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MLA Guide 9th Edition

The MLA Style Guide provides standards for formatting papers and citing sources in scholarly writing, particularly in the fields of literature, culture, and languages. It includes guidelines on font, spacing, margins, headings, in-text citations, and works cited entries. The document serves as a comprehensive resource for students and scholars to ensure proper adherence to MLA formatting conventions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views38 pages

MLA Guide 9th Edition

The MLA Style Guide provides standards for formatting papers and citing sources in scholarly writing, particularly in the fields of literature, culture, and languages. It includes guidelines on font, spacing, margins, headings, in-text citations, and works cited entries. The document serves as a comprehensive resource for students and scholars to ensure proper adherence to MLA formatting conventions.

Uploaded by

wafamornagui10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MLA STYLE GUIDE

T h e Mo d er n L a n g ua ge A s soc ia tio n ( ML A) p r ovi des g u i da nc e t o s c h ol ar s s tu dyin g a n d w r iti ng


a b o u t l i tera tur e, c u ltu re, a n d l a ngu ag e s, p a rti c ula rl y En g lish . T h e ML A H a ndb ook a n d i t s
w eb s i te , o n w h ic h t h i s s tyl e g u id e i s b a s ed, p r ovid e a s et o f s t a nda rd s f o r f o r ma tti ng p a p ers, ev a lu ati ng and
i n t eg r ati ng s o u rc es i n to s c h ol ar ly w r it ing , a n d c r ed iti ng t h o se s o urc es v i a i n - tex t c i t ati ons a n d en d - of - tex t
w o r k s c i t ed en t ri es . T h i s g u i de f o c u ses o n h o w t o f o rmat p a per s a n d h o w t o c r edi t s o ur ces .

T A B L E O F C O NTENTS

FORMATTING GUIDELINES
F O N T , S P A C I NG, M A R GI NS, A L IG NMENT, IN DEN TA TIO N, & N U M B ER S 3

T A B L ES , F I G U RES A N D M U S IC AL IL L U STR ATION S 3

H EA DI N G : N A ME, C O U R SE, IN S TR UCTO R , DA TE 4

TITLE 4

P A G E N U M BE R S 5

R U N N I N G H EA D 5

QU O T A T I O N S [ S H OR T & L O N G ] 7

P ROSE, P OETRY, AND DRAMA 7

O M I S S I O NS A N D A L TER A TIO NS 9

W O R K S C I T ED P A G E 11

H A N G I NG I N DEN T G U I DE 12

IN-TEXT CITATIONS GENERAL RULES AND SPECIAL CASES

O V ER V I EW 13
AUTHOR NAMED IN SIGNAL PHRASE & PARENTHESES 14
TWO AUTH ORS 15
T H R EE O R M O R E A U T H O R S 15
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR 15
A U T H O R S W I T H T H E S A ME L A ST N A ME 15
O R G A N I Z AT I ON O R G O V ERN MENT A S A U THO R 16
U N K N O W N A U T HO R 16
T W O O R M O R E W O R K S C I TED TO G ETHER 16
S O U R C E QU O T ED I N A N O TH ER S O U R CE 16
W O R K W I T H O U T P A GE N U MB ER S 17
A N EN T I R E W O R K 17
L I T ER A R Y W O R K S [ N O VEL , V ER S E P L AY, P O EM] 17
S A C R ED T EX T S 18
WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY 19
ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK 19
LEGAL DOCUMENTS 19
T A B L E O F C O NTENTS C O NTINUED

WORKS CITED: C O R E E L E M E N T S M E T HO D 19

CORE ELEMENTS: AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLISHER, DATE, LOCATION ETC 19

WORKS CITED: TEMPLATE METHOD 25

AUTHOR TYPES 25
O N E A U T H O R & T W O A U T H O RS 25
TH R EE O R M O R E A U T H O R S 25
TW O O R M O R E W O R K S B Y TH E S A M E A U THO R 25
AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR 26
O R G A N I Z AT I ON O R G O V ERN MENT A S A U THO R 26
U N K N O W N A U T HO R 26

SOURCE TYPES
PERIODICALS – ONLINE & PRINT 27
JO U R N A L S – O N L I N E & P R I N T 27
M A G A ZI NE O R N EW S P APER A R TIC LE – O N L IN E & P R IN T 28
B O O K R EV I EW – O N L I N E & P R IN T 29

BOOKS – ELECTRONIC & PRINT 30


W O R K O R C H A P T ER I N A N A N TH O LO GY 31
EN T R Y I N A R EF ER EN C E B O O K – O N L IN E & P R IN T 31

WEBSITES 31
W O R K O N A W EB S I T E & ENTIRE WEBSITE 32
B L O G EN T R Y 32

SOCIAL MEDIA & PERSONAL COMMUNICATION


S O C I A L M EDI A : F A CEB O OK , TW ITTER , IN S TAGR AM , ETC . 33
U N P U B L I SHED L ET T ER , E - MA IL A N D TEX T M ES SA GE 33
U N P U B L I SHED I N T ER VI EW 33

AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
A DV ER T I S EMEN T 34
F I L M / DVD/VI DE O R EC O R DI NG 34
S I N G L E EP I S O DE F R O M A T EL EV IS IO N S ER IES 35
S T R EA M I NG V I DEO A N D O N L IN E V IDEO 35
P O DC A S T 36
ART OR ARTIFACT 36
LIVE PRESENTATION 37

CLASS RESOURCES: LECTURE, SLIDES, BLACKBOARD, & DISCUSSION BOARD 37

COURT CASE ON A WEBSITE 38

2
FORMATTING GUIDELINES
FONT
ML A r eq u i r es a n ea s y - to- rea d “ s ta nda rd s iz e” f o n t i n w h ic h i t a li cs i s ea s i ly d i sti ngu ish ed f r o m r eg u la r
t y p ef a ce. T w el ve -p oin t T i mes N ew R o ma n i s t h e mo s t c o mmon ly u s ed f o n t s i ze a n d t yp ef a ce.

SPACING
D o u b le s p ac e a l l t ex t i n c lu din g a l l q u otes a n d w o rks c i t ed en t r ies .

MARGINS
L e a ve a t l east a 1 - in ch ma r gi n o n a l l s i des o f t he t ext .

ALIGNMENT
T h e b o d y o f t h e t ex t s h oul d b e a l i g ned f l ush l ef t. T h e t i tl e s h o uld b e c en t ered.

INDENTATION
I n d en t t h e f i rs t l i ne o f ev ery p a rag ra ph a h a lf i n c h. F o r c o n si stenc y , c o ns ider u se o f t h e T A B k ey . T h e w o r k s
c i t ed p a g e ma k es u s e o f a h a n gin g i n d ent: a l l l i nes o f t h e en t r y ex c ep t t h e f i rs t a r e i n den ted a h a l f i n c h .

NUMBERS

S p el l o u t n u mb ers t h at c a n b e w r i t t en i n o n e o r t w o w o r d s ( s even, n i n eteen , f o r t y- fo ur , t h ree m i ll io n) a n d


u s e n u m er a ls f o r o t her n u mber s ( 3 ¾ ; 5 34; 1 , 003; 5 5 , 000, 000) .

TABLES, FIGURES, AND MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS

T a b l es a n d f i g u res a r e u s ed t o s u p por t o r i l lu stra te i n f orma tio n


g i v en i n t h e ma i n t ex t . T h ey a r e p l a ced n ea r t h e t ex t t h a t r ef ers t o
t h em.
• T a b les a r e ma d e u p o f n u mb ers a n d / or t ex t a r ra ng ed i n r o w s
a n d c o l u mn s.
• F i g u res i n c lud e i l lus tra tion s, p h oto gra ph s, ma p s , c h a r ts,
g r a p h s a n d d i ag ra ms.
• M u s i ca l i l l ustr ati ons , s u c h a s a n ex c er p t f r o m a s c o r e, a r e
r ef er r ed t o a s e x amp les.

L A B EL S: T a b les, f i g ur es ( a b brevi ated a s F i g . ) a n d ex a mp les


( a b b r evia ted a s Ex . ) a r e l a b el led a s s u c h a n d a r e n u mber ed
s ep a r a tely a n d s equ enti all y ( F ig . 1 , F i g . 2 ; T a b le 1 , T a b l e 2 ; Ex . 1 ,
et c . ) . L a b el p l a c emen t d ep ends o n i n fo rmat ion t yp e.

• T A B L ES: A f l u sh l ef t l a b el ( s ee T a b le 1 a t r i g h t ) p r eced es t h e
t a b l e a n d i s f o ll owed b y a f l u sh l ef t t i tl e i n t i tle c a se o n a
n ew l i n e .
▪ F I G UR ES a n d MU SI C AL I L L UST R ATI O NS ( ex a mp les) : A f l u sh
l ef t l a b el ( E. G . F i g . 2 , Ex . 1 ) f o l l ow s f i g ures a n d ex a mp les.
F i g u r es a n d mu s i ca l i l l ustr ati ons d o n o t t yp ic al ly ma k e u se of
t i t l es ( s ee Ex . 1 a t r i g h t a n d o n p a g e 4 ) .

3
C A P T IO NS: T a b l es, f i g u res, a n d ex a mp les a r e a l l f o l lo wed b y
c a p t i on s. C a pt ion s i n c lud e s ou rc e i n f orma tio n a n d , i n s o me
c a s es , a n o t e ( S ee s t yle. mla .o rg f o r mo r e o n t h e u s e o f
n o t es . ) S o u rc e i n fo rmat ion c a n b e d i sp la yed i n ei t her o f t h e
f o l l o wi ng f o r ms:

• P A R ENT HET I CA L C I T ATI O N: S o ur c e i n fo rmat ion c a n


t a k e t h e f o r m o f a p a r en th etic al c i ta tio n a t t h e en d o f
a d es c r i pti ve n o t e . B e s u r e t o i n c l ude a f u l l w o r ks
c i t ed en t r y f o r t he s o u rc e o n y ou r w o r ks c i t ed p a ge.
o F i g . 2 . I l l u st ra tion o f C l er gy Da u g hter s' S c h ool ,
C o w a n B r i dg e w h er e C h a rlo tte B r o ntë’ s s i sters,
Ma r i a a n d El i za beth d i ed ( B o wen) .
• F U L L S O UR C E I N FO RMAT I ON: I n s o me c a ses, f u l l s o ur c e i n fo rmat ion i s i n c l uded i n t h e c a p t ion . I f t h e
s o u r c e i s n o t u s ed el s ewher e i n t h e p a p er, i t i s n o t n ec es sar y t o i n cl ude t h e s o ur ce a s a w o r k s c i t ed
en t r y .

T h e ex a mp l es a b o ve a r e t a k en o r a d a pted f r om t h e ML A s t yle w eb site .

HEADING: NAME, COURSE, INSTRUCTOR, DATE


T h e ML A d o es n o t r eq u ire a t i t l e p a g e. I n st ea d, s t uden ts p l ac e i mp or tan t c o u rse i n f or mati on b el o w
t h e h ea d er a t t h e t o p o f t h e f i r st p a ge o f
t h ei r d o c ument. T h a t i n f or mati on i s
t r a d i tio nal ly g i ven i n t h e f o l l owi ng o r d er:
1 . S t u dent’ s F u l l N a me
2 . I n s tr uc tor ’ s T i tl e a n d S u r name
3 . C o u r se N a me a n d s ec tion n u mber
4 . D a t e i n D a y M o nth Y ea r f o rma t

N O T E: W h i le ma n y i n st ruc to rs u t il ize t h e
a b o v e r eq ui rements, s o me h a ve s p eci fi c ati ons t h a t d i f fer f r om t h ese.
C h ec k t h e c o u r se s yl lab us. I f y o u c a n not f i nd a n swer s t h ere, a s k y ou r i n st ruc to r.

TITLE
T y p e t h e f u l l t i tle o f t h e p a p er d i r ect ly a f t er t h e h ea di ng ( n o s p ac e) . F o llo w t h ese f o r ma tti ng r u l es:
T y p e t h e t i tle o f t h e p a per i n T i tle C a se :
1 . C a p i t al ize t h e f i r st w o r d o f t h e t i tl e a n d o f a n y s u btit le
2 . C a p i t al ize a l l “ ma j or” w o rd s, i n cl udi ng t h e s ec o nd p a r t o f h y p hena ted ma j o r w o r ds
3 . Do n o t c a p i tal ize c o n j unc tio ns ( f o r , a n d , n o r, b u t, o r , y et, s o ) , p r ep osi tion s ( i n , o n , b y , et c . ) o r
a r t i c les ( a , a n , t h e) u n l ess t h ey b eg in t h e t i tl e o r s u b titl e .
• T h e t i t l e s h ou ld b e i n t h e s a me f o n t s i ze a n d t y pef ac e a s t h e r es t o f t h e t ex t.
• DO N O T q u o t e, u n derl ine, i t al ic ize o r b o l df ac e t h e t i tle.
o E x c ept ion : I f a w o r k o f l i t erat ure i s r ef er red t o i n t h e t i tl e, f o r ma t i t a s y ou w o uld i n t h e t ext:
i t a l i ci ze l o ng w o rks a n d p l a ce q u o tat ion ma r ks a r o und s ho rt w o r ks.
• Do n o t a d d a n y a d d iti ona l s p a ces b ef o re o r a f t er t h e t i tl e.

4
PAGE NUMBERS
P a g e n u mb er s a r e i n sert ed h a lf a n i n c h f r o m t h e t o p o f t h e d o c u men t i n t h e u p per r i ght c o r ner o f t h e
h e a der. N u mber ing b eg in s o n t h e f i r st p a g e a n d p r o ceed c o n sec ut ively t h ro ug h a l l w o rks c i t ed p a g es. S ee
g u i d el ines o n i n s ertin g y o ur l a st n a me a n d p a g e n u mb er ( r u nn ing h ea d) b el ow a n d o n p a g e 6 .

RUNNING HEAD

T h e ML A r eq u i r es t h e u s e o f a r u n n ing h ea d. A r u nni ng h ea d i s a h eadi ng p r int ed a t t h e t o p o f ea c h p a g e o f


a d o c u men t o r b o o k. Mo s t f i c t ion ma kes u s e o f a r u n n i ng h ea d , u s ual ly t h e t i tle o f t h e w o r k.

A n ML A r u n n in g h ea d c o n sists o f t h e s t u dent’ s l a st n a me a n d a p a g e n u mb er. T h i s i n f or ma tio n i s t y ped i n


t h e h ea der a r ea o f t h e p a ge a n d a l ig ned f l u sh r i ght. S ee t h e s a mp l e o n p a g e 4 .

HOW TO INSERT AN MLA STYLE RUNNING HEAD

MICROSOFT WORD

1 . S el ec t t h e I N SERT t a b o n t h e ma i n t o olb ar.


2 . I n t h e H ea d er & F o o t er g r o up , s elec t P A GE N U MB ER.
3 . O n t h e P a g e N u mb er d r op d o w n men u , s el ec t T O P O F P AGE.
4 . S el ec t P L A IN N U MB ER 3 t o i n sert a p a g e n u mb er i n t h e t o p r i gh t c o r ner o f t h e h ea d er.
5 . En s u r e t h at t h e c u r so r i s t o t h e l ef t o f t h e n u mb er .
6 . T y p e y o u r l a s t n a me f o l low ed b y a s p a c e.
7 . H i g h li gh t y o ur l a s t n a me a n d t h e p a g e n u mber.
8 . G o t o t h e H O ME men u .
9 . I n t h e f o n t g r ou p, en s ure t h e f o n t s i ze a n d t ypef a ce a r e t h o se y ou w i ll u se t h r oug hou t t h e p a per .
10 . C l o s e t h e h ea d er b y d o ubl e -c li c king i n to t h e b o d y o f t h e d o c ument.

1 S ee s a mp l e h ea d er o n p a g e 4 .

5
GOOGLE DOCS

1 . S el ec t t h e I N SERT t a b o n t h e ma i n t o olb ar.


2 . O n t h e d r o p - d own men u, s el ec t H EADER & P A GE N U MBER .
3 . O n t h e men u t h a t a p p ears o n t h e r i g ht , s el ec t P A GE N U MB ER.
4 . C h o o s e t h e t o p l ef t o p ti on t o i n s ert p a g es n u mber o n t h e t o p r i gh t c o r ner o f a l l p a g es.
5 . Mo v e t h e c u r s or t o t h e l ef t o f t h e n u mber .
6 . T y p e y o u r l a s t n a me f o l low ed b y a s p a c e.
7 . H i g h li gh t y o ur l a s t n a me a n d t h e p a g e n u mber.
8 . En s u r e t h e f o nt s iz e a n d t y pef ac e t o t h ose y o u w i ll u s e t hr ou gho ut t h e p a p er .
9 . En s u r e t h e h ea der i s i n t h e p r i nta ble r eg i on o f t h e p a p er .
• T o d o t h i s , i t ma y b e n ec es sa ry t o s el ect H ead ers & F o o t ers o n t h e F O R MAT d r op d o wn men u .
S p ec i f y 0 . 5 i nc he s f r om t o p i n t h e d i al ogu e b o x ( s ee i n s et i ma ge b el ow ).
10 . C l o s e t h e h ea d er b y d o ubl e -c li c king i n to t h e b o d y o f t h e d o c ument.

S ee s a mp l e h ea d er o n p a g e 4 .

4
3

N O T E: S o me i n st ruc tor s p r ef er t h at t he f i r st p a g e o f t h e d o c umen t r ema in u n n umber ed. A lw ays r ev iew a n d


f o l l o w c l a ss s pec if ic f o r mat ting r eq ui rement s.
6
QUOTATIONS

T h e ML A r eq u i r es q u ot ati on o f a l l w o r d- f or- wo rd s ou rc e m a teri al. T h e w r i ter mu s t p r o vide t h e r ea d er w i t h


en o u g h i n fo rma tion t o b e a b l e t o i d enti fy t h e s o ur ce o f a n y q u ot ati on. T h i s i s g en era lly d o n e t h rou gh i n -
t e x t c i t ati ons i n t h e f o r m o f s i g na l p h ra ses a n d p a ren theti ca l c i tat ion s .

I n - tex t c i ta tio ns a r e s h o rt r ef er enc es t h at a p p ear i n t h e b o dy o f a p a p er a n d p o in t r ea d er s t o t h e s o urc e o f


q u o t a tion s, p a ra phr as es , a n d s u mma ri e s. T h es e s h ort r ef erenc es u s e t h e f i r st el ement o f t h e s o urc e’ s works
c i t ed en t r y, mo s t o f t en t h e a u th or( s) l a st n a me , a n d r el evant p a ge o r l i n e n u mbers t h a t k ey t o o r p o i nt t o a
f u l l w o r ks c i t ed en t ry. G u id elin es f o r i n -tex t c i tat ion s a r e c o ver ed i n d epth o n p a g es 1 3- 19, w o r ks c i ted
e n t r ies a r e c o vered o n p a ges 1 9- 38.

T h i s s ec t io n ma k es u s e o f i n - t ext c i ta tio n b u t f o c u ses o n i n tegr ati ng d i ff eren t t yp es o f q u ot ati ons.

PROSE QUOTATIONS

P r o se i s o r di na ry l a n gua ge , t h e k i nd y o u s p ea k ev ery d a y . Mo s t p a p ers, t ex tb ooks, o n l ine s o ur ces, a n d


f i c t i o n i s w r itt en i n p r ose. P r os e i s d i s tinc t f r o m p o etry a n d d r a ma.

SHORT OR RUN-IN QUOTATIONS


I f a p r o s e q u ote i s n o m o re t h a n f o ur l i n es o f y o ur p a per , i n c o rpo ra te i t i n to a s en t enc e . S ee t h e S I GN AL
P H R ASE H AN DO UT a n d p a g es 1 3 - 19 f o r i n - text c i t a tion g u id elin es . E n c l ose t h e q u o te d ma t eria l i n d o u bl e
q u o t a tion ma r ks - “ ” .

I f t h e q u o ted m a teri al c o mes a t t h e e n d o f t h e s entenc e, p l ac e c i tati on i n fo rmat ion b ef or e t h e c l os ing


p u n c tua tio n m a rk.

I f t h e q u o ted m a teri al c o mes i n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e s en tenc e, p l ac e a n y p a r entheti c al c i ta tio n a t t h e f i r st


n a t ur al p a use a n d b efo re t h e a d di tio n o f a n u n sou rc ed i d ea.

En d o f s en t en c e
W a l l a c e’s , w e a r e t o l d , w o rri ed a b o ut f i c ti on i n t h e p o st mo dern w o rl d, w o rr ied t h a t a “ l a c k o f
g en u i n e c o nc ern a n d r es p ec t f o r t h e c o n sumer w a s b ec o mi ng mo r e p r ev alen t” ( Mc A d a ms 1 21) .

Mi d - s ent enc e

Mc C o r t a r g ues t h a t H ol den C a u f ield i s d r iven b y a s p i r itua l r i d dle w h i c h a s ks, " h ow h e c a n h a n g o n to


t h e i n n o c enc e o f c h i ld hoo d w h il e mo vi ng, i n ex or abl y, i n to t h e p h on y w o rl d o f a d u lth ood . . . , ” ( 1 2 2 )
a p h o n y w o r ld, i t c o u ld b e s a i d, t h at S a l ing er h i msel f ev a ded .

LONG QUOTATIONS
W h i l e s h or t o r r u n -i n q u o tati ons a r e i n t egr ated i n to t h e ma i n t ex t , l o n g q u o tes , t h ose o f m o re t h a n f o ur
l i n es o f p r ose , a r e s et -o ff i n w h a t i s c o mmon ly c a l led a b l oc k q u ota tio n. S ee ex a mp le o n p a g e 8 .

B lock q u o tati ons :


• A p p ea r o n a n ew l i n e a n d a r e i n d ented h a lf a n i n c h.
• Do N O T ma k e u s e o f q u o t ati on ma r ks .
• R et a i n d o ubl e s p ac in g.
• I n c l u d e a n y p a r entheti ca l c i t at ion i n fo rmat ion a f ter t h e f i na l p u n ctu ati on ma r k .
• H a v e a n a d d i tion al f i rs t l i ne i n de n t o n ly w h en mu lt ipl e p a ra gr aph s a r e i n c lu ded.
• A r e f r eq u en tly i n tr odu ced w i th a s en t enc e en d in g i n a c o l o n . T h i s i s n o t r eq u ir ed.

7
POETRY QUOTATIONS

SHORT OR RUN IN QUOTATIONS


W h en q u o ti ng t hr ee o r f ew er l i n es o f a p o em , i n t eg rat e t h e l i n es i n to a s en t enc e. A n y l i ne b r eaks s ho ul d b e
i n d i c a ted b y a f o r w ar d s l as h / . A n ew s t an za i s i n d ic ated b y a d o u b l e f o r w ard s l ash / / .

A t t h e b eg i n nin g o f S h a r on O l d s’ “ T h e Vi c ti ms” t h e s p ea ker r ef l ec ts o n h o w h er mo t h er t o ok o r en d u red


t h e a b u s e o f h er f a t her . O l ds’ w r i tes, “ S h e t o ok i t a n d / t o o k i t i n s i lenc e” f o r y ea r s ( 6 19) .

I n “ P er s i mmons” t h e s pea kers’ h er it ag e b ec o mes t h e l a ng ua ge o f i n t ima cy, t h e l a ng ua ge t h a t t h e


s p ea k er u s es t o es t abl ish a n d ma i n tai n a f f ec tio ns. I n t h e t h ir d s t anz a, t h e s p eaker g i v es a v o c a bul ary
l es s o n t o a y o u ng w o man , “ N i , w o : y ou a n d me. / I p a r t h er l eg s ” ( L ee 5 1 3) .

LONG QUOTATIONS
W h i l e s h o r t o r r u n - in q u o tat io ns a r e i n t eg ra ted i n to t h e m a in t ext, l o n g q u o tes , t h o se o f m o r e t h an t h r ee
l i n e s o f p o e t r y , a r e s et - of f i n w h a t i s c o m mon ly c a l led a b l o c k q u o t at io n.

B l o c k q u o t at io n s fo r p o e t ry :
• Tr y t o m i m i c a n y u n u su al s p ac i ng o r f o r ma tti ng s een i n t h e o r i gi na l .
• R et a i n d o u b le s p a ci ng .
• A p p ea r o n a n ew l i n e a n d a r e i n d en t ed h a l f a n i n c h .
• D o N O T m ak e u s e o f q u o t at i o n m ar k s .
• In c l u d e a n y p a r ent heti ca l c i ta ti on i n f or mat ion aft e r t h e f i n a l p u nc tu ati on .
• A r e f r eq u en t ly i n tr odu c ed w i t h a s en t en c e en d i n g w i t h a c o l o n . Th i s i s c o m mo n b u t n o t r eq u ir ed.

8
DRAMA QUOTATIONS:

T h e m a i n c o m po nent o f d r a ma , w h eth er i n t h e f o r m o f a s c r i p t o r s c r een pl ay , i s d i a l og ue, t h e b a c k a n d


f o r t h o f c o n v er sat io n b et w een c h a r ac ter s. U n li ke p r o se a n d p o etr y, q u o ted d i a l og ue ( s p eec h b et w een t w o
o r m o r e c h a r a c t er s) i s n ev er i n t egr a ted i n t o t h e m a i n t ext o f t h e p a p er . W h eth er y o u a r e q u o ti ng t w o o r
t en l i n es , s et d i a l og ue o f f f r o m t h e m a in t ext b y u s i ng t h e f o r ma tti ng s p ec i fi c t o b l o ck q u o ta ti on s.

S i n g l e l i n es o f a c o n v er s at io n c a n b e i n t eg ra ted i n to a s en t enc e. S ee v er s e p l a ys o n p a g e 1 8 f o r a n
exa m p l e.

B l o c k q u o t at io n s i n d r am a :

• A p p ea r o n a n ew l i n e a n d
a r e i n d en ted h a l f a n i n c h .
• D o N O T m ak e u s e o f
q u o t at i o n m ar ks .
• In c l u d e t h e s p ea ker o r
c h a r a c t er’ s n a m e i n a l l
c a p i t a l l et ters .
• R et a i n d o u b le s p a ci ng .
• U s e a h a n g i n g i n d en t
w h en d i a l o g ue ext en ds t o
m u l t i pl e l i n es.
• In c l u d e a n y p a r ent heti ca l
c i t a t i on i n f or mat io n aft e r
t h e f i n a l p u n c tu a tio n
m ark.
• A r e f r eq u en t ly i n tr odu c ed
w i t h a s en t en c e en d i ng i n
a c o l o n . Th i s i s n o t
r eq u i r ed .

N O T E: W h i l e a w el l - p la c ed b l o c k q u o ta tio n c a n i l l u min ate a n a r g u men t, l i b era l u s e o f t h e b l o c k q u ot at io ns


c a n g i v e t h e i m p r ess ion o f l a z y w r i tin g o r o v er r el ia n ce o n s o u rc e m a ter ia l. U s e b l o c k q u o ta tio ns s p a r in gl y.

OMISSIONS & ALTERATIONS IN QUOTATIONS

OMISSIONS

S o m et imes i t i s p r a c tic a l t o o m i t w o r ds, s en ten ces , o r w h o l e p a r a gr ap hs f r o m a q u o t ed p a s sag e . W h en


o m i t ti ng t ext , u s e a n el l i p si s t o i n d ic a te t h e m i ssi ng t ext. B e c a r ef u l t h a t y o u r o m i ssi ons d o n o t c h a n g e t he
m ea n i n g o f t h e s o u r c e m a teri a l.

N O T E: A n el l i p si s i s n o t n ec ess ar y w h en q u ot in g s i n gl e w o r ds o r p h r a ses. In t h o s e c a s es , o m i ssi on i s


a s s u med .

AN OMISSION AT THE BEGINNING OR END OF A SENTENCE REQUIRES AN ELLIPSIS

BEGINNING
• O R I GIN AL P AS SAGE: “ ‘ Do n ' t h es ita te t o s a t is fy y o ur n eed s; i n d ee d, exp a n d y o u r n eed s a n d d em a nd
m o r e. ’ Th i s i s t h e w o r ld ly d o c tri ne o f t o d a y. A n d t h ey b el i eve t h a t t h is i s f r eed om. Th e r es u lt f o r

9
t h e r i c h i s i s o l a ti on a n d s u i c id e, f o r t h e p o o r , en v y a n d m u rder .” ― F y o d o r Do s t oyevs ky, Th e
B r o t h er s K a ra ma zov
• Q U O TE WI TH O MIS SION : Do s t oyevs ky’ s u s es Z o s ima t o a r g ue t h a t t h e ef f ec t o f a w o r l d t h a t
en c o u r a g es t h e p r i vil egi ng a n d f u l fi ll ment o f p er s o na l n eed s i s n o t f r eed om, b u t “ . . . f o r t h e r i c h
i s i s o l a t io n a n d s u ic i de, f o r t h e p o o r, en v y a n d m u rd er” ( 3 41) .

END
• O R I GIN AL P AS SAGE : “ T h e p o i n t o f m a r r ia ge i s n o t t o c r ea t e a q u i c k c o m mon al it y b y t ea r in g d o w n
a l l b o u n d a ri es ; o n t h e c o n t ra ry, a g o o d m a r r ia ge i s o n e i n w h i c h ea c h p a r tn er a p p o int s t h e o t h er t o
b e t h e g u a r d i an o f h i s s o l itu de, a n d t h us t h ey s h ow ea c h o t h er t h e g r ea test p o ssi bl e t r us t.” ―
R a i n er M a r i a R i l k e, L e t t er s o f Y o u ng P o e t
• Q U O TES WI TH O M ISS ION : I n h i s s ev ent h l et ter t o K a p pu s, R i l ke r ev ea ls h i s p o si tio n o n t h e
R o m a n ti c i d ea l o f t o t a l i n t ima c y a n d u n i on o f s el v es b y n o t i ng t h a t “ t h e p o i nt o f m a r ri ag e i s n o t t o
c r ea t e a q u i c k c o m mo na li ty b y t ea r i ng d o wn a l l b o u nda r ies . . . ” ( 1 3 ) .

AN OMISSION IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH REQUIRES AN ELLIPSIS

SENTENCE OR PARAGRAPH OMISSION


• O R I GIN AL : “ W e a r e s u n a n d m o on , d ea r f r i end ; w e a r e s ea a n d l a n d . It i s n o t o u r p u r p ose t o
b ec o m e ea c h o t h er ; i t i s t o r ec o g ni ze ea c h o t her , t o
l ea r n t o s ee t h e o t h er a n d h o n o r h i m f o r w h a t h e i s : FORMATTING ELLIPSES
ea c h t h e o t h er ' s o p p os ite a n d c o m pl ement. ” – H er ma n
Va r i o u s s t yle g u id es f o r ma t el l ipses
H es s e, N a r ci ssus a n d G o l dmund d i f f er ent ly.
• Q U O TE WI TH O MIS SION : N a r c is sus o f f er s a n i d ea l o f
T h e ML A s p ec i f i es t h at a n el l i psi s
l o v e t h a t h o n or s r a t her t h an o b sc ur es s ep a ra teness ,
u s es t h r ee p er iod s w i th a s p a c e
“ W e a r e s u n a n d m o o n , . . . . I t i s n o t o u r p u r p ose t o b ef o r e ea c h p er i od a n d a f t er t h e
b ec o m e ea c h o t h er ; i t i s t o r ec o g ni ze ea c h o t her , t o f i n a l p er i od. T h a t i s , . . .

l ea r n t o s ee t h e o t h er a n d h o n o r h i m f o r w h a t h e i s : ea c h t h e o t h er' s o p po si te a n d c o mp lement . ”
( H es s e 2 9 8) .
• U s e a n el l i p s i s f o l l ow ed b y a p er i o d t o i n d ic a te a n o m i ssi on b et w een t w o s en ten ces . [ . . . .]

ALTERATIONS

W h en q u o t ed m a teri al i s r em ov ed f r o m i t s o r i g in al c o n text, i t s m ea n in g c a n b ec o me u n c l ear . Th e M L A


i n d i c a tes t h at i t i s p er mi ssib le t o a d d i n f o rma ti on t o q u ot ed m a ter ia l t o c l a r i f y m ea ni ng . W h en
i n f o r m ati on i s a d d ed o r t ext c h a n ged , t h e w r i ter m u st i n di c ate t h e c h a n g e t h ro ug h t h e u s e o f b r a c k et s [ ]
o r , i n s o m e c a s es, a p a r en t heti c al c o mmen t ( ) .

ITALICS FOR EMPHASIS


Tu t u a r g u es t h a t “ i f y o u w a n t p ea c e, y o u d o n 't t a l k t o y o u r f r i ends . Yo u t a l k t o y o ur e n e mie s”
( em p h a si s a d d ed) .

10
ADDITIONS OR CHANGES FOR CLARIFICATION
A s K l o t z p o in ts o u t , “ H e [ S n egi ryo v] i s s o b ea t en d o w n t h a t h e c a n n o l o n g er a c t i n a c c o r d an ce w i t h
t h e r u l es o f s o c i et y a n d m u st a c c ep t a r o l e o u t s id e s o ci ety a s a w ea k l i n g a n d a d i s h o no ra bl e
p er s o n ” ( 1 69) .

COMMENT
C l y d e a n d S o n d ra a r e d es c ri bed a s “ . . . h a r m o n io usl y a b a n don in g t h emsel ves t o t h e r h y th m o f t h e
m u s i c —li ke t w o s m a ll c h i ps ( s i c ) b ei ng t o ssed a b o ut o n a r o u g h b u t f r i end ly s ea ” ( Dres ier 3 2 8) . Th e
i m a g er y f o r es ha dow s a n d a c t s a s a c o u n t er po in t t h e c en t ra l t r a g ed y o f t h e n o v el .

S i c i s L a t i n f o r t h u s . I t i s u s ed a f t er a q u o t ed w o r d t h a t a p p ear s i n c o rr ect o r o d d a n d t el l s t h e r ea d er t h a t
t h e w o r d a p p ea r ed t h u s o r i n t h i s w a y i n t h e o r i g i na l. Th e w r i t er q u o ti ng Dr es ier ’s A n A me ri ca n Tr a ge dy
u s es a p a r en t h eti ca l c o m ment t o t el l t h e r ea d er t h at t h e w o r d c h i ps i n s tea d o f s h i ps w a s Dr es i er’ s.

WORKS CITED PAGE

T h e M L A r eq u i res a n en d - o f - text l i s t o f s o u r ces . Th i s l i st i n c l ud es al l r e t r i evab le s o u r c es u s ed i n t h e


c o m p o si tio n o f t h e p a p er . T h e i n f o r mat io n o n t h i s l i s t a l l ow s w r i ter s t o c r ed i t s o ur c es a n d r ea d ers t o f i n d ,
ev a l u a t e, a n d m a k e f u r ther u s e o f t h o se s o u rc es. W o r ks C i t ed l i s t en t ri es a r e c o v er ed o n p a g es 1 9 - 3 8 .

T h i s s ec t i on f o c u ses o n w h at t o i n c l u d e a n d h o w t o o r d e r t h e e n t ri es a n d fo r m at t h e r e fer enc e p ag e .

Wh at t o i n c l u d e
• E v er y s o u r ce y o u p a r ap hr as ed , s u mmar iz ed, o r q u o ted i n t h e t ext .
• Do n o t i n c l u de s o u rc es t h a t y o u c o n sul ted b u t d i d n o t c i t e.

H o w t o o r d e r t h e e n tr i es
• W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies a r e a l p h a beti zed b y t h e f i r st l et t er i n t h e en t r y, g en er al ly a n a u t ho r’ s l a s t
n a m e.
• W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies t h a t h a v e n o a u t ho r o r ed i t o r a r e a l p h a beti zed b y t i t le.
• W h en a l p h a b etiz in g b y t i t le, i g n or e a r ti c les ( A , A n , a n d Th e ) t h a t b eg i n t h e t i t le .
• W h en a n en t r y s t a rt s w i t h a n u m b er, a l p ha b etize t h e en t r y b a s ed o n h o w t h e n u m ber w o ul d a p p ea r
i f w r i t t en.
• W h en a n en t r y s t a rt s w i t h a y ea r , a l p h a beti ze t h e en t r y b a s ed o n h o w t h e y ea r w o u ld b e s p o ken .

H o w t o f o r m at t h e p ag e
• Th e w o r k s c i ted l i st c o mes a f t er t h e f i n a l p a g e o f t ext .
• Th e l i s t b eg i ns a t t h e t o p o f a c o n s ec u t ivel y n u mb ered n ew p a g e.
• Th e l i s t i s p r ec eded b y t h e c en t ered h ea di ng : W o r ks C i t ed
• If o n l y o n e en t r y i s g i ven , u s e t h e h ea di ng W o r k C i t ed
• W o r k s C i t ed en t ri es a r e d o u b le - sp ac ed w i t h N O S P A C E b et ween en t ri es.
o S ee s p a c i n g s et ti ng s o n t h e n ext p a g e
• W o r k s C i t ed en t ri es m a ke u s e o f a h an g i n g i n d e n t .
o L ea r n h o w t o c r ea t e a h a n d i n g i n d en t o n t h e n ext p a g e .

11
HANGING INDENT
QUICK TIP
HOW TO CREATE A HANGING INDENT IN MICROSOFT WORD
YOU CAN ADD A HANGING
1 . S el ec t t h e t ex t t h a t y o u w o ul d l i ke t o i n den t. INDENT TO YOUR ENTRIES IN
2 . O n t h e H o me t a b , c l i c k t h e a r r ow i n t h e b o tto m r i gh t c o r ner o f t h e W O RD BY HIGHLIGHTING THEM
P a r a g ra ph g r ou p. AND PRESSING C TRL+T.
3 . I n t h e P a r a g r ap h d i al og b o x, u n d er I n d enta tion , i n t he S p ec ia l
d r o p d own , s el ec t H a ng ing .
4 . U n d er B y , s et t he mea s ur ement t o 0 . 5.
5 . En s u r e t h ere i s 0 p t s p ac in g a f ter p a ra gra ph s O R c h ec k t h e b o x
i n d i c a ting Do n ’ t a d d a s p a ce b etween p a ra gr ap hs o f t h e s a me
s t yl e .
6 . Click OK .

S t ep s 3 – 6

S t ep 2

HOW TO CREATE A HANGING INDENT IN GOOGLE DOCS:

1. H i g h li gh t y o ur w o r ks c i t ed en t ries.
2. O p en t h e F o rma t t a b a n d s el ect A li gn & i n den t
3. S el ec t I n denta tio n o p ti ons … f r om t h e s i de men u
4. W h en t h e I n d en tati on o p tion s w i nd ow o p en s, s el ec t H a ng ing f r o m t h e
S P EC I A L d r o pdo wn men u a n d s p ec i fy 0 . 5 i n ch es.
5 . C l i c k t h e A p ply b u t ton

S t ep s 4 -5

S t ep s 1 - 3

12
CREDITING SOURCES
T O C R EDIT S O U R C ES , M L A R EQU I R ES A T W O - P AR T S YS TEM. TH A T S YS TEM U S ES ( 1 ) B R IEF IN - TEXT O R
P A R EN THETICA L C I T A T I O NS T H A T P O I NT T O ( 2 ) A F U L L L IS T O F S O U R C ES IN TH E F O R M O F A N EN D - O F - TEX T
W O R K S C ITED P A G E.

WHY CREDIT SOURCES

C i t a t i on i s o f t en d i s cu ssed i n t h e c o n t ext o f a v o i d in g p l a g ia r ism. It i s t r u e t h a t u s i n g t h e w o r d s o r i d ea s of


o t h er s w i t h ou t c r ed i t in g t h em i s a s er i o u s a c a d em i c o f f en s e. W h en o n e p l a g i a r izes , o n e i n t en t i ona lly or
u n i n t ent io na ll y p a s s es o f f t h e w o r k o f a n o t h er a s o n e’ s o w n . C i t a t i ons h el p p r ev en t p l a g i ar is m. Th ey a lso
h a v e a c o l l eg i al p u r po se .
A c a d em i c w r i t i ng i s a c o n v er s a tio n b et w een t h e w r i t er a n d t h i n k ers w h o h a v e exa m i n ed s i m i la r q u es tions
a n d t o p i c s. I N - TEXT C I TATION S a c t a s a r ec o r d o f t h a t c o n vers ati on . Th ey t el l t h e r ea d er w h o s a i d w h a t . In-
t ext c i t a t i o ns g i v e c r ed i t t o t h o s e w h o h a v e h el p ed t h e w r i t er d ev el o p t h ei r c u r r en t u n d er st an di ng . They
a l s o a l l o w r ea d er s t o en g a g e m o r e d eep l y i n t h e s u b j ec t b y p o i nt in g t o WO R KS C I TED EN TR IES. Th es e en t ries
t el l r ea d er s exa c t ly w h er e t h ey c a n f i n d t h e s o u rc es t h e w r i ter u s ed.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
OVERVIEW

WHAT REQUIRES IN-TEXT CITATION?

I n M L A s t y le w r i ti ng , p a r ap hr ases, s u mma ri es , a n d q u ot at io ns a l l r eq u ir e t h e u s e o f i n - t ext c i t at io ns.

• A p ar ap h r as e r es t ates t h e s o ur ce m a t er ia l i n n ew l a n g ua ge a n d w i t h o r i g in al s en tenc e s t ru c tur e . A


p a r a p h ra se u s es a p p r oxi mat el y t h e s a me n u m ber o f w o r d s a s t h e o r i gi na l.
• A s u m m ar y c o n dens es t h e s o ur ce m a t eri al t o r ef l ec t i t s m a i n i d ea ( s) . A s u mma ry u s es s i gn if i ca nt ly
l es s w o r d s t h a n t h e o r ig in al .
• A q u o t at i o n r es ta tes t h e s o u rc e m a ter ia l u s i ng t h e exa c t l a n gua g e o f t h a t m a ter ia l .

WHAT IS INCLUDED IN AN MLA IN-TEXT CITATION?

M L A i n - t ext c i t a ti ons a i m t o a n s w er t w o q u esti on s a b o ut t h e s o ur ce m a ter ia l :


1 . WH O : M o st f r eq u entl y r ep o rt ed a s a u t ho rs ’ l a s t n a m es
2 . WH ER E : M os t f r eq uen tly r ep or ted a s a p a g e n u m ber

HOW DOES CITATION INFORMATION APPEAR IN THE TEXT?

T o i n t eg r at e t h is i n f o rma ti on , M L A s t yle w r i ti ng m a kes u s e o f b o t h s i g n al p h r as es a n d p ar e nt het ic al


c i t at i o n s. Th es e a r e f r eq u ent ly u s ed i n c o m bi na tio n.

S i g n al p h r as e s ( a l so k n ow n a s a t t r ib uti ve t a g s o r n a r r at ive c i t a ti on) a p p ea r i n t h e s a m e s en tenc e a s t h e


s o u r c e m a ter ia l , ei t h er d i r ec tl y b ef o re o r a f t er t h a t m a ter ia l . Th ey s i g na l t o t h e r ea d er t h a t t h e i d ea o r
l a n g u a g e b ei ng u s ed i s f r o m a n o u t s id e s o urc e . S i g n al p h r ases g e n er all y u s e t h e au t h or ’s n am e an d a
p r e s e nt t e ns e v e rb t o d o t h i s .
Z i l l i n ger a r g ues t h a t t h e o f t en -exa min ed c o n tr a dic ti on b et ween M i ll ay’ s “ s u b versi ve et h os a n d h er
t r a d i t ion a l f o r ms” i s n o c o n t ra di ct io n a t a l l ( 2 4 0) .
K u p et z i n di c ates t h at K er ou ac u s es d i s ab il ity “ t o s i g ni f y r a d ic a l s o c i al n o n - c on fo rmi ty” ( 1 35) .

S ee t h e S IG N A L P H R AS E G U I DEL IN ES h a n do ut f o r a l i s t o f s i g n a l p h r a se v er bs.
13
P ar e n t h eti c al c i t at i on s m a ke u s e o f p a r en t heses ( ) t o p r o v i de s o u rc e i n f or mat io n. In M L A s t yle,
p a r en t h etic a l c i t a tio ns a r e p l a c ed w h er e t h ere i s a n a t u r a l p a u se. Th i s m o s t o f t en o c c u rs a t t h e en d o f t h e
s en t en c e i n w h i c h t h e s o u rc e i n f or ma tio n a p p ea r s. W h en p l a c ed a t t h e en d o f a s en t en c e, p a r en thet ic a l
c i t a t i on s a p p ear b ef o re t h e c l o s in g p u n ct ua tio n.

Th e a r t i c l e a r g ues t h a t M i l la y w a s a s a v vy c o n tri bu tor t o h er o w n m y tho s a n d t h a t s h e u s ed


“ p h o t o gr ap hy t o c o n s tru ct a f l exi b l e p o eti c i d en ti ty” ( P a rk er 3 8 1) .

Th e A r t o f T r a v e l t el l s u s t h a t t r a vel , w i th i t s g i f t o f d i s t an c in g u s f r o m o u r o r d in ar y s el ves, g i v es u s
t h e o p p o r t uni ty t o “ en c o un ter o u r t r u e s el ves” ( d e B o t t on 1 4 7) .

FORMATTING THE PARENTHETICAL CITATION:


I n m o s t c a s es , t h e M L A d o e s n o t r eq u ir e t h e u s e o f p u n c tua ti on b et ween t h e m a jo r el em ent s o f a
p a r en t h etic a l c i t a tio n. T h er e i s a l s o n o a b b r evi at io n f o r p a g e n u mb er. If a w o r k h a s n o p ag e n u mbe rs, s e e
page 17.
(Au t h o r (s ) L as t N am e p ag e n u m b er)

( S c h r o er luc ke 2 3 7) . ( H a ppl e a n d N a va r re 7 - 19 ). ( Jo h n ston et a l . p a r a . 4 ) . ( A W o m a n i n B e r l i n 1 5 4).

1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE

QUOTATION, SUMMARY, OR PARAPHRASE


• T h e f i r s t t i me y o u n a m e a n a u t ho r, u s e t h ei r f u l l n a me ( s ee b el o w ).
• W h en t h e n a m e o f t h e a u t h o r a p pea r s i n t h e s en ten ce, d o n o t r ep ea t i t i n t h e p a r en th eses.
• A d d t h e p a r en t heti c al c i t at ion w i t h p a g e n u mb er w h er e t h ere i s a n a t u r a l p a u se, g en er a ll y a t t h e en d
o f t h e s en t en c e.
• I n c l u d e t h e p a g e n u m ber o r o t h er s o ur ce l o c a ti on i n f or mat io n i n p a r en theses .
• Do n o t u s e p . o r t h e w o r d p a g e .
A f t er n o t i ng t h at h i s ea r l y w r i t in gs w er e h ea v i ly r ev i sed , Ja c k K er o ua c s t at es, “ I w a s w r i ti ng o n e
s en t en c e a d a y a n d t h e s en t enc e h a d n o f eel i n g. G o dd amn i t , f eel i ng i s w h a t l l i k e i n a r t , n o t
c r a f t i n ess a n d t h e h i d in g o f f eel i n g s ” ( 7 2) .

2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES

QUOTATION, SUMMARY, OR PARAPHRASE


• I f t h e n a m e o f t h e a u t h o r i s n o t i n c lud ed i n t h e s en t enc e, p u t t h e n a m e i n p a r ent heses a l o n g w i t h a n y
p a g e o r o t h er s o u r c e l o c a ti on i n f or mat io n.
• P a r en t hes es s h ou ld b e p l a c e d i n t h e s a m e s en ten ce a s t h e s o u r ce i n f o rma ti on a n d a f t er a n a t u r al
p a u s e. Th ey g en er a ll y a p p ear a t t h e en d o f t h e s en t en ce a n d b ef o r e a n y c l o s in g p u n c tua ti on.
• I n m o s t c a s es , t h ere i s n o n eed f o r p u n c tu at io n i n p a r en thet ic al c i t at io ns.

To exp l a i n t h e m o na sti c r ec l usi veness t h at c h a ra c teri zed H es se’ s a d u l t l i f e, t h e a r t ic le p o i nt s n o t t o


p h i l o so ph y b u t t o n a r c i ssi sm, d ep ress io n, a n d t h e P i eti s t f a m il y i n t o w h i c h H es se w a s b o r n ( G r ay
91).

Ju n g , w h o i s p o s i ti on ed a s t h e m a n m o st r es p ons ib le f o r t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry s h el l- g ame w h er e
“ r el i g i on w a s r ep l ac ed b y t h er ap eut ic t ec hn iq ue, ” t o ok H es se a s h i s p a t ien t ( G r ay 9 1) .

14
SPECIAL CASES
3. TWO AUTHORS

W h en a w o r k i s a u t h or ed b y t w o i n d ivi du al s, m en tio n b o t h ea c h t i me t h e w o r k i s c i t ed. U s e t h e w o r d an d


b et w een t h e a u t h or s ’ l a st n a mes. W h en y o u f i r s t m en tio n t h e a u t h ors , i n c l ud e t h eir f u l l n a m es.

Di d i o n a n d Du n n e ’s p r of i le o f w i l d c a tter G l en M c C ar thy s u gg ests t h a t t h er e i s s o methi ng u n i quel y


a n d t r a g i c a ll y A m er ic a n i n M c C a rt hy s t ub bo rn i n dep end enc e ( 1 4) . A f r i en d o f M c C a r thy’ s i s q u o t ed
a s s a y i n g , “ H e c o u ld h a ve p a i d h i s t a xes a n d p u t s ev enty - l ive m i l li on c a s h i n t h e b a n k . B u t t h a t' s
n o t t h e w a y i n d ep en dent s o p era te. N o m a t ter w h a t t h e r i sk . . .” ( Di d i o n a n d Du n n e 1 4) .

4. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

W h en r ef er en c i ng a w o r k w i t h t h r ee o r m o re a u t h ors , i t i s t y p i ca l t o u s e t h e f i r s t a u t ho r’ s l a s t n a m e
f o l l o w ed b y t h e p h ra se e t al . , a n a b b r ev ia ti on f o r t h e L a t in p h r ase et a l i a m ea n i ng “ a n d o t h ers . ” Yo u m a y
a l s o u s e “ a n d o t h ers” o r “ a n d c o l l eag ues” i n t h e p r o se, b u t t h is i s l es s c o mmo n.

In t h ei r a n a l ysi s o f m ed i a c o ver ag e a n d p u bl ic h ea l th r es po nse t o C o b a in ’ s s u ic i de, Jo b es et a l .


i n d i c a te t h a t a b s enc e o f t h e a n t i c ip at ed W er th er ef f ec t c a n b e c r ed i t ed t o C o b a in ’ s m eth od o f
d ea t h . Th ey n o t e “ t h e n ec essi ty o f c h ec k i ng d en ta l r ec o r ds t o m a ke a p o s i ti ve i d en tif i ca ti on ” a n d
s u g g es t t h a t t h e g u n p l a yed a g a i n st r o ma nt ic i m ag es o f s u i c id e ( Jo b es et a l . 2 6 4 ).

5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

W h en c i t i n g m ul ti pl e w o r k s b y t h e s a me a u t ho r, d i s tin gu ish t h e s o ur ce b y i n c l ud in g t h e t i t le o f t h e w o r k i n
t h e t ext o r t h e p a r en t h etic a l c i t a ti on. L o n g w o r ks s h o ul d b e i t a l i ci zed. S h o rt w o r ks a r e p l a c ed i n q u o ta ti on
m arks.
Th e n a r r a to r t el l s u s “ el ec t ive i g n o ra nc e w a s a g r ea t s u r viva l s ki ll , p er ha ps t h e g r ea test” ( F r a nzen ,
Th e C o r r e c tio ns 2 6 5).

In a n o n - f i c ti on es s a y a b o ut h i s f a t h er’ s P a r ki nso n ’ s d i s ease, F r a nz en w r i tes, “ o n e o f t h e s t o r ies


I’ v e c o m e t o t el l , t h en , a s I t r y t o f o r g i v e m ysel f f o r m y l o n g b l in dn ess t o h i s c o n di tio n, i s t h a t h e
w a s b en t o n c o n c ea l in g t h a t c o n d it io n . . .” ( “ M y F a t her’ s B r a i n ” 8 0 ) .

N O TE: It i s a c c ep t a bl e t o s h or ten t h e t i tle o f a w o r k i n t h e p a r en th etic a l c i t a ti on. W h en t h e a u t ho r’ s l a s t


n a m e a n d t h e t i t l e a p p ear t o get her i n a p a r en t heti ca l c i t a ti on , u s e a c o m m a t o s ep ar a te t h em.

6. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME

W h en t w o o r m o r e a u t h or s h a v e t h e s a me l a s t n a me, u s e a u t ho rs’ f u l l n a mes i n a l l s i g n al p h r ases a n d f i r st


i n i t i a ls i n a l l p a r en th eti ca l c i t a ti on s.

K i n g s ley A mi s, r ef l ec tin g o n t h e i n f l u enc e o f h i s p o si tio n a s a n o n l y c h i l d, n o ted t h a t “ w r it in g f o r


m e i s t o a l a r g e ext en t s el f -en ter tai nmen t, a n d t h e o n ly c h i ld i s d r i ven t o d o t h a t ” ( 4 2 ).

Ta l k i n g a b o ut h i s f a t her ’s i n f lu enc e, t h e w r i ter i n d ic a tes t h a t “ h e d i d n 't t r y t o f o r m m y m in d, w h i c h


w a s p a r t l y l a z i ness, b u t a l so p a r tl y i n st inc t” ( M . A m is 7 0 ) .
15
7. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR

S o m e s o u r ces d o n o t l i s t a n i n d i vi dua l a u th or o r a u t ho rs . Th es e s o ur c es m a y h a v e a n o r g a ni zat io n,


c o r p o r a tio n, a s s oc ia ti on, o r a g o v er n ment a g en cy a s t h eir a u t hor . In t h i s c a s e, t h e g r o up ’ s n a me c a n b e
u s ed i n p l a c e o f a n a u t h o r’ s n a m e i n s i g na l p h r a ses a n d p a r ent h etic a l c i t a ti ons .

Th e 1 9 3 6 r ep o rt d o c u ment s h o w c o mmu nit ies w er e r es p o ndi ng t o w h a t t h e U .S . Dep a r tmen t o f t h e


In t er i o r c a l l ed t h e y o uth p r o blem, a p r o b l em s u c ci nc tl y i d en tif i ed a s “ f i v e m i ll ion y o un g p eo p l e - 1
o u t o f ev er y 4 i n t h e c o u n t r y- . . . w i t h o u t c o n st ru ct ive o c c u pa ti on a t s c h oo l, w o r k, o r h o me” ( 2 ) .

Th e C o u n c i l o f S o c i a l A g en c ies i n f i v e O r a n g e C o un ty c o m mun iti es s p o nso red a “ t r i a l b y j u r y o f t h e


c a s e o f Yo u t h v s . S o ci ety ” i n o r d er t o “ ed u ca te p u b li c o p i n io n o n t h e s u b j ec t o f s o c i a l p r o b lems,
a n d m o r e s p ec i f ic a ll y y o ut h p r o bl ems, a n d t o b r ea k g r o und f o r c o n str uc ti ve c o mmu n i ty a c t i on along
d ef i n i t e l i n es” ( U . S . Dep t . o f t h e I n t er io r 1 9 ) .

N O TE: I t i s a c c ep t a bl e t o u s e a b b revi a tio ns f o r c o m mo nly a b b revi at e t er m s, s u ch a s Dep t . f o r Dep a r tmen t.

8. UNKNOWN AUTHOR

R ef er en c e w o r k s, l eg a l m a teri al s , a n d n ew sp ap er ed i t or ia ls f r eq uent ly a p p ea r w i t h out a n a u t ho r. If n o


a u t h o r i s g i ven a n d t h e s o ur ce h a s n o t b een a u t hor ed b y a n a g en c y o r o r g a niz at io n ( s ee a b o ve) , u s e t h e
s o u r c e’ s t i t le i n i n - t ext c i t at io ns. L o n g w o rk s a r e i t a l ic iz ed. S h or t w o r ks a r e p l a c ed i n q u o ta ti on m a rks .

L o n g t i t l es c a n b e s h o r ten ed t o t h e f i r s t n o u n p h r as e. R em emb er t o exc l u d e a r ti c les ( a , a n , t h e) .

A c c o r d i ng t o B r e w e r' s Di c t iona ry o f P h r ase a n d F a bl e a b r a c ad ab ra i s “ a c a b a l i sti c c h a r m s a i d t o b e


m a d e f r o m t h e i n i ti al s o f t h e H eb r ew w o rd s A b ( F a t her) , B en ( S o n ) , a n d R u a c h A C a dsc h ( H o ly
S p i r i t) ” ( 3 ) .

Th e ed i t o r ia l a s s erted t h at t h e o p i oi d c r i si s c a n b e c u r t a il ed b y p r o vi di ng s a f e s p ac es a n d m ed ic a l
s u p er v isi on f o r u s ers ( “ S a f e I n j ec ti on ” 4 ) .

* T h e f u l l t i t l e o f t h e a r t i cl e i s “ S a f e I n j ec tio n F a c i li ties S a ve L i v es . ”

9. TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER

I f a s en t en c e m a kes u s e o f m o r e t h a n o n e s o u r ce, l i s t a l l s o u rc es i n t h e s i g na l p h r a se o r p a r en theses .


W h en m u l t ip le s o u rc es a r e l i s ted i n p a r ent heses, s ep a ra te ea c h s o u rc e w i t h a s em i c ol on .

N u m er o us s t u dies h a ve h i g h li ght ed t h e b en ef i ts o f ed u c a ti ng i n c a rc era ted m en ( L o c h ner a n d


M o r et ti ; Es p eri an ; H u gh es; U t hei m ) .

10. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE

I f y o u c i t e a s o u r c e q u o t ed i n a n o t her s o u rc e, a d d t h e a b b revi at io n q t d . i n t o y o u r p a r en theti c al c i t at io n .

To exp l a i n h i s u n o r tho do x a p pr oa c h t o s t u dyi ng c r i min al g en i us, t h e a u t ho r p o i nt s t o a d es i r e t o


c o n v ey w h a t K a t z r ef er s t o a s “ t h e m o r al a n d s en sua l a t tr ac ti on s o f d o i n g ev i l ” ( q t d . i n O l es o n
194).

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11. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS

PARAGRAPH, SECTION OR CHAPTER NUMBERS

M a n y el ec t ro ni c d o c ument s d o n o t h a ve p a g e n u mb ers. S o m e h a v e p a r a gr ap h , s ec t ion , o r c h a p ter


n u m b er s. If s u c h n u mb ers a p p ea r, u s e t h em w i t h t h e a p p r op ria te a b b r evia ti on . S ee b el o w . If t h e a u t h o r ’ s
n a m e a p p ea r s i n t h e p a r en th etic a l c i t a tio n , s ep a ra te t h e n a m e f r o m t h e a b b revi at io n w i t h a c o m m a.

• P ar ag r ap h ( Jo n es, p a r . 4 ) . P ar ag r ap h s ( p a r s. 4 - 7 ). F o r p o e m s an d v e r s e
• S e c t i o n ( s ec . 3 ) S e c t i o n s ( Ei s enstei n, s ec s . 2 - 5 ) p l ay s , s ee p a g e 1 8 .
• C h ap t e r ( c h . 1 7) . C h ap t e r s ( c h s. 1 7 - 18)

The MLA indicates that writers should not count unnumbered paragraphs or sections for the purposes of in -text
citation. However, in order to be able to assess how source material is being used, instructors sometimes ask students
to do this. Always follow your instructor’s guidelines.

HEADINGS

S o m e s o u r ces , es p ec ia l ly t h o se f o u nd o n l in e, d o n o t h a v e n u mb er ed p a g e, p a r a gr ap h, c h a p ter , o r s ec t i on
n u m b er s. S o me o f t h es e m a ke u s e o f h e ad i ng s. Th e M L A i n d ic a tes t h a t i n t h e a b s en ce o f o t h er n u mb ers
h ea d i n g s c a n b e u s ed t o h el p a r ea d er l o c a t e t h e r el eva nt i n f or mati on . It i s p er m issi bl e t o s h or ten l o n g
h ea d i n g t i tl es .

U n d er t h e h ea d i ng “ I L i k e Y o u . Y o u ' r e L i ke M e , ” t h e a u t ho r i n d ic a tes t h a t, l i k e o t her a n i mal s,


h u m a n s en g a g e i n a s s o rta ti ve m a ti ng ( L a ts on) .

AUDIOVISUAL MATERIAL

T o r ef er en c e a s p ec i f i c p o rt io n o f a v i d eo o r a u d i o r ec o rd in g, p r o vid e t h e t i mesta mp f o r t h a t p o r t ion i n


p a r en t h eses. In c l ude t h e h o u r s, m i nut es, a n d s ec on ds s ep a ra ted b y c o l on s. E.G . ( 0 1:1 6:23- [Link] 2).

12. AN ENTIRE WORK

I f y o u w o u l d l i k e t o p o in t t h e r ea d er t o a n en t i re w o r k, n a m e t h e a u th or i n a s i g n a l p h r a se o r i n a
p a r en t h etic a l r ef er en ce. Do n o t g i v e p a g e n u mb ers.

Th e b i o g r a phy p o rt ra ys a w o m a n w o r n d o w n b y h er o w n m y th os a n d m i t ig ates s o me o f t h e
r o m a n ti ci sm t h a t h a s a t ta c hed i t s elf t o M i ll a y ( M il f or d) .

13. LITERARY WORKS

M a n y l i t era ry w o r ks a s si gn ed i n c o l l eg e c o u rses h a v e b een w i d el y r ea d f o r m a ny y ea r s a n d p u b li sh ed i n


m u l t i pl e ed i t i ons . T h e M L A p r o vi des s p ec i al g u i deli nes t o a i d r ea d er s w h o m a y b e u s i n g a d i f f er ent ed i t i on
o f a t ext . Th i s s u p pl emen ta l i n f o rma ti on i s p l a ced i n t h e p a r ent heti c al c i t ati on a n d d ep end s o n s o u rc e
t y p e.

NOVELS

W h en c i t i n g a n o v el t h at h a s b een p u b l ish ed m u lt ip le t i mes, f o l l ow t h e p a g e n u mber w i t h a s em i c ol on , u s e


t h e a b b r ev i at ion c h . f o r c h a pt er a n d i n c l ude a c h a p t er n u mber .

Th e s el f - r el ia nt Ja n e t el l s u s , “ I s t o od l o nel y en o u gh ; b u t t o t h a t f eel i n g o f i s o l a ti on I w a s
a c c u s t omed ; i t d i d n o t o p p r es s m e m u c h ( B r o nt e 2 ; c h . 4 2 ) .
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VERSE PLAYS

V er s e p l a y s, s u c h a s t h o se b y W i l li a m S h ak espea re, f r eq uen tl y h a ve n u m ber ed l i n es. W h en q u o ti ng f r o m a


v er s e p l a y w i t h n u mb ered l i ne, i n c l ud e t h e f o l lo wi ng el emen ts i n y o u r p a r enth etic a l c i t a tio n a n d s ep a r at e
ea c h el em en t w i t h a p er i o d : ac t n u m b er , s c en e n u m ber , an d l i n e n u m ber (s).

H a m l et i s n o t o n l y r ef er r ing t o c o s meti cs w h en h e t el l s O p h eli a, “ G o d h a s g i v en y o u o n e f a c e a n d


y o u m a k e y o u rsel ves a n o th er ” ( S h ak espea re 1 .3 . 142- 144) .

POEMS

M a n y p o ems r ea d i n l i t er a tur e c o u rse s a r e w i d ely a n th ol og ize d . If t h e p o em y o u a r e r ef er r i ng t o h a s b een


r ep u b l i shed m a ny t i mes , h el p y o u r r ea d ers i d ent if y t h e l i n es y o u a r e r ef er r in g t o b y u s i ng s ec ti on a n d l i n e
n u m b er s i n p a r en theti c al c i t at ion s . S ep a ra te t h e s ec t io n n u mb er f r o m t h e l i n e n u mb er( s) w i th a p er i o d .

R ef l ec t i n g o n t h e a f t er n oon o f Y ea t s ’ d ea th , A u d en w r i t es “ Th e c u r r en t o f h i s f eel i n g f a i l ed: h e


b ec a m e h i s a d m ir ers” ( 1 . 17) . N o t o n l y d o es Yea t s l i v e o n i n t h o se w h o r ea d h i s w o r k, b u t t h e w o r k,
a l s o l i v i ng , c o n tin ues t o c h a n g e: “ T h e w o r ds o f a d ea d m a n / A r e m o d i f ied i n t h e g u t s o f t h e l i v i ng.”
( A u d en 1 .2 2- 23) .

I f a p o em m a k es u s e o f l i n e n u m ber s b u t n o t s ec t io n n u mb ers, u s e t h e w o r d l i n e o r l i n e s t h e f i r s t t i me y o u
r ef er en c e t h e s o u r ce.

Th e p o em c h r o ni cl es t h e d i f f eren t w a y s i n w h i c h m en a n d w o m en g r i eve a n d h o w s u c h d i f f eren ces


c a n a d d i s o l a t io n t o d es p ai r . T h e s p ea ker a s ks h i s w i f e, “ W h a t w a s i t b r o ug ht y o u u p t o t h i nk i t t h e
t h i n g / To t a k e y o u r m o ther - los s o f a f i r s t c h i l d / S o i n c o n sol ab ly —i n t h e f a c e o f l o v e” ( F r o st, l i n es
6 3 - 6 5) . S ev era l s t a nza s l a t er t h e w i f e w o n ders a l o ud a t t h e s p ea ker’ s a b i l ity t o c o n vers e o n
m u n d a ne t o p ic s a f t er d i g gi ng h i s c h i l d’ s g r a ve. S h e a s k s, “ W h at h a d h o w l o n g i t t a kes a b i r c h t o r o t
/ To d o w i t h w h a t w a s i n t h e d a r k ened p a r lo r ? ” ( 9 5 -96 ).

F o r i n f o r ma ti on o n h o w t o n o t e l i n e a n d s t a nza b r ea ks, s ee P o et ry Qu o ta tio ns o n p a g e 8 .

14. SACRED TEXTS

T h e Qu r a n , Ta l m ud, B i b l e, S u tra s, V ed a s a n d o t her s a c red t exts a r e o f t en r ea d i n t r a n sla ti on . B ec a us e


d i f f er en t t r a n sla ti on s o f t en l ea d t o d i f f eren t i n t erpr eta ti ons , i t i s i m p or ta nt t h a t y o u r r ea d er k n ow w h i c h
v er s i o n o f a s a c r ed t ext y o u h a v e r ef er enc ed. Th e fi r s t t i m e y o u u s e a s ac r e d o r r e l i g io u s t e xt , n am e t h e
v e r s i o n i n t h e s e n t enc e.

F o r t ext s w i t h m u l tip le b o o ks, c h a p ter s, a n d v er s es o r t h e eq u i va len t, g i ve ea c h el em en t s ep a ra ted b y a


p er i o d i n a p a r en t h etic a l c i t a tio n. I t i s a c c ep t a bl e t o a b b r evi at e b o o ks o f t h e B i b l e. I n c lu de s ac red t e x ts i n
y o u r w o r k s c i t ed l i s t .

In b o t h n a r r at ives f a t h ers o f f er t h ei r d a u g hter s t o p r ev ent t h e r a p e o f a m a n t o w h o m t h ey a r e n o t


r el a t ed . In t h e N e w I n t e r nati ona l V e r sion B i b le , a L ev i t e p r o tec ti ng a m a n w i t h w h om h e i s
t r a v el li ng s a ys , “ L o o k, h er e i s m y v i r gi n d a u gh ter , a n d h i s c o n c ub i ne. I w i l l b r i n g t h em o u t t o y o u
n o w , a n d y o u c a n u s e t h em a n d d o t o t h em w h a t ever y o u w i sh . B u t a s f o r t h is m a n, d o n ’t d o s u c h
a n o u t r a g eo us t h i ng ” ( Ju d g . 1 9. 4) . T h e c o n c u bi ne i s a c c ep ted a s a s u b s tit ute a n d d i es a s a r es u l t.

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15. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY

M a n y c o l l ege c o u r ses m a ke u s e o f a n t h ol og ies o r c o l lec ti on s o f w r i t in g b y m u l tip le


a u t h o r s. Th ese c o l l ec tio ns a r e t y p i ca l ly c o m pi led b y a n ed i t or w h o se n a me i s g i v en o n t h e
a n t h o l og y’ s c o v er ( s ee K el l y J. M a y s , r i g ht) . W h en c r ea ti ng a n i n - t ext c i t a ti on f o r a w o r k
f r o m a n a n t h o lo gy, r ef er t o t h e a u t h or o f t h e p i ec e, n o t t h e ed i to r o f t h e c o l l ec ti on .

16. ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK

R ef er en c e w o r k s en t r ies, s u c h a s t h o se f o u n d i n d i c t io na ri es a n d en c y cl op edi as ,
f r eq u en t ly d o n o t l i s t a n a u t h or . I f a n en t r y h a s n o a u t h or , u s e t h e t i tl e o f t h e en t r y i n
t h e i n - t ext c i t a tio n.

Th e w o r d r o b o t h a s i t s et y mol og ic a l o r i gi ns i n t h e C z ec h w o r d f o r " f o rc ed l a b o r, c o m pul sor y


s er v i c e, d r u dger y "( “ R obo t” ).

17. LEGAL DOCUMENTS

W h en r ef er en c i ng l a w a n d c o u rt c a s es, r ef er t o t h e p a r tic u la r c a s e o r l a w b y n a m e i n t h e s i g n al p h ra se o r
p a r en t h eses. It a li c ize l eg a l c a s es. L ea v e l a w s, a c t s, a n d h i st ori c al d o c umen ts, s u c h a s t h e M a g na C a r ta , i n
p l a i n t ext .

P r i o r t o 1 9 63 a n d t h e c a s e o f G i d e on v . W a i nw ri ght , t h o se w h o w er e u n a b le t o a f f o r d a l a w y er h a d
n o r ec o u r s e t o l eg a l c o u nsel . T h e o n l y exc ep t io n o c c u rr ed w h en a p er s o n w a s a c c u sed o f c r i me
p u n i s ha bl e b y t h e d ea t h p en a lt y.

WORKS CITED ENTRIES – CORE ELEMENTS


T h e M o d er n L a n g ua ge A s s oc ia ti on ( M L A) r eq u ir es ( 1 ) a l i s t o f s o u rc e i n f o rma ti on a t t h e en d o f t h e t ext i n
t h e f o r m o f a w o r k s c i t ed p a g e a n d ( 2 ) b r i ef i n - t ext d o c umen ta tio n o f s o u r ces . Th i s s ec ti on p r ov id es
g u i d el i nes f o r c o n s tru ct in g w o r ks c i ted en t ri es f o r t h e m o st f r eq u ent l y u s ed s o urc e t y pes . It i s b a s ed o n
t h e 8 t h ed . o f t h e M L A H a nd book ( 2 018) a n d A G u i de t o M L A S t yle p u b li shed b y N o r ton . F o r s o u rc es t y p es
n o t c o v er ed h er e, v i si t t h e M L A S t yl e C en ter a t h t t ps://s tyl [Link] a .o rg / .

CORE ELEMENTS OVERVIEW

T o c o n s t ru ct a w o r k s c i t ed en t r y, t h e M L A a s k s w r i ters t o i d en tif y c er t a in
c o r e e l e men t s o f t h ei r s o u rc es a n d t o l i s t a s m a n y o f t h o se el em en ts a s
p o s s i bl e i n a p r es c r ib ed o r d er.

I f a s o u r c e d o es n o t h a v e o n e o f t h e el em en ts , t h a t el em en t i s s i mpl y l ef t o ut
o f t h e en t r y . Th e i m a g e o n t h e r i g h t l i s ts t h e c o r e el em en ts a n d t h e o r d er i n
w h i c h t h ey s h ou ld b e g i v en . Ea c h el em en t i s d es c ri bed i n m o r e d et a il o n t h e
f o l l o w i ng p a g es ( 2 0- 24) . I n a d d i ti on, y o u c a n v i si t t h e M L A S t y le C en t er t o
l ea r n a b o u t o p ti on al el emen ts.

W h i l e o n e c an c o n s t r uc t al m o s t an y e n t r y u s i n g t h e c o r e e l e men ts m e t ho d ,
s o m e w r i t ers p r ef er t o u s e a t em p l ate s p ec i fi c t o t h e s o ur ce t y p e.

W o r k s c i t ed en t r y t emp la tes a r e p r o v id ed o n p a g es 2 5- 38.

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1. AUTHOR .

ONE AUTHOR:

• T h e n a m e o f a s i n g l e a u t hor i s g i v en l a s t n a me, f i r s t n a me .
• I n c l u d e m i d dl e n a m es o r i n i t ia ls w h en g i v en.
o P o e, Ed g a r A l l en . W a l l a c e, Da v i d F o s ter.

TWO AUTHORS:

o T h e f i r s t a u th or i s l i s ted l a s t n a m e , f i r s t n a me.
o T h e f i r s t a u th or ’ s n a me i s f o l l ow ed b y t h e w o r d an d .
o T h e s ec o n d a u th or ’ s n a me i s g i v en f i r s t n a me l a s t n a m e.
o L i s t n a m es i n t h e o r d er t h a t t h ey a r e g i v en i n t h e s o ur c e m a teri al .
o B r o w n , S t ep hen , a n d A n t ho ny P a t ter son .

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

• T h e f i r s t a u th or i s l i s ted l a s t n a m e , f i r s t n a me.
• O t h er a u t h or s’ n a mes a r e r ep l a c ed b y t h e L a t in p h ra se e t al . t h e a b b r evia ti on f o r e t a l i a, m ea ni ng “ a nd
o t h er s . ”
o B o er m a n -C or nel l, W i l li a m, et a l .

EDITOR, TRANSLATOR, DIRECTOR ETC.

• I f y o u r w r i t in g f o c u ses o n t h e ed i t o r, t r a nsl a tor , d i r ec to r o r a n y o ne o t h er t h a n t h e a u t ho r o f t h e w o r k ,


a d d a c o m m a a f t er t h e n a m e a n d s p eci f y t h e p er so n’ s r o l e i n l o w er c a s e .
o M a y s , K el ly J. , ed i t o r.

2. TITLE OF SOURCE .

BOOKS, PERIODICALS, AND OTHER LONG WORKS

• I t a l i c i ze t i t les o f b o o k s a n d o t her s el f -c o nta in ed w o r ks s u ch a s j o u rn al s, f i l ms, t el evi si on s h o ws ,


m a g a z i nes, a n d n ew sp ap ers.
• F o l l o w t i t l e c as e c ap i t ali zat i on r u l es f o r a l l t i tl es r eg a rd less o f o r i g in al c a p it al iza ti on . S ee p a g e 4 .
o Ja n e Ey r e . T h e A t l ant ic . S o me thi ng W i c ke d Th i s W a y C o mes. De a d P o ets S oc i ety .

ARTICLES, ESSAYS, POEMS, SHORT STORIES


• P l a c e q u o t a tio n m a r ks a r o u nd s h ort w o r ks s u c h a s p o em s , es sa ys , a n d s h o rt s t o ri e s.
• F o l l o w t i tl e c a s e c a p it al iza ti on r u les f o r a l l t i tl es r eg a rd less o f o r i g ina l c a p ita l iza ti on . S ee p a g e 4 .
o “ A S u p p o s edly F u n T h i n g I ' l l N ev er Do A g a i n .” “ S i l ent S n o w , S ec r et S n ow . ”

UNTITLED WORKS
• S o u r c es w i th ou t t i tl es a r e d es c r ibed w i t hou t q u o ta tio ns o r i t a l i cs a n d u s e s en t enc e c a s e c a p it al iza ti on .
o L ec t u r e t r a n sc ri pt. L et t er t o t h e a u t ho r’ s m o th er. P o w erP oi nt s l i des.
• W h en a n u n t i t l ed p o em i s k n o wn b y i t s f i r s t l i n e, u s e t h a t l i n e i n q u o tes a n d r et a i n t h e c a p i ta li za tio n
o f t h e o r i g i n al .
o “ I h ea r d a F l y b u z z - w h en I d i ed - . ”
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3. TITLE OF CONTAINER ,

• I f t h e s o u r c e i s c o n t ai ned w i th in a l a r g er w o r k o r p u b li c at ion , i n c lu de t h e
t i t l e o f t h e c o n t a i ner i n i t a l ic s f o l l ow ed b y a c o m m a .

COMMON CONTAINERS

• C o l l ec t io ns o f p o em s, s h o rt s to ri es, a n d es sa ys.
o P o e ms T h a t M a ke G r o wn M e n C r y , M ag ic f o r B e g i nne rs , In F a c t :
Th e B e s t o f C r e a ti ve N o nf ic ti on
• P er i o d i ca ls s u ch a s j o u rn al s, m a g azi ne, n ew s pa per s
o Jo u r n al o f P e a ce R e s ea rc h, T h e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , Es q uir e,
• W eb s i t e s
o In t e r n et H i s tory S ou rc ebo oks P r o je ct , P e w R e s e ar ch C e n te r,
M o d e rn A me ri can P o et ry ,
• T el ev i s i on s er i es
o M a d me n, G a me o f T h r o nes , M y S o - Cal le d L i f e ,

4. OTHER CONTRIBUTORS ,

• I f y o u w a n t t o h i g h li gh t t h e c o n tr ib uti on s o f i n d i vid ua ls o t her t h an t h e a u t hor , s t ate w h a t t h e


c o n t r i bu tor d i d , u s e t h e w o r d b y , a n d g i v e t h e c o n tri bu to r o r c o n t ri but or s’ f i r st a n d l a s t n a m e( s) .
• I f t h e c o r e el em en t p r ec edi ng t h e en t ry en d s i n a p er i o d , c a p i ta li ze t h e f i r st l et t er o f t h i s el emen t.

EXAMPLES
A l ek s i evic h, S v etl a na . T h e U n w oman ly F a c e o f W a r : A n O r a l H i stor y o f W o me n i n W o r ld W a r II . Tr a n s la t ed
b y R i c h a r d P ev ear a n d L a r is sa V o l ok ho nsky , R a n d om H o u se, 2 01 8.
“ T h e B a t t l e o f t h e B i r d s . ” F ai ry T a l e s f r o m M a ny L a n ds, i l l us tra ted b y A r th ur R a c k h am, P en g ui n B o o ks ,
1 9 7 8, p p . 1 5 - 27.
Di c k i n so n, Em i ly . B o l t s o f M e l ody: N e w P o e ms o f Emi l y Di c k i nson . Ed i t ed b y M ab el L o o mi s To d d a n d
M i l l i c ent To d d B i n gh am, H a r per & B r o th ers, 1 9 45.
N i c h o l so n, Ja c k . O n e F l ew o v er t h e C u c koo ’s N e st. Di r ec t ed b y M i lo š F o r man , F a n t asy F i lms, 1 9 97.

5. VERSION ,

• I f y o u r s o u r ce exi s ts i n m o re t h a n o n e v er s io n, p r o vi de i n f or ma tio n t o h el p y o ur r ea d er i d en ti f y w h i ch
v er s i o n y o u h a ve u s ed .

BOOKS: EDITION

• S o m e w o r k s o f l i t er at ur e a n d m o st t ext b o o ks exi s t i n m o r e t h a n o n e v er si on. V er s ion s o f b o o k s a r e


c a l l ed e d i t i on s.
• S p ec i f y t h e e d i ti on n u mber o r t y p e f o l lo wed b y t h e a b b revi at io n f o r ed i t io n. E.G . Exp a n ded ed .
• I f i t n o t n ec es s a ry t o s p ec i f y t h e f i r st ed i t io n o f a t ext .
• W h en n o t i n g a n ed i t i on n u mber , w r i te t h e o r d ina l v a lu e u s in g a r a b ic n u mer al s . E.G . 3 r d ed . 6 t h ed .
• I f t h e p r ev i o us c o r e el em en t en d ed w i th a p er i o d , t h i s c o r e el em e nt b eg in s w i t h a c a p i t a l l et t e r. I f t h e
p r ev i o us s ec ti on en d ed w i t h a c o m m a , b eg i n w i th a l o w er c a s e l et ter . S ee exa m p les o n t h e n ext p a g e.

21
EXAMPLES – BOOK EDITIONS
K o c h , To m . C a r togr aphi e s o f Di s e ase : M ap s, M app ing , a n d M e dic in e .
Exp a n d ed ed . , Es r i P r ess, 2 0 17.
R ey h n er , Jo n A l l a n, a n d Jea n n e M . O y a wi n Ed er . “ L a n g ua ge a n d C u l tu re
R ev i t a l iza ti on , 1 990 - 2 0 1 7. ” A me r ic an In d ia n Ed u cat ion : A H i s tory ,
2 n d ed ., U o f O k l a h o ma P , 2 0 17, p p . 3 2 6- 340.
R o y c e, Jo s i a h. R a c e Q u e sti ons, P r o vinc ia li sm, a n d O t he r A me r ic an P r o ble ms.
Ed i t ed b y S c o t t L . P r a t t a n d S h a nn on S u ll iva n, exp a n ded ed ., F o r dh am
U P , 2 0 0 9.

MEDIA VERSIONS

• M u s i c , i ma g es, a u di ob oo ks, t el evi sio n p r o g ra ms, a n d f i l ms a r e s o met imes


p u b l i sh ed i n m u l ti pl e v er s io ns.
• I f y o u r s o u r ce m a t er ia l i s n o t t h e o n l y v er s ion a v a il ab le, m a ke u s e o f t h i s c o r e el em ent t o i n d i ca te t h e
v er s i o n y o u h a ve u s ed .
• T h i s c o r e el em en t b eg i n s w i th a c a p i t a l l et ter i f t h e p r ev i ous s ec ti on en d ed w i t h a p er i o d a n d w i t h a
l o w er c a s e l et t er i f t h e p r ev io us s ec t io n en d ed w i t h a c o m m a.

MEDIA EXAMPLES
Di c k en s , C h a rl es. B l e ak H o us e. R ea d b y B o b L a w r enc e , a b r id ged v er sio n, N a xo s A u d io bo oks, 2 0 07.
R o eg , N i c o l a s, d i r ec tor . W a lk about . Di r ec tor ’ s c u t , M a x L . R a a b - S i L i tv in of f F i l ms , 1 9 98.

6. NUMBER ,

• I f a s o u r c e i s p a r t o f a n u m b ered s eq uen ce, i n c l ude i n f o rma ti on t o h el p t h e r ea d er i d en tif y t h e p a r t o f


t h e s eq u en c e .
• J o u r n al s , m ag azi nes , e n cy cl o ped i as, a n d c o m i c b o o k s a r e o f t en p u b li sh ed a s a n u m b ered s eq uenc e.
• I f t h e n u m b er ed s eq u en c e m a kes u s e o f v o l u mes, u s e t h e a b b revi at ion v o l . b ef o r e t h e v o lu me n u mber .
I f i t m a k es u s e o f i s s u e n u m ber s, u s e t h e a b b revi at ion n o . b ef o re t h e i s su e n u mb er . M a ny u s e b o t h.
• I f t h e c o r e el em en t b ef o r e t h e n u mber en d s w i t h a p er i o d , c a p i tal iz e t h e f i r st l et t er o f t h e f i r s t
a b b r ev i ati on . E. G . V o l .
• W h en c i t i n g an e p i s od e o f a t e l e v is io n s h o w, i n c l ud e s ea so n a n d ep i so de n u m bers a l o ng w i th t h ose
d es c r i p tor s.

EXAMPLES
B r o o k er , C h a rl ie a n d W i l li am B r i d g es , w r i t ers. " S h ut U p a n d Da n c e . " B l a ck M ir ror , d i rec ted b y Ja m es
W a t k i n s, s ea son 3 , ep i s od e 3 , En d em ol , 2 016.
B r u m m itt , C a s si e. “ P ot termo re: T r a n smed ia S t or ytel li ng a n d A u t ho rsh ip i n H a r ry P o t ter.” Th e M i dw est
Qu a r t er ly, n o . 1 , 2 0 1 6, p p . 1 1 2- 122.
G a i m a n, N ei l . “ Th e K i n dl y O n es .” T h e S a ndma n. V o l. 1 3 n o . 6 9, DC C o m i c s, 1 99 5.
M c K en z ie - Jon es, P a ul . “ O c c up at io n o f A l c a tr a z, 1 969–1 971. ” 5 0 Ev e nt s Th at S ha pe d A me ri ca n I n d ian
H i s t or y: A n En c yc lope di a o f t h e A me r ic an M o sai c , ed i ted b y Do n n a M a r tin ez a n d Jen n i fer L .
W i l l i a ms B o r d eau x, v o l . 2 . , G r een wo od, 2 0 17, p p . 5 4 9 – 5 6 0.
M c N et t, G a b ri el. “ U s in g S t o ri es t o F a c i li tat e L ea r ni ng .” C o l le ge Te a ch ing, v o l . 6 4, n o . 4 , O c t . 2 0 16 , p p .
1 8 4 –19 3. EB S C O host, h t t ps:// doi . or g/ 10 .10 80/875675 55.2016.11893 89.
22
7. PUBLISHER ,
• A p u b l i sh er i s a c o m p a ny, o r g a ni za tio n, o r p er s on w h o h a s d i s tr ibu ted a
s o u r c e t o t h e p u b l ic .
• S e l e c t s o u r c e t y p es D O N O T r e qu i re t h e p u b l i she r t o b e n am e d :
• Jo u r n a l s, m a ga zi nes , a n d n ew s pa per s
• W o r k s p u b li shed b y t h ei r a u th or o r ed i t or
• C er t a i n k i nd s o f w eb s i tes ( s ee b el o w )

TH E F O L L O WING S O URC E TY P ES G EN ERALL Y I N CL UD E A P U B L I SH ER :


BOOKS
• T o d et er m in e t h e p u bl ish er o f a b o o k , l o o k o n t h e t i t le p a g e . If y o u d o
n o t s ee t h e p u b l i s her t h er e, l o o k o n t h e n ext p a g e.
• Do n o t i n c l u de w o r d s l i ke C o m pa ny o r I n c . i n t h e p u b l i sh er’ s n a m e. U s e
t h e w o r d a n d i n s tead o f & .
• A b b r ev ia te t h e w o r d s U n iv ersi ty ( U ) a n d P r es s ( P ) i n ac ad e mi c p r e ss es. O xf o r d U n i vers ity P r es s =
O xf o r d U P | S U N Y P r es s o r S t a t e U n iver si ty o f N ew Yo r k P r es s = S t a te U o f N ew Yo r k P .

o Du v er n o y, Jo h n . S o me thi ng i n t h e W a y / / O b str uc tio n B l u es. H o rse L es s P r ess , 2 0 14.

WEBSITES
• T o d et er m in e a w eb s i te’ s p u b li sher , l o o k f o r t h e c o p y r i gh t n o t i c e . It c a n o f t en b e f o u n d a t t h e
b o t t o m o f t h e h o m e p a g e o r o n t h e w eb s it e’s f o o ter. If y o u c a n n o t l o c a te i t t h er e, l o ok f o r a n
a b o u t p a g e. It i s s o m etimes t h ere.
• I f a w eb s i t e’ s t i tl e i s t h e s a me a s i t s p u bl is her, d o n o t r ep ea t i t .
• I f a w eb s i t e h o u ses b u t d o es n o t p r o d uc e t h e m a ter ia l i t d i s tr ib utes, s k ip t h is c o r e el emen t. E.G .
Y o u Tu be .

H a r r i s, R i c h a rd. “ W h a t W e’ v e L ea r n ed i n T w o Dec a d es W i th ou t M o rr ie .” N e xt A v e nue , Tw i n C i t i es P u bl i c


Tel ev i s i on, 4 N o v . 2 0 15, w w w . nexta ven [Link] g/w ha t - w eve-l ea rned - in- t wo -d eca des -w it ho ut- mor ri e/

FILMS AND TELEVISION


• F i l m s a n d t el ev isi on s h ow s d o n o t h a ve p u b l ish ers, b u t t h ey o f t e n h a v e p r o duc er s, d i str ib uto rs,
s t u d i os, a n d p r o du ct io n c o m pa ni es. T h e M L A a s ks t h a t w o r ks c i ted en t ri es f o r t h ese s o u rc es l i s t t h e
c o m p a n y t h a t p l a yed t h e l a r g est r o l e i n t h e s o u r ce’ s p r o du c tio n a n d d i s tri bu tio n. Th i s c a n b e d i f f i c u lt
t o a s s es s w i t h out i n - dep th i n v esti ga ti on. L i s ti ng t h e p r o d uc ti o n c o m p any i s c o m mon p r a c ti c e.

P a r i s , Te xa s . Di r ec t ed b y W i m W en d er s. R o a d M o vi es F i l mpro du kti on G mb H , 1 9 84.


“ U n i v er sity .” Th e S o pr anos , d i r ec ted b y A l l en C o ul ter , s ea s on 3 , ep i s ode2, H B O En t er tai nmen t, 2 00 1.

8. PUBLICATION DATE ,

• S o u r c e i n f o rma ti on m a y i n c lu de t i me, d a y , m on th , s ea s on , a n d y ea r o f p u b l ic a ti on. A l t ho ug h t h e M L A


a l l o w s w r i ters t o d et ermi ne h o w m u c h o f t h e g i v en i n f or mat ion t o i n c l ude, i t i s c o m mon p r a c tic e t o
i n c l u d e a l l a v a il a ble d a t e i n f o rma tio n.
• I f m o r e t h a n o n e p u b l ic at io n d a t e i s g i ven , u s e t h e m os t r ec en t d a t e. S ee p a g e 3 0 f o r a n exc ep t i on .
• I f a n o n l i n e s o ur ce d o es n o t h a v e a p u b l i ca ti on d a te o r i s l i k el y t o c h a n ge o r b e r em o v ed , i n c l ud e a n
a c c es s d a t e a t t h e en d o f t h e en t r y .

S ee n ext p a g e .
23
FORMAT
• D at e s ar e g i v en i n D AY M O N TH Y EAR fo r m at. E.G . 1 1 M a y 1 9 93,
o Th i s f o r m a t d o es n o t r eq u ir e c o m ma s b et ween i t ems.
• A l l m o n t hs o v er f o u r l et t ers s h o ul d b e a b b r ev ia ted:
o Ja n ., F eb . , M a r . , A p r . , M a y, Ju n e, Ju l y , A u g ., S ep t., O c t ., N o v., Dec .
• I f a s o u r c e i n c l ud es a t i m esta mp, i n c l ud e i t a f t er t h e f u l l d a t e.
o 2 9 S ep t . 1 9 84, 4 : 33 a . m . ,

9. LOCATION .

TEXT SOURCES IN CONTAINERS


• I f y o u r s o u r ce i s p a r t o f a l a r g er w o r k s u c h a s a p er i o d ic al o r a n t ho lo gy ,
i n c l u d e a p a g e n u m b er o r p a g e r a n g e a t t h e en d o f t h e en t r y .
• U s e t h e a b b r ev i ati on p . b ef o re a s i n g l e p a g e n u mb er a n d p p . b ef o re a
p a g e r a n g e.

ONLINE SOURCES
• I f t h e s o u r c e h a s p a g e n u mb ers, u s e p . b ef o r e a s i n g le p a g e o r p p . b ef o r e a p a g e r a n g e .
• Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er .
o As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at i s h t t p s: //d o i.o r g/xx xxx .
o If n o DO I i s g i v en , i n c l u de a U R L , p r ef er a b ly a s t a b l e U R L o r p er m al in k.
• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng p r i o r t o an d i n c l u d i n g t h e d o u b l e fo r w ard s l ash // .
o If a U R L r u n s m o r e t h a n t h r ee l i n es, t r un ca te i t .
• I f t h e s o u r c e d o es n o t h a v e a p u b l i ca ti on d a te o r i s l i k el y t o c h a n ge , i n c l ud e a d a t e o f a c c es s .

B a z a r , Jen n i f er L . “ T h e U t i c a C r i b : B i o g ra ph y o f a n U n k n ow n B a r b a ro us O b j ec t.” H i stor y o f P s yc hol ogy , v o l .


1 8 , n o . 2 , M a y 2 0 1 5, p p . 1 3 2 –14 5. P sy ch A r t ic le s , h t tp ://do i.o rg / 10.1037/a 00389 71.
B u r n s , S t a nl ey B . “ U t i c a C r i b . ” C B S N e w s, C B S In t era c tiv e, w w w .c b snew [Link] m/pi c tur es/19th - an d- 20th -
c en t u r y- p syc hi at ry- 22- ra r e-p ho tos/ 12/. A c c essed 1 8 Ju n e 2 0 19.
T en n ey , L a u r en J. “ W h o F a n c ies t o H a v e a R ev o l u tio n H er e? Th e O p a l R ev i s ited ( 1 851 - 1860 ).” R a di c al
P s y c ho log y: A Jo u r nal o f P s yc hol ogy, P o li ti cs & R a d i c ali sm , v o l. 5 , Ju n e 2 0 06, p . 7 .
s ea r c h .eb sc oho st. c om/l og in . asp x?d ir ec t=t ru e& db=a 9h& AN=251 34707&si te=eds -l ive.

EPISODE ON A DVD
• I f t h e w o r k a c c es s ed w a s p a r t o f a m u l t i di sc DV D, t el l t h e r ea d er w h i c h d i sc w a s u s ed.

“ B l u e L i g h t eni ng .” 2 0 14. S h e tlan d, p er f or man ce b y Do u g l as H ens ha ll , s ea s on 2 , ep i s odes 5 - 6, ITV S t ud i os,


2 0 1 8, d i s c t h r ee .

ART, ARTIFACT, PERFORMANCE, OR PRESENTATION


• I f y o u v i ew ed a w o r k i n p er s o n, g i v e t h e n a m e o f t h e i n s ti tu tio n a n d c i t y i n w h i c h y o u v i ew ed t h e w o r k .
• I f t h e c i t y ’ s n a me i s t h e n a m e o f t h e i n s ti tut io n, d o n o t r ep ea t i t . E.G . M u seum o f L o n d o n
Ea t o n , S c o t t. “ M in d H u nt ing : Di s ti ng ui shi ng t h e F a c t f r o m F i c ti on o f S er i a l H o mi ci de.” M oh a wk V a l l ey
C o m m un it y C o l leg e , 2 9 A p r . 2 019, S c h a f er Th ea ter , U t ic a .
M a n n , S a l l y. Th e T w o V i rgi ni as # 4 . 1 9 91, T h e M u s eum o f F i n e A r t s, H o usto n.
R u i z - P eri ll a, M a r tha . “ O p p osi ng F o rc es. ” T h e M o th , 3 N o v . 2 0 16, Th e C o o p er U n i o n, N ew Yo r k C i ty .

24
WORKS CITED ENTRY TEMPLATES
W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies c a n b e c o n s t ru ct ed u s in g t h e c o r e el em en ts m et ho d o u t lin ed o n p a g e s 1 9- 24.
A l t er n a tivel y, en t ri es c a n b e c o n s t ruc ted b y l o o kin g u p t h e r el ev a nt a u t h or t yp e ( p a g es 2 5- 26) a n d u s i ng i t
w i t h t h e a p p r o pr ia te s o ur c e t y p e t emp la te ( p a g es 2 7 – 3 8 ).

AUTHOR TYPES

ONE AUTHOR

• G i v e t h e a u t h or ’ s l a s t n a me f o l l ow ed b y t h ei r f i r s t n a m e a n d a n y m i dd le i n i ti al .
• Do n o t i n c l u de d eg r ees ( P h D , M . D. , et c eter a)
TEM P L ATE : A u th or ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a m e.
S AM P L E : M c Cu ll ers, C a r so n. T h e H e a rt I s a L o n e l y H u nte r . H o ug ht on M if f li n, 1 9 40 .

TWO AUTHORS

• G i v e t h e f i r s t a u t h or ’s l a st n a me f o l l ow ed b y t h ei r f i r st n a me a n d a n y m i ddl e i n i tia l .
• Do n o t i n v er t t h e s ec o nd a u th or ’ s n a me.
• S ep a r a t e t h e a u th or s ’ n a mes w i t h t h e w o r d an d .
TEM P L ATE : 1 s t A u tho r’ s L a s t N a m e, F i rs t N a me a n d 2 n d A u t ho r’ s F i r st N a m e L a s t N a me.
S AM P L E : B er nstei n, C a r l , a n d B o b W o o d wa rd . A l l t h e P r e sid ent ’s M e n . S i mon a n d S c h uster P a p erba c ks ,
2 0 1 4.

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

• I f a w o r k h a s t h r ee o r m o r e a u th or s, l i st t h e f i r st a u t ho r’ s l a s t n a m e a n d f i r st n a m e f o l lo w b y a c o m m a
a n d t h e a b b r ev i ati on e t al . f r o m t h e L a t i n e t a l i a m ea n ing a n d o t he rs.
TEM P L ATE : A u th or ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a m e , et a l .
S AM P L E : B o smi a , A n a n d, et a l . “ T h e F o o t - R ead ing C u l t o f Ja p a n .” Jo u rna l o f R e l i gi on & H e a l th , v o l. 5 6 , n o .
5 , O c t . 2 0 1 7 , p p . 1 600 –1604. A c ad emi c S e a rc h C o mpl ete , h t tp s://d oi.o rg / 10.1007/s 10943 -
0 1 3 - 9736 -8.

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

• W h en u s i n g m o re t h a n o n e w o r k b y a n a u t ho r, o r g a ni ze en t ri es a l p ha bet ic al ly b y t h e t i tl e o f t h e w o r k.
• P r o v i de t h e a u t ho r’ s n a m e f o r t h e f i r st en t ry.
• A f t er t h e f i r s t en t r y , u s e t h ree h y p hen s i n p l a c e o f t h e a u t h or ’s n a me. En d t h e s ec t io n w i t h a p er i o d .
SAMPLE:
B a l d w i n , Ja m es. “ L et ter f r o m a R eg i o n i n M y M i n d.” Th e N e w Yo r k er , v o l . 9 4 n o . 3 9, 6 N o v . 1 9 62, p p. 3 0 -
39.

- - - . “ S o n n y ’ s B l u es. ” T h e O xf o rd B o ok o f A me r i c an S h ort S t ori es , ed i t ed b y Jo y c e C a r ol O a t es, O xf o r d U P ,


2 0 1 3, p p . 4 8 3- 513.

- - - . “ S t r a n g er i n t h e V i l l ag e. ” C o l le ct ed Es says , ed i t ed b y To n i M o rr iso n, P en g ui n P u tn am, 1 9 98, p p . 1 1 7-


129.

25
AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR

• F o r s o u r c es t h a t m a ke u s e o f a n ed i t o r , t r a nsl ato r, o r o t h er c o n tri bu tor , a f t er t h e t i t le o f t h e w o r k


i n c l u d e t h e i n d ivi du al ’ s r o l e f o l lo wed b y t h e w o r d b y a n d t h ei r f i r st a n d l a s t n a m e.
• C a p i t a li ze t h e c o n tr ib ut or’ s r o l e i f t h e p r ev i ou s c o r e el em ent en d s w i t h a p er i o d .
• I f y o u w a n t t o h i g h li gh t t h e w o r k o f t h e ed i t o r, t r a ns la tor , i l l ustr a to r , et c ., l i st t h a t p er s on f i r st.

TEMPLATE:
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Ed i t o r/Tr an sl ate /Ed i to r/Tr an sl ate/An ot her R o l e b y F i r s t
N am e L as t N am e , P u b l is her , D at e.

SAMPLES:
F l a u b er t, G u sta ve. M ad ame B o v ary . T r a n sl a ted b y L y d ia Da v i s, V i ki ng A d u l t. 2 010 .

M c Ew en , A l a sta i r, t r a nsl at or . O c e an S e a . B y A l essa n dro B a r i cc o , C a n o ng a te B o o ks, 2 0 08 .

W i l s o n , El l a . “ Ta k e C a r e. ” S h ow M e A l l Y o ur S c ar s: Tr u e S t or ie s o f L i v i ng w i t h M e nta l Il l n ess , ed i t ed b y L ee
G u t k i nd, In F a c t B o o k s, 2 016.

ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR

• S o m et imes c r ed it f o r a s o u r c e i s g i v en t o a n en t i r e o r g an iza ti on r a t her t h a n a n i n d ivi du al . W h en t h is


o c c u r s , l i st t h e o r g an iza ti on o r g o v er nmen t i n t h e s p a c e d es ig na ted f o r t h e a u t h or .
• W h en u s i n g a s o u r ce a u t h or ed b y a g o v e r nm ent ag e nc y , r ec o r d t h e n a m e o f t h e o r g a ni za tio n a s w r itten
i n t h e s o u r c e.
• W h en t h e a u t h o r o f y o u r s o u rc e i s a g o v er nmen t o r o r g a ni za tio n, t h er e i s a g o o d c h a n c e t h a t t h e
o r g a n i za ti on o r g o v er nmen t i s a l s o t h e p u b li sh er .
o W h en t h i s o c c u rs, s t a rt t h e en t r y w i t h t h e t i t le o f w o r k a n d l i s t t h e o r g an iz at ion o r g o v ern ment
i n t h e s p a c e d es i g n at ed f o r t h e p u b li sher . S e e t h e P e w R e s e arc h C e n te r e xa mpl e b e l ow .

TEMPLATE:
O r g an i z ati on ’s N am e o r G o v e r nme nt Ag en c y (i f d i ffe r e nt fr o m p u b l i sh er ) . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . P u b l is he r , D at e.

SAMPLES:
B a r d P r i s o n In i ti a tiv e. “ W h a t I s C o l l eg e F o r? ” B a r d C o l le ge , b p i.b ar [Link] / . A c c essed 1 8 Ju n e 2 0 19.

M o s t U .S. Te e n s S e e A n xie ty a n d De p r e ssio n a s a M a j or P r ob le m A mon g Th e ir P e e rs . P ew R es ea r ch C en t er.


2 0 F eb . 2 0 1 9.

C en t er s f o r Di s ea se C o n tro l a n d P r even ti on “ R a b i es: A F o r g ot ten K i l ler .” V i t al S i g ns, G o ver nment P r in ti ng


O f f i c e, 1 2 Ju n e 2 0 1 9.

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

• W h en t h e a u t h o r i s u n k no wn , b eg i n t h e en t r y w i th t h e t i tl e o f t h e w o r k .
Di a r y o f a n O xy g en T h ie f . G al ler y B o o ks, 2 0 16.
“ I A m P a r t o f t h e R es i s ta nc e I n s id e t h e T r u mp A d mi ni str at ion .” Ed i t or ia l. Th e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , 5 S ep t.
2 0 1 8, h t t ps:// ww w. n ytimes .c o m/2018/09/ 05/op in io n/tr ump -w hi te- ho use- a no nymo us-
r es i s t an ce.h tml? modu le=i nl in e .

26
ENTRY TEMPLATES BY SOURCE TYPE

PERIODICALS
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS

JOURNAL ARTICLES – ONLINE & PRINT

JOURNAL ARTICLE FORMATTING NOTES:

• U s e t i t l e c as e c ap i t al iz at i on fo r ar t i c l e an d jo u r n al t i t l es. S e e p ag e 4 .
• P l ac e q u o t e s ar o u n d ar t i c l e t i t l es.
• I t al i c i z e jo u r nal t i t l es .
• V o l u me i s a b b r evi ated v o l .
• I s s u e n u m ber i s a b b revi at ed n o .
O n l i n e s o u rc es:
• Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er . It i s p r ef er ra bl e t o a U R L .
▪ As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at fo r a D O I i s h t t p s ://do i .o rg /xxx xx .
• I f a p er m a l i nk i s a v a i la bl e, u s e i t i n p l a c e o f t h e a d d r ess b a r U R L .
• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.
• I n c l u d e a d a t e o f a c c es s i f n o p u b l i c a tio n d a t e i s a v a il ab le o r i f r eq u i r ed b y y o u r i n s tr uc to r.

JOURNAL ARTICLE – FROM A DATABASE

• I t a l i c i ze d a t a ba se n a mes.

TEMPLATE

Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e . “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” Ti t l e o f J o u r na l, v o l u m e n u m ber , i s s ue n u m b er, D at e


o f P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e r an g e. D a ta ba se N a me , D O I o r U R L . Ac c e ss ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed ).

SAMPLES

C l a p t o n, W i l li a m a n d L a u r a J. S h ep h erd . " L esso ns f r o m W es tero s: G en d er a n d P o w er i n G a me o f


Th r o n es ." P o li tic s, v o l . 3 7 , n o . 1 , Ja n . 2 0 1 7, p p . 5 - 18. A c a demi c S e a rc h C o mpl et e,
h t t p s ://do i. o rg / 10. 1177/026 339571561 2101 . A c c essed 1 4 A u g . 2 0 18.

G r i es i ng er, Em i ly. " H a rr y P o tter a n d t h e ' Deep er M a g ic ': N a rr a tin g H o p e i n C h i ld ren 's
L i t er a t ur e." C h ri sti ani ty a n d L i t er atu re , v o l . 5 1, n o . 3 , 2 0 0 2, p p . 4 55 - 4 8 0. L i te ratu re R e s ourc e
C e n t e r, h t t ps:// doi . or g/ 10 .1 177/01483 331020510 0308 . A c c essed 1 4 A u g . 2 0 18.

W a t s o n, C o u r tney . " O t her R o o ms: S a f e H a v ens a n d S a c r ed S p a c es i n t h e W o r ks o f Tr u m a n C a p o te." S t u die s


i n A me r i c a n C u lt ure , v o l. 3 7 , n o . 1 , O c t . 2 0 14, p p . 1 0 1 -1 16. M L A In t er nati ona l B i b li ogr aphy ,
s ea r c h .eb sc oho st. c om/l og in . asp x?d ir ec t=t ru e& db=mz h&AN =20173817 58&sit e=eds - li ve. A c c essed 1 4
A u g . 2 0 1 8.

27
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” Ti t l e o f J o u r na l, v o l u m e n u m ber , i s s ue n u m b er, D at e
o f P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e r an g e. D O I o r U R L . Ac c e ssed D ay M o n th Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed).

SAMPLE
C a r s o n , A n ne. “ Ed d y. ” P a r is R e v i ew , n o . 2 2 1, s u mmer 2 0 17. w w w .thep ar isr evi [Link] g/ fi ct io n/694 5/edd y -
a n n e- c a r so n. A c c essed 1 8 Ju n e 2 0 19 .

PRINT JOURNAL ARTICLE


• P r i n t j o u rn al a r t ic le r ef er en ce en t r ies l o ok l i ke t h ei r o n l i ne c o u nt erpa r ts b u t en d a f t er t h e p a g e r a n g e.

TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” Ti t l e o f J o u r na l, v o l u m e n u m be r , i s s ue n u m b er, D at e
o f P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e r an g e.

S AM P L E
S p er l i n g, A l i son . " F rea k T em p ora l ity : F ema le A d o l es cen ce i n t h e N o v el s o f C a r s on M c Cu ll ers." G i rl hood
S t u d ie s, n o . 1 , 2 0 16, p p . 8 8 - 104.

MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES – ONLINE & PRINT

MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FORMATTING NOTES:

• P u b l i c at i o n d at e :
▪ In c l u d e a l l a v a i la bl e d a te i n f o rma ti on .
▪ A l l m o n t hs o v er f o u r l et t ers a r e a b b r evi a ted. S ee p a g e 2 4 f o r a b b r evi ati on s.
▪ If a n o n l i n e s o ur ce h a s n o p u b l ic at io n d a t e, i n c lud e a d a t e o f a c c es s a t t h e en d o f en t r y .
• I f a v o l u m e o r i s s u e n u m b ers a r e a v a i l a ble , i n c l ud e t h em a f t er t h e t i t le.
▪ U s e t h e a b b r ev i ati on v o l . f o r v o l ume n u m ber a n d n o . f o r i s s ue n u mb er.
• I f n o au t h o r i s g i v en f o r a m a g a zi ne o r n ew s pa per a r t ic le, b eg i n t h e en t r y w i t h t h e a r t i cl e’ s t i tl e.
• T o d es i g n at e p ag e n u m b ers, u s e p . ( f o r o n e p a g e) o r p p . ( f o r a p a g e r a n g e ) .
• O n l i n e s o u rc es:
▪ Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er . It i s p r ef er ra bl e t o a U R L .
▪ As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at fo r a D O I i s h t t p s ://do i .o rg /xxx xx .
▪ If a p er m a l i nk i s a v a i la bl e, u s e i t i n p l a c e o f t h e a d d r ess b a r U R L .
▪ Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.
▪ W h i l e n o t r eq u i red, t h e M L A r ec o mmends i n c lu din g a d a t e o f a c c es s f o r a l l o n l i ne m a t eri al .
▪ S o m e i n s tr uc to rs r eq u i re a d at e o f ac c e s s f o r a l l o n l in e s o ur ces. F o l l ow i n str uc to r g u i del in es.

MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE


TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e . “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” M a ga zi ne o r N ew s pa per Ti t l e , D at e o f P u b l i c ati o n ,
p ag e (s ). D a t ab ase n a m e, D O I o r U R L . Ac c ess ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i red ).

28
S AM P L E
P a l a , C h r i st op her. " A n thr a x I s l a nd . " T h e N e w Yo r k Ti me s M aga zin e, 1 2 Ja n . 2 0 03, p . 3 6 . G a le L i t er atur e
R e s o u rc e C e nte r, s u n y- mvc .p ri mo. exli br isg ro up .co m/per mal in k/01S UNY_MVC /ro maec /c di _
p r o q u est _misc ell an eou s_215481 291 6 . A c c es sed 2 5 F eb . 2 01 9.

ONLINE MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE


TEM P L ATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” M a ga zi ne o r N ew s pa per Ti t l e , D at e o f P u b l i c ati o n ,
p ag e (s ), U R L . Ac c es sed D ay M o n th Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed).

S AM P L E S

B er g n er , Da n i el . “ T h e S t ru gg les o f R ej ec t i n g t h e G en der B i n a ry.” Th e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , 4 Ju n e 2 0 1 9,


w w w .n y ti mes. c om/201 9/06/04/ma ga zi ne/g end er - no nb ina r [Link] . A c c essed 6 Ju n e 2 0 19.

Do c k er m an , El a in a . “ T h e H i s tor y o f W h y It ’ s Im p ossi bl e t o F i n d C l o th es Th a t F i t .” Ti me , 2 S ep t . 2 0 16,


t i m e.c o m/4477865 /cl ot hes - f it- h isto ry /?xid =ho mepa ge. A c c ess ed 3 1 O c t . 2 0 18

PRINT MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLE


TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” M a ga zi ne o r N ew s pa per Ti t l e, v o l u me n u m ber , i s s u e
n u m b e r (w h en av ai l ab l e) , D at e o f P u b l i c ati o n, p ag e ( s) .

SAMPLES
F er n a n d ez, S a nd y M . “ T h i s F o o tb al l P l a yer H a d a S ec r et Ea t i ng Di s or der .” C h o ic es/ Curr en t H e al th , n o . 6 , 1
M a r . 2 0 1 7, p p . 1 0 - 15.
H ed eg a a r d, Er i k. “ T h e S o u nd & t h e F u r y o f M ea t L o a f .” R o ll in g S t one , n o . 1 30 6/1307, F eb . 2 0 18, p p . 4 0 - 43.

BOOK REVIEW FROM A JOURNAL, MAGAZINE, OR NEWSPAPER

BOOK REVIEW FORMATTING NOTES:

• F o r p r i n t b o o k r e v i ews, en d t h e r ef er en c e en t ry w i t h t h e p a g e o r p a g e r a n ge o f t h e r ev i ew .
• I f n o r e v i e w au t h or o r t i t l e i s g i ven , b eg i n t h e en t ry w i t h R ev iew o f f o l l o wed b y t h e b o ok ’ s t i tl e.

TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” R ev i ew o f Ti t l e o f B o o k , b y B o o k Au t h o r ’s F i r st N am e
L as t N am e . Ti t l e o f P u b l i c ati o n, v o l u me n u m b er, i s s u e n u m ber (w h en av ai l abl e), D at e o f
P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e (s) . D a ta ba se (i f ap p l i c ab l e), D OI o r U R L . Ac c es sed D ay M o nt h Y ear (i f r e q u i red ).

SAMPLE
C r em ea n , Da v id . “ T h e R o a d b y C o r ma c M c Ca rt hy.” R ev iew o f Th e R o a d , b y C o r ma c M c Ca rt hy. W e s te rn
A me r i c an L i t er atur e, v o l . 4 3, n o . 1 , 2 0 08, p . 8 5 . H u mani ti es S o u rc e, s ea r ch .ebsc oh ost .co m/lo gi n.
a s p x? d ir ec t=tru e&db =edsj sr &AN=ed sjs r.43025 127&si te=eds - l ive. A c c ess ed 1 8 Ju n e 2 01 9.

29
BOOKS
BOOK FORMATTING NOTES:

• I f t h e b o o k h a s b een r e p r i nt ed, i t i s o n l y n ec es sa ry t o l i st t h e m o s t r ec en t y ea r o f p u b l ic at io n.
• I f y o u w a n t t o h i g h li gh t t h e o r i g i nal d at e o f p u b l i c at i o n, i n c l ude i t a f t er t h e t i tl e f o l l ow ed b y a p er i o d .
• G i v e t h e p u b l i s h er i n a s b r i ef a f o r m a s p o s si bl e . O m it b u sin ess t er ms l i ke C o m pa ny ( C o .) , C o r po ra tio n
( C o r p .) , In c o rp or at ed ( I n c . ) , a n d L i m i ted ( L t d .) . R et a i n p u b li shi ng i n du str y t er ms l i k e B o o ks a n d P r es s.
• F o r a c a d em i c p r es ses, r ep l ac e t h e w o r d u n i ver sit y w i t h U a n d p r es s w i t h P . R ep l a ce t h e t er m U n iver sity
P r es s w i t h U P .
• F o r a n e d i t i o n o t h er t h an t h e fi r s t , a d d t h e ed i t i on n a m e o r n u mb er a f t er t h e t i tl e . S ee p a g e s 2 1 - 22.
• I f y o u r s o u r ce i s a m u l t i v o l ume w o r k , p l a ce t h e a b b r evia ti on V o l. o r v o l . a n d t h e v o lu me n u mber a f t er
t h e t i t l e o f t h e w o r k . S ee p a g e 2 2 .

PRINT BOOK
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n.

SAMPLE
C a r s o n , A n ne. A u tob iog raph y o f R e d : A N o v el i n V e rs e . V i nt ag e C o n tempo ra ri es, 1 99 9 .

FORWARD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE OR AFTERWARD


TEMPLATE
S e c t i o n Au t h or ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. N am e o f S e c t i o n. Ti t l e o f B o o k , b y Au t h o r’s F i r s t N am e L as t
N am e , P u b l i s her , Y e ar o f P u b l i c at i on , p ag e(s ).

ELECTRONIC BOOK

EBOOK FROM A DATABASE


TEMPLATE:

Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n. N a m e o f D a t a ba se , D OI o r
U R L . Ac c e ss ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed ).

SAMPLE
Ei s en , L a u r en -B r oo ke. I n si de P r iva te P r i son s: A n A me ri ca n Di l e mma i n t h e A ge o f M a ss In c a rc er ati on .
C o l u m bi a U P , 2 0 18. e B o ok C o ll ec tio n ( EB S CO host ), s ea r c [Link] o hos [Link] m/lo gi n.a spx? di rec t=tr ue&
d b = n l ebk&A N=16288 40&si te=eds - li ve.

EBOOK NOT FROM A DATABASE


TEMPLATE:

Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . E - b o o k o r t y p e o f e - b o o k , P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n .

SAMPLE
G a w a n d e , A t ul . B e i n g M o rta l: M e di ci ne a n d W h at M att er s i n t h e En d . K i n dl e ed . M et ro po li tan B o o ks , 2 0 14.
30
WORK OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED COLLECTION OR ANTHOLOGY
TEMPLATE

Wo r k o r C h ap t e r Au t h o r’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Wo r k o r C h ap t e r .” Ti t l e o f C o l l ec ti o n o r
An t h o l o gy , e d i ted b y F i r s t an d L as t N am e o f Ed i t o r (s), P u b l i she r, Y e ar o f P u b l i c at i on , p ag e r an g e
o f ar t i c l e o r c h ap t er .

SAMPLE

Oates, Joyce Carol. “ W h er e A r e Y o u G o i n g, W h er e H a ve Yo u B een ? ” Th e N o rt on In t rod uct ion t o L i te ra tur e,


ed i t ed b y K el l y J. M a y s , W . W . N o r to n, 2 01 7, p p . 9 4 - 108.

ENTRY IN A REFERENCE BOOK—DICTIONARY/E NCYCLO PE DIA

• I f a r ef er en c e en t r y i s u n si gned , s t ar t w i t h t h e t i t le o f t h e en t r y.

PRINT REFERENCE BOOK

TEMPLATE
En t r y Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r s t N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ). “Ti t l e o f En t r y . ” Ti t l e o f R efer en ce Wo r k , e d i ted b y
F i r s t an d L as t N am e o f Ed i t o r (s) (i f ap p l i c ab l e), Ed i t i on N u m b er (i f ap p l i c ab l e), P u b l i sh er, D at e o f
P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e (s).

SAMPLE
M i l l er , B en j ami n D. a n d C l a i r e B r a c k man K ea n e. “ C a t S c r at ch Di s eas e ( F ever ).” En c yc lop edi a a n d Di c t io na ry
o f M e d i c i ne , N u r sin g a n d A l l ie d H e al th , 3 r d ed . , W .B . S a u n der s, 1 983 , p p . 2 0 0 - 2 0 1.

ONLINE REFERENCE WORK

• O n l i n e r ef er en c e w o rk en t ri es i n c lu de t h e s a m e i n f o rma ti on a s t h ei r p r i nt c o u n ter pa rts ( w h en


a v a i l a b le) a s w el l a s a DO I ( h t t p s://d oi. o rg / xxx-xx) o r U R L a n d , i f r eq u i red , a d a t e o f a c c es s .

SAMPLE
A d k i n s, A . W . H ., a n d Jo h n R i c h a r d T h o r nh il l P o l la rd . “ G r eek M yth ol og y.” En c y cl opæd ia B r i t anni ca , 1 3 F eb .
2 0 1 9, w w w . b ri ta nni c a. c om/t opi c /Greek -my tho lo gy.

WEBSITES
FORMATTING NOTES:

• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.


• P u b l i c at i o n d at e :
o It i s c o m m on p r a ct ic e t o i n c lu de a l l a v a i la bl e d a te i n f o rma ti on .
o A l l m o n t hs o v er f o u r l et t ers a r e a b b r evi a ted.
o W h i l e n o t r eq u i red, t h e M L A r ec o mm ends i n c lu din g a d at e o f ac c e s s f o r o n l i ne m a ter ia l i f n o
p u b l i c a tio n i s d a t e a v a il a ble o r i f c o n t en t i s l i k el y t o c h a ng e o r b e r em o v ed.

31
• Au t h o r
o If n o au t h o r i s g i v en , b eg i n t h e en t ry w i t h t h e t i tl e o f w o r k .
o If t h e au t h o r o f t h e w o r k i s an o r g an i z ati o n a n d t h a t o r g a ni zat io n i s a l s o t h e p u b l ish er, s t ar t
t h e en t r y w i t h t h e t i tle o f t h e w o r k a n d l i s t t h e o r g a ni zat io n a s t h e p u b l ish er.
• P u b l i s h er
o O n p er s o na l w eb si te s t h e a u t ho r i s t h e p u b l ish er. It i s n o t n ec es sa ry t o r ep ea t t h e n a me.
o W h en t h e p u b l i sh er i s t h e s a me a s t h e t i t l e o f t h e w eb s it e, o m i t t h e p u b li sher .

WORK ON A WEBSITE
T E MPL AT E

Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f t h e Wo r k . ” Ti t l e o f Web s i t e . P u b l i she r o f We b s i te ( i f d i ffe r en t


fr o m w e b s i te t i t l e) , D at e o f P u b l i c ati o n, U R L . Ac c e ssed D ay M o n th Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed ).

SAMPLES

F r y e, C a r r i e. “ H ow t o B e a M o n s ter: L i f e L es s o ns f r o m L o r d B y ro n.” Th e A w l , Mi ch a el M a c her, 1 5 M a r.


2 0 1 3, w w w . t hea wl .c o m/2013/03/ how - to -b e-a - mon ster -l if e- less ons -f r om- lo rd -b yro n/. A c c es sed 2 0
Ju n e 2 0 1 9 .
“ P r o b l em S t at emen t. ” T h e I n si de -O ut P r ison Exc h ange P r ogr am, Temp le U n i vers ity ,
w w w .i n s id eout cen ter. o rg /ab ou t - pr ob lem- sta tement .h tml . A c c es sed 2 1 Ju n e 2 0 19.

ENTIRE WEBSITE
TEMPLATE

L as t N am e , F i r s t N am e , r o l e o r c o n t r i bu ti o n t o w e b si t e (i f o t h e r t h an au t h o r ). Ti t l e o f Web s i te. P u b l i s her


o f We b s i t e (i f d i ffe r en t fr o m w e bs it e t i t l e), D at e o f P u b l i c ati o n, U R L . Ac c e ssed D ay M o n th Y e ar (i f
r e q u i r ed ).

S A MPL E
H o k e, Jef f . Th e M u s e um o f L o s t W o nde r. 2 0 17, w w w .l ostw on der .or g/. A c c essed 2 1 Ju n e 2 019 .

BLOG ENTRY
TEMPLATE

Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e. “ Ti t l e o f B l o g En t r y . ” N a m e o f B l o g, D ay M o n t h Y e ar , Ti m e, U R L .
Ac c e s s ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i red ).

SAMPLE

F r i t z , K a th eri ne. “ M e, T o o . ” I A m B e g g i ng M y M ot her N o t t o R e a d Th i s B l o g, 1 7 O c t . 2 01 7,


i a m b eg g ing mymo ther not tor ea dth isb lo g.c om/201 7/10/17/me - to o/. A c c es sed 2 2 Ju n e 2 0 19.

32
SOCIAL MEDIA & PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
FORMATTING NOTES

• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.

SOCIAL MEDIA: FACEBOOK, TWITTER, INSTAGRAM, ETC.


TEMPLATE
A u t hor ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a me ( i f k n ow n) o r H a ndl e . “ F ull t ex t o f b r ief u n titl ed p o st. ” o r “ T i tle o f p o st. ” o r
D e s c rip tive l a b el. N a me o f S i te , D a y M o nth Y ea r, T i me, U R L .

SAMPLES
@ 9 s c i ent ist . “ C o g ni ti ve C h a ll eng e. ” F a c eb ook, 2 8 A u g. 2 0 08, 1 2 :31 p m , w w w .fa c ebo ok.c om/n ot es/9 -
s c i en t is t/c og ni tiv e- c ha l leng e/146223 732737/? __tn__=HH - R

B a t es , Jo r d a n . Im a ge o f a l t er ed G o o gl e f r i end shi p d ef i n iti on . F a ce boo k, 1 4 M a y 2 0 19, 7 : 20 a m ,


w w w .f a c eb o ok. c om/p ho to. p hp? f bid =101560 068907058 24&set=a .10150532 548955824 &type=3&t hea
t er

UNPUBLISHED LETTER
TEMPLATE
S e n d e r’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. L e t ter t o t h e au t h or . D ay M o n th Y e ar.

SAMPLE
A t w o o d, M a r ga ret . L et t er t o t h e a u t h or . 1 7 S ep t . 2 0 17.

E-MAIL OR TEXT MESSAGE


TEMPLATE
S e n d e r’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Te x t o r Em ai l t o R e c i p ien t(s ) n am e . D ay M o n th Y e ar s e nt .

SAMPLE
M a r t i n, G eo rg e R a y mon d R i c h a rd . T ext m es sa g e t o Th i ha Ta y za . 2 1 Ja n . 2 0 19 .

R i o s , V i c t or . E - m a i l t o t h e a u t ho r. 2 2 O c t . 2 01 8.

UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW
TEMPLATE
I n t e r vi ewee’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . I n ter v iew. C o n du c ted b y I n t erv i ewer ’s F i r st an d L as t N am e(s ), D ay
M o n t h Y e ar t h at i n t erv i ew w as c o n d uc ted .

SAMPLE
V u o n g , O c ea n . I n t er vi ew . C o n du ct ed b y K h i n A u n g, 1 7 S ep t. 2 0 19.

Jo n es , N i c k . Tel ep ho ne i n t ervi ew w i t h t h e a u th or . 2 2 O c t . 2 0 21.

33
AUDIOVISUAL & MEDIA
ADVERTISEMENT
PRINT
TEMPLATE
“Ti t l e o f Ad v e r t i sem ent ” o r Ad v e rt is emen t f o r C o m p an y N am e. Ti t l e o f P er i o d i c al , D at e o f p u b l i c at io n ,
p ag e n u m b e r.
SAMPLE
“ Ev er y t ow n f o r G u n S a f ety, a n d M o ms Dem a nd A c ti on f o r G u n S en se i n A m er ic a : L i s t o f M em ber s o f
C o n g r es s W h o H a ve T a k en M o ney f r o m N R A L o b byi sts.” Th e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , 2 1 F eb . 2 01 8, p p . A 1 2 -
A13.

A d v er t isemen t f o r W o r ld W i l dli f e F ed era ti on. N a t ion al G e o gra phi c, Ju l y 2 011, p . 1 8 .

WEB
TEMPLATE
“Ti t l e o f Ad v e r t i sem ent ” o r Ad v e rt is emen t f o r C o m p an y N am e. N a m e o f Web s i t e, D at e o f p u b l i c at i o n,
UR L.

SAMPLE
A d v er t isemen t f o r H u man oi de. A d s o f t h e W o r ld, 2 5 M a y 2 0 15,
w w w .a d s of th ewo rl d. c om/med ia /pr in t/hu man oi de_tec hn ol og y_2 .

FILM | DVD | TELEVSION| VIDEO


FORMATTING NOTES

C o n t r i b u to rs
• Ke y c o n t r i b u to rs a r e i n d iv id ua ls r el ev an t t o y o u r f o c u s a n d c a n b e n a m ed b ef o re t h e t i t le o f t h e w o r k .
o I f a p a p er a n a l y zes t h e w r i t ing i n a f i l m , t h e s c r een wr iter i s a k ey c o n t ri bu to r .
o If t h e f o c u s i s o n t h e p er f o r ma nc e, t h e p er f or mer i s a k ey c o n t r ib uto r.
o If y o u n a m e a k ey c o n t r i bu tor , i n c lud e t h e c o n tr ib uto r’ s r o l e a f t er t h ei r n a m e.
▪ E. G . S c o r s ese, M a r tin , d i rec to r.
• O t h e r c o n tr i bu to r s a r e l i s ted a f t er t h e t i t le . Th e i n d i vid ua l’ s r o l e i s g i v en b ef o r e t h eir n a me. If n o t
g i v en a s a k ey c o n t r i bu tor , i t i s c u s toma r y t o l i s t t h e d i r ect or h er e. E.G . Di r ec t ed b y M a r ti n S c o rs ese.

FILM/DVD/VIDEO RECORDING

TEMPLATE
K ey C o n tri buto r’ s L a st N a me, F i rst N a me, r o le ( o p tion al el ement) . Mo vie T i t le. O t h er c o ntri but or’ s R o le b y
F i r st N a me L a st N a me, P r od uc tio n C o mp any o r Di st rib utor , Y ea r o f R elea se .

SAMPLES
C r o w e, R u s s ell , p er f ormer . A B e a u tif ul M i nd. Di r ec ted b y R o n H o wa rd , Im a gi ne En t ert ai nment , 2 0 01.

L o c k e . P er f o rmed b y T h o ma s H a r dy , d i r ec ted b y S t ev en K n i gh t. S ho eb ox F i l ms/IM G l o ba l, 2 0 13.

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SINGLE EPISODE FROM A SERIES

I f y o u v i ew ed t h e ep i s od e o n a s t r ea min g s er vi c e , i n c l ud e t h e s t rea min g s er vi c e a f t er t h e p u b li ca ti on d a t e


a n d a d d t h e N a me o f S t r e ami ng S e r vi ce a n d U R L . If y o u d i d n o t w a tc h t h e ep i so de o n t h e a i r d a t e, o n l y a
y ea r i s r eq u i r ed. S ee “ S m i ther eens” exa m pl e b el o w.
TEMPLATE

K ey C o n tri buto r’ s L a st N a me, F i rst N a me, r o le ( o p tion al el ement) . “Ti t l e o f Ep i s o d e.” Ti t l e o f S h o w ,


c o n t r i b u to r ’s r o l e b y F i r s t N am e L as t N am e (o p t i on al ), s e aso n n u mb er , e p i sod e n u m b er, N e t wor k ,
D ay M o n t h Y e ar o f Ai r i n g .

SAMPLE
" F u r s b y S eb a stia n ." M a n i ac , c r ea t ed b y P a t ri c k S o merv il le a n d N i c k C u s e , s ea son 1 , ep i s od e 4 , N et f li x, 2 1

S ep t . 2 0 1 8.

S c o t t , A n dr ew, p er f o rmer . “ S m it hereen s. ” B l a c k M i rr or, c r ea t ed b y C h a r li e B o o k er, s ea so n 5 , ep i s o de 2 ,

N et f l i x, 2 0 19, A ma zon P r i me, w w w . a maz on .c o m/Bl a ck - Mi rr or /dp/ B087 QN HVKQ

STREAMING VIDEO
• V i d eo s v i ewed v i a s u b sc ri pti on s t rea min g s er vi ce s s u ch a s N e t f lix, H u lu , a n d A ma zo n P r ime l o o k l i k e
t h ei r f i l m o r t el evi si on c o u n terp a rts b u t i n c l ude t h e n a m e o f t h e s t r eami ng s er vi ce i n t h e en t r y.

TEMPLATE

K ey C o n tri buto r’ s L a st N a me, F i rst N a me, r o le ( o p tion al el ement) . T i t le o f F i lm o r P r ogram . C o nt rib utor ’ s
R o l e b y F i rs t a n d L a st N a me ( o pti ona l e l emen t) , P r o duc ti on C o mpan y o r D i stri buto r , C o p yrig ht d a te.
S t r eaming S e rvic e, U R L .
SAMPLES

M a r l i ng , B r i t, a n d Z a l B a t ma ng lij , c r ea to rs . Th e O A . P l a n B En t er t ai nmen t , 2 016. N e t f li x,


w w w .n et f li x. co m/ti tle/8 0044950 .

ONLINE VIDEO
• Au t h o r : W h en t h e c r ea to r o f a n o n l i n e v i deo i s a p p ar ent , l i s t t h e a u t ho r b ef o r e t h e t i tl e. If n o t , d o n o t.
• I f t h e a u t h o r ’ s n a me i s t h e s a m e a s t h e u p l oa der , d o n o t r ep ea t t h e a u t h or ’s n a me.
• S t y l i n g t h e Ti t l e: F o r l o n g w o r k s, s u ch a s m o vi es , o r w o r k s t h a t a p p ea r t o b e i n d ep en dent u s e i t al ic s.
F o r s h o r t w o r k s, s u ch a s m u si c v i d eos, o r w o r k s t h a t a r e p a r t o f a l a r g er w h o l e, u s e q u o ta ti on m a rks .
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ) “Ti t l e o f V i d e o .” o r Ti t l e o f V i d eo . N a me o f H o s t S i t e ,
u p l o ad e d b y s c r een n am e (i f d i ffe r e nt fr o m au t h o r ), d at e u p l o aded , U R L .

SAMPLES
L a v a r o ne, L u c a , a n d R a f f a ell o Du r s o. Do l l T e st : Th e Ef f e c ts o f R a c i sm o n C h i ldr en. Yo u Tube , u p lo a ded b y
F a n p a g [Link] , M a r 2 1, 2 0 16, y o ut u. be/ QR Z Pw - 9sJt Q.

S a l a d s , Jo ey . “ Ta k i ng C h il d i n F r o n t o f P a r en ts.” Yo u Tu be, 1 8 , A u g. 2 0 18, y o ut [Link]/TQw qR wg j QF g.

35
PODCAST

TEMPLATE

L as t N am e , F i r s t N am e , r o l e. “Ti t l e o f Ep i s o d e .” Ti t l e o f P r o g r am , s e aso n, e p i so d e (w h en av ai l ab l e) ,
S p o n s o r , D at e o f R e l ease, U R L (i f ac c e s sed o n l i n e) o r S er v i ce . Ac c e sse d D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f
ac c e s s ed o n l i ne) .

SAMPLES

P a r v a z, Do r o th y, s t or ytell er. “ B ea r i ng W i t n ess.” Th e M o th R a di o H o ur, Th e M o t h a n d Ja y A l l is on o f A t l a n ti c


P u b l i c M ed ia , 1 2 F eb . 2 0 19. S p oti fy .

S h a n k a r V ed a nta m, h o st . “ W h a t C a n a P er s o n al it y Tes t Tel l U s a b o u t W h o W e A r e? ” H i dde n B r a in , N P R , 15


A p r . 2 0 1 9, 4 :2 7 P M, w w w . n pr. o rg /2019/04 /12/71287 6949/w ha t - ca n -a - per son al ity -t est- tel l- us-
a b o u t - w ho- w e-a r e/. A c c essed 2 0 Ju n e 2 0 19.

ART OR ARTIFACT
ONLINE
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . N a me o f S i t e, U R L . Ac c ess ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar
(i f r e q u i r ed b y i n s t r uc to r) .

SAMPLE
N er d r u m, O d d . C r ossi ng t h e B o r de r. 2 01 4. N e rd rum , n er d rum.c om/ wp -c o nten t/up lo ad s/2016/ 09/
C r o s s in g- th e-b or der .j p g. A c c essed 2 4 Ju n e 2 0 19 .

IN A BOOK
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . Ti t l e o f B o o k , b y Au t h o r’s F i r st an d L as t
N am e , P u b l i s her , Y e ar o f P u b l i c at i on , p ag e .

SAMPLE
V a n Ey c k , Ja n , A r n ol fi ni P o rtr ait . 1 4 34. A r t a c ros s Ti me , 4 t h ed ., b y L a u r i e S c hn eid er A d a ms, M c Gr aw H i l l,
2 0 1 1, p . 5 2 0 .

ORIGINAL
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . S i t e, C i t y .

SAMPLE
B r o w n , To m my. P o rc h G i r l. 1 9 84. M u nso n W i l li a ms P r oc to r A r t In s tit ute, U t i ca .

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LIVE PRESENTATION
TEMPLATE
P r e s e nt er o r P e r fo r mer’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f P r e s en tat io n .” S p o ns or i ng I n st it u ti on , D at e o f
P r e s e nt at i on o r P e r fo rm an c e, L o c ati o n

SAMPLE
A m a l K a s si r, A m al . “ T h e M u sli m o n t h e A i r pl an e.” M o h aw k V a l ley C o m mun ity C o l l ege, 2 0 F eb . 2 01 9,
S c h a f er Th ea t er, U t i ca .

CLASS RESOURCES
LECTURE
• C i t e m a t er ia l h ea r d i n a l ec t u r e a s a p r es en ta ti on . S ee p r ev io us en t r y.
SELECTION FROM PRINTED COURSE PACK

TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f S h o r t Wo r k . ” C o u rs e p ac k fo r C o u r s e # : C o u r se N am e , c o m pi l ed
b y I n s t r uc to r ’s n am e, s e mest er y e ar , I n st i tu ti on .

SAMPLE
B l o o m , A m y. “ S i lver W a t er . ” C o u r se p a c k f o r EN 1 02: Id ea s a n d V a l ues i n L i t er at ur e, c o m p i led b y K r i sten
R a a b , F a l l 2 0 21, M o h aw k V a l ley C o m mun ity C o l l ege.

SYLLABUS

TEMPLATE
S y l l ab u s fo r F u l l C o u r s e N am e . Tau g h t b y I n s t ru c to r’s F i r st N am e L as t N am e, s em est er Y e ar, I n s ti t ut i on ,
City.

SAMPLE
S y l l a b us f o r C h em ic al Dep en den c ies. T a u g ht b y M eli ssa Th o ma s, F a ll 2 0 21, M oh aw k V a l ley C o mmun it y
C o l l eg e, U t i ca .

COURSE MATERIAL UPLOADED TO BLACKBOARD

I f t h e s o u r c e i s u n t it led , p r o vi de a s en t en c e c a se d es c r ip tio n. E.G ., “ W eek t w o s l i des .”

TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ). ” Ti t l e o f C o u r s e M at eri al .” B l a ck bo ar d o r Ot h er L M S ,
u p l o ad e d b y I n s tr uc t or ’s F i r st N am e L as t N am e (o p t i on al ) , U p l oad D ay M o n th Y e ar, U R L .

SAMPLES
B r a d b u r y, R a y . “ Th er e W i l l C o me S o f t R a i n s.” B l a c kbo ard, u p l o ad ed b y S a m M c Ma nu s, 8 Ju n 2 0 19 ,
m v c c .b la c kbo ar d. c om/w eba pp s/b la ck bo ar d/c on tent /EN_102/c o urs e_rea di ngs /Br a dbu ry
M o r r i son S c h wa rt z , El a i ne. “ W o rl d W a r I I P r o p a g an da P o w er Po in t. ” B l a c kboa rd, u p l oa ded A t an a sij a
Is t o r i ja , 1 3 N o v . 2 0 21, m vc c .b la c kbo ar d.c om/w eba pp s/b la ck bo ar d/c on tent / HI102/Po wer Po int _WW /

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DISCUSSION BOARD COMMENT

W h i l e t h e M L A d o es n o t p r o vi de
g u i d el i nes exp l i c itl y f o r B l a c kb oa rd ,
i t g i v es t h e f o l l o wi ng f o r mat f o r
d i s c u ss io n b o a rd c o mmen ts .

S ee t h e i m a g e o n t h e r i g h t t o l ea r n
w h er e t o f i n d c o m m on el em en ts f o r
t h i s en t r y t y pe.

TEMPLATE
A u t hor ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a me. “ T i tle o f t h e T h rea d. ” N a me o f F o rum , D a y M o nth Y ea r o f p o sti ng, W e b site
o n w h ic h F o ru m i s c o nt aine d ( i f a p p lic a ble) , U R L.

SAMPLE

S m i t h, J a y s on . “ Ed g a r A l l a n P o e’ s ‘ T h e R a v en ’ . ” W e e k 4 : C h a rac te r i n P o e try , 1 2 S ep t. 2 0 18 1 0 :33 p m ,


B l a c k b oard , m vc c . bl ac kb oa rd .c o m/web ap ps/d isc u ssio nb oa rd /do /f oru m?a c tio n

COURT CASE ON A WEBSITE

L eg a l w o r k s s u ch a s l a w s a n d c o u r t c a s es a r e o f t en c i t ed i n a c c o r d w i t h l eg a l c i t a tio n s t a nd ar ds. Th es e
s t a n d a rds d i f fer s i g nif i ca nt ly f r o m t h o se o f t h e M L A . Th e a s s o ci at io n i n d ic a tes t h a t w r i ter s c a n c h o os e t o
f o l l o w t h e c o r e el em ent s t em pla te. T h e f o l l o wi ng g u i deli nes d o t h a t.

TEMPLATE
G o v e r n men t En t i ty . N a m e o f C a s e . D ay M o n th Y e ar o f D e c i si o n. Ti t l e o f t h e Web s i t e, P u b l i sh er , U R L.
Ac c e s s ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i red ).

SAMPLE
U n i t ed S t a tes, S u pr eme C o u rt. B r o wn v . B o a rd o f Ed u c ati on . 1 7 M a y 1 9 54. L e g al In f orma tion In st itu te,
C o r n el l U L a w S c h o o l, w w w . l aw . co rn ell .ed u/s upr emeco ur t/text /347/483.

SOURCE NOTES:

T h i s g u i d e i s b a s ed o n t h e e i g h th an d n i n t h ed i t io ns o f t h e M L A H a ndb ook a s w el l a s t h o se t ext s’


c o m p a n io n w eb s ite, s t y l [Link] [Link] g. I t s s t ru c tur e i s i n sp ir ed b y N o r to n’ s 2 0 16 A G u i de t o M L A S t yle . It
m a k es u s e o f m a t eri al s a c c es sed t h r ou gh M VC C l i b r ar y’ s d a t ab as e s u bsc ri pti on s, a n d t h e M L A c i t a tio n
g u i d e c r ea t ed b y In s tru ct io na l Des i g n L i b r ar ia n, Jo c el yn Ir el a nd a n d M V CC En g l ish In s tru ct or , K r i st en R a a b .
I t a l s o m a k es u s e o f t h e ed i t or ia l i n si ght s o f Em i l y H u ll . L i ke ev er y thi ng , i t i s a w o r k i n p r o g ress . P l ea s e
r ep o r t s u g gesti on s a n d c o r rec ti on s t o Da n i ell e Del G i u d ic e a t d d e l -g i ud i ce.m vc c. edu .

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