wetted-
wall towers, evaporation and gas-absorption experiments, and applications of coatings.

Wetted-wall column for heat and mass transfer between two fluid phases
Schematic of the wetted wall column

• Gas enters the chamber through two tubes

spaced evenly around the circumference of the

annulus and exits through a tube at the top of

the column.

• Solvent flows up the center of the tube and

falls down over the outside of the tube.

• To maintain the desired temperature, oil at the

test temperature surrounds the inner chamber.

DOI: 10.1002/ghg.1682
 Flow of a Falling Film on an inclined flat plate

This is the flow of a liquid down an inclined flat plate of length ‘L’ and width ‘W’.
The viscosity and density of the fluid is considered as constant.

(Schematic diagram of the falling film experiment)

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + Sum of forces acting on the

system = 0
 Momentum in by flow
Parabolic profile y

Momentum out by flow

ρg sinβ

ρg

The viscosity and density of the fluid flowing along an

inclined flat surface is considered to be constant.

For shear stress distribution and velocity distribution along the flat surface:
Linear profile Write shell momentum balance equation along the flow direction (z-direction)

(Falling film showing the momentum flux distribution and velocity distribution)
 Flow of a falling film (Newtonian fluid)
Momentum-flux distribution

τxz = ρg cosβ. x

Velocity distribution

Maximum velocity

Average velocity
Volume rate of flow Film thickness

Mass rate of flow z-component of the force F of the fluid on

the solid surface
The results obtained are valid only when the film is falling in laminar flow with
straight streamlines (without rippling). When the film velocity (vz) increases, film
thickness (δ) increases and kinematic viscosity decreases. Hence, three “flow
regimes” of falling films may be classified according to the Reynold’s number for the
flow.
The three “flow regimes” are:

Laminar flow without rippling: Re < 20

Laminar flow with rippling: 20 < Re < 1500

Turbulent flow: Re > 1500

For falling films, the Reynolds number (Re) is defined as:

Ripples appear on the surface of the fluid at all Reynolds numbers. For Reynolds
numbers <20, the ripples are very long and grow slowly as they travel down the
surface of the liquid. So, all the formulas given in the previous slides are useful up
to about Re = 20 for plates of moderate length.
Example: An oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2×10-4 m2/s and a density of 0.8 X 103
kg/m3. If we want to have a falling film of thickness of 2.5 mm on a vertical wall,
what should be the mass flow rate of the liquid?
Solution:

Kinematic viscosity = υ = μ/ρ = 2×10-4 m2/s

ρ = 0.8 X 103 kg/m3
δ = 2.5 mm
vertical wall, β = 0
Mass rate of flow, ω = ?

If we know the width of the wall, we can calculate the mass flow rate. This result is acceptable
provided that the flow is laminar and non-rippling.
This Reynolds number is sufficiently low with negligible rippling (Re < 20).

For a vertical wall, β = 0

 Flow of a falling film (Non-Newtonian fluid)
𝑛
𝑑𝑣𝑧
Non-Newtonian fluid: 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 Volume rate of flow
𝑑𝑥
1
Momentum-flux distribution 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛+1
𝑄= 𝛿 𝑛 𝑊
𝜇 2𝑛 + 1
τxz = ρg cosβ. x

Velocity distribution Mass rate of flow

1 𝑛+1 1
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛 𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛+1
𝑉𝑧 = 𝛿 𝑛 1− 𝑤= 𝛿 𝑛 𝜌𝑊
𝜇 𝑛+1 𝛿 𝜇 2𝑛 + 1

Maximum velocity
1
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑉𝑧 = 𝛿 𝑛
𝜇 𝑛+1

Average velocity
1
𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑉𝑧𝑎𝑣 = 𝛿 𝑛
𝜇 2𝑛 + 1
Practice problem 1: Water at 20°C is flowing down a vertical wall with Re = 10.
Calculate (a) the flow rate, in gallons per hour per foot of wall width, and (b) the
film thickness in inches.

Answers: (a) 0.727 gal/[Link]; (b) 0.00361 in.

Practice problem 2: For the coating of wall with paint (assuming paint to be
Bingham fluid), determine the maximum thickness of the region in which there is no
flow. Also, determine the velocity profile for the region outside this thickness.

𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 ± 𝜏0
𝑑𝑥
Derive the expression for velocity, volumetric flow rate and average
velocity for flow of falling film with a variable viscosity, μ = μ0 e−αx/δ
 Momentum in by flow
Parabolic profile y
Momentum-flux distribution

τxz = ρg cosβ. x

Momentum out by flow

ρg sinβ

ρg

The viscosity and density of the fluid flowing along an

inclined flat surface is considered to be constant.

For shear stress distribution and velocity distribution along the flat surface:
Linear profile Write shell momentum balance equation along the flow direction (z-direction)

(Falling film showing the momentum flux distribution and velocity distribution)
 Flow of a falling film (Bingham plastic fluid)
y

1
ρg sinβ

2
ρg

𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 ± 𝜏0
𝑑𝑥

Region 1: x≤x0: τxz < τ0 and dvz/dx = 0

For a vertical wall, β = 0 Region 2: x≥x0: τxz > τ0 and dvz/dx exists
Velocity profiles

𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝜏0
𝑉𝑧2 = 𝛿2 − 𝑥2 ∓ 𝛿−𝑥 For region 2: x≥x0
2𝜇 𝜇

𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 2 For region 1: x≤x0

𝑉𝑧1 = 𝛿 − 𝑥0
2𝜇

Total volumetric flow rate

𝜌𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 2 𝜏0
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 𝛿3 + 2𝑥03 − 3𝛿𝑥0 ∓ 𝛿 − 𝑥0 2
𝑊
3𝜇 2𝜇
Flow of a Newtonian fluid in a narrow slit formed by two parallel walls
A Newtonian fluid is in laminar flow in a narrow slit formed by two parallel walls at
a distance δ apart. It is understood that δ << W, so that “edge effects” can be
ignored. Make a differential momentum balance, and obtain the expressions for the
momentum-flux and velocity distributions. Also, find the ratio of the average
velocity to the maximum velocity for this flow.
P0

Note: Flow through a narrow slit refers to the movement of a

fluid through a very thin gap between two parallel surfaces,

typically characterized by laminar flow where the fluid particles

move in smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing.

PL
Momentum-flux distribution Volume rate of flow
𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = + 𝜌𝑔 𝑥 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑊𝛿 3
𝐿 𝐿
𝑄=
12𝜇
Velocity distribution
𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 Mass rate of flow
+ 𝜌𝑔 𝛿 2 2𝑥
2
𝑉𝑧 = 𝐿 1−
8𝜇 𝛿 𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿
+ 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑊𝛿 3
𝑤= 𝐿
12𝜇
Maximum velocity
𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿
+ 𝜌𝑔 𝛿 2
𝑉𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿 Ratio of av. velocity to the max. velocity
8𝜇
𝑉𝑧𝑎𝑣 2
=
𝑉𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 3
Average velocity
𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 2
+ 𝜌𝑔 𝛿
𝑉𝑧𝑎𝑣 = 𝐿
12𝜇
Practice problem 3: A Bingham plastic fluid is in laminar flow in a narrow slit
formed by two parallel walls at a distance δ apart. It is understood that δ << W, so
that “edge effects” can be ignored. Make a differential momentum balance, and
obtain the expressions for the momentum-flux and velocity distributions. Also, find
the volumetric flow rate for this flow.

P0

𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = −𝜇 ± 𝜏0
𝑑𝑥

Region 1: x≤x0: τxz < τ0 and dvz/dx = 0; vz = vz1

Region 2: x≥x0: τxz > τ0 and dvz/dx exists, vz = vz2

PL