MLA Guide 9th Edition
MLA Guide 9th Edition
T A B L E O F C O NTENTS
FORMATTING GUIDELINES
F O N T , S P A C I NG, M A R GI NS, A L IG NMENT, IN DEN TA TIO N, & N U M B ER S 3
TITLE 4
P A G E N U M BE R S 5
R U N N I N G H EA D 5
QU O T A T I O N S [ S H OR T & L O N G ] 7
O M I S S I O NS A N D A L TER A TIO NS 9
W O R K S C I T ED P A G E 11
H A N G I NG I N DEN T G U I DE 12
O V ER V I EW 13
AUTHOR NAMED IN SIGNAL PHRASE & PARENTHESES 14
TWO AUTH ORS 15
T H R EE O R M O R E A U T H O R S 15
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR 15
A U T H O R S W I T H T H E S A ME L A ST N A ME 15
O R G A N I Z AT I ON O R G O V ERN MENT A S A U THO R 16
U N K N O W N A U T HO R 16
T W O O R M O R E W O R K S C I TED TO G ETHER 16
S O U R C E QU O T ED I N A N O TH ER S O U R CE 16
W O R K W I T H O U T P A GE N U MB ER S 17
A N EN T I R E W O R K 17
L I T ER A R Y W O R K S [ N O VEL , V ER S E P L AY, P O EM] 17
S A C R ED T EX T S 18
WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY 19
ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK 19
LEGAL DOCUMENTS 19
T A B L E O F C O NTENTS C O NTINUED
WORKS CITED: C O R E E L E M E N T S M E T HO D 19
AUTHOR TYPES 25
O N E A U T H O R & T W O A U T H O RS 25
TH R EE O R M O R E A U T H O R S 25
TW O O R M O R E W O R K S B Y TH E S A M E A U THO R 25
AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR 26
O R G A N I Z AT I ON O R G O V ERN MENT A S A U THO R 26
U N K N O W N A U T HO R 26
SOURCE TYPES
PERIODICALS – ONLINE & PRINT 27
JO U R N A L S – O N L I N E & P R I N T 27
M A G A ZI NE O R N EW S P APER A R TIC LE – O N L IN E & P R IN T 28
B O O K R EV I EW – O N L I N E & P R IN T 29
WEBSITES 31
W O R K O N A W EB S I T E & ENTIRE WEBSITE 32
B L O G EN T R Y 32
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
A DV ER T I S EMEN T 34
F I L M / DVD/VI DE O R EC O R DI NG 34
S I N G L E EP I S O DE F R O M A T EL EV IS IO N S ER IES 35
S T R EA M I NG V I DEO A N D O N L IN E V IDEO 35
P O DC A S T 36
ART OR ARTIFACT 36
LIVE PRESENTATION 37
2
FORMATTING GUIDELINES
FONT
ML A r eq u i r es a n ea s y - to- rea d “ s ta nda rd s iz e” f o n t i n w h ic h i t a li cs i s ea s i ly d i sti ngu ish ed f r o m r eg u la r
t y p ef a ce. T w el ve -p oin t T i mes N ew R o ma n i s t h e mo s t c o mmon ly u s ed f o n t s i ze a n d t yp ef a ce.
SPACING
D o u b le s p ac e a l l t ex t i n c lu din g a l l q u otes a n d w o rks c i t ed en t r ies .
MARGINS
L e a ve a t l east a 1 - in ch ma r gi n o n a l l s i des o f t he t ext .
ALIGNMENT
T h e b o d y o f t h e t ex t s h oul d b e a l i g ned f l ush l ef t. T h e t i tl e s h o uld b e c en t ered.
INDENTATION
I n d en t t h e f i rs t l i ne o f ev ery p a rag ra ph a h a lf i n c h. F o r c o n si stenc y , c o ns ider u se o f t h e T A B k ey . T h e w o r k s
c i t ed p a g e ma k es u s e o f a h a n gin g i n d ent: a l l l i nes o f t h e en t r y ex c ep t t h e f i rs t a r e i n den ted a h a l f i n c h .
NUMBERS
• T A B L ES: A f l u sh l ef t l a b el ( s ee T a b le 1 a t r i g h t ) p r eced es t h e
t a b l e a n d i s f o ll owed b y a f l u sh l ef t t i tl e i n t i tle c a se o n a
n ew l i n e .
▪ F I G UR ES a n d MU SI C AL I L L UST R ATI O NS ( ex a mp les) : A f l u sh
l ef t l a b el ( E. G . F i g . 2 , Ex . 1 ) f o l l ow s f i g ures a n d ex a mp les.
F i g u r es a n d mu s i ca l i l l ustr ati ons d o n o t t yp ic al ly ma k e u se of
t i t l es ( s ee Ex . 1 a t r i g h t a n d o n p a g e 4 ) .
3
C A P T IO NS: T a b l es, f i g u res, a n d ex a mp les a r e a l l f o l lo wed b y
c a p t i on s. C a pt ion s i n c lud e s ou rc e i n f orma tio n a n d , i n s o me
c a s es , a n o t e ( S ee s t yle. mla .o rg f o r mo r e o n t h e u s e o f
n o t es . ) S o u rc e i n fo rmat ion c a n b e d i sp la yed i n ei t her o f t h e
f o l l o wi ng f o r ms:
N O T E: W h i le ma n y i n st ruc to rs u t il ize t h e
a b o v e r eq ui rements, s o me h a ve s p eci fi c ati ons t h a t d i f fer f r om t h ese.
C h ec k t h e c o u r se s yl lab us. I f y o u c a n not f i nd a n swer s t h ere, a s k y ou r i n st ruc to r.
TITLE
T y p e t h e f u l l t i tle o f t h e p a p er d i r ect ly a f t er t h e h ea di ng ( n o s p ac e) . F o llo w t h ese f o r ma tti ng r u l es:
T y p e t h e t i tle o f t h e p a per i n T i tle C a se :
1 . C a p i t al ize t h e f i r st w o r d o f t h e t i tl e a n d o f a n y s u btit le
2 . C a p i t al ize a l l “ ma j or” w o rd s, i n cl udi ng t h e s ec o nd p a r t o f h y p hena ted ma j o r w o r ds
3 . Do n o t c a p i tal ize c o n j unc tio ns ( f o r , a n d , n o r, b u t, o r , y et, s o ) , p r ep osi tion s ( i n , o n , b y , et c . ) o r
a r t i c les ( a , a n , t h e) u n l ess t h ey b eg in t h e t i tl e o r s u b titl e .
• T h e t i t l e s h ou ld b e i n t h e s a me f o n t s i ze a n d t y pef ac e a s t h e r es t o f t h e t ex t.
• DO N O T q u o t e, u n derl ine, i t al ic ize o r b o l df ac e t h e t i tle.
o E x c ept ion : I f a w o r k o f l i t erat ure i s r ef er red t o i n t h e t i tl e, f o r ma t i t a s y ou w o uld i n t h e t ext:
i t a l i ci ze l o ng w o rks a n d p l a ce q u o tat ion ma r ks a r o und s ho rt w o r ks.
• Do n o t a d d a n y a d d iti ona l s p a ces b ef o re o r a f t er t h e t i tl e.
4
PAGE NUMBERS
P a g e n u mb er s a r e i n sert ed h a lf a n i n c h f r o m t h e t o p o f t h e d o c u men t i n t h e u p per r i ght c o r ner o f t h e
h e a der. N u mber ing b eg in s o n t h e f i r st p a g e a n d p r o ceed c o n sec ut ively t h ro ug h a l l w o rks c i t ed p a g es. S ee
g u i d el ines o n i n s ertin g y o ur l a st n a me a n d p a g e n u mb er ( r u nn ing h ea d) b el ow a n d o n p a g e 6 .
RUNNING HEAD
MICROSOFT WORD
1 S ee s a mp l e h ea d er o n p a g e 4 .
5
GOOGLE DOCS
S ee s a mp l e h ea d er o n p a g e 4 .
4
3
PROSE QUOTATIONS
En d o f s en t en c e
W a l l a c e’s , w e a r e t o l d , w o rri ed a b o ut f i c ti on i n t h e p o st mo dern w o rl d, w o rr ied t h a t a “ l a c k o f
g en u i n e c o nc ern a n d r es p ec t f o r t h e c o n sumer w a s b ec o mi ng mo r e p r ev alen t” ( Mc A d a ms 1 21) .
Mi d - s ent enc e
LONG QUOTATIONS
W h i l e s h or t o r r u n -i n q u o tati ons a r e i n t egr ated i n to t h e ma i n t ex t , l o n g q u o tes , t h ose o f m o re t h a n f o ur
l i n es o f p r ose , a r e s et -o ff i n w h a t i s c o mmon ly c a l led a b l oc k q u ota tio n. S ee ex a mp le o n p a g e 8 .
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POETRY QUOTATIONS
LONG QUOTATIONS
W h i l e s h o r t o r r u n - in q u o tat io ns a r e i n t eg ra ted i n to t h e m a in t ext, l o n g q u o tes , t h o se o f m o r e t h an t h r ee
l i n e s o f p o e t r y , a r e s et - of f i n w h a t i s c o m mon ly c a l led a b l o c k q u o t at io n.
B l o c k q u o t at io n s fo r p o e t ry :
• Tr y t o m i m i c a n y u n u su al s p ac i ng o r f o r ma tti ng s een i n t h e o r i gi na l .
• R et a i n d o u b le s p a ci ng .
• A p p ea r o n a n ew l i n e a n d a r e i n d en t ed h a l f a n i n c h .
• D o N O T m ak e u s e o f q u o t at i o n m ar k s .
• In c l u d e a n y p a r ent heti ca l c i ta ti on i n f or mat ion aft e r t h e f i n a l p u nc tu ati on .
• A r e f r eq u en t ly i n tr odu c ed w i t h a s en t en c e en d i n g w i t h a c o l o n . Th i s i s c o m mo n b u t n o t r eq u ir ed.
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DRAMA QUOTATIONS:
S i n g l e l i n es o f a c o n v er s at io n c a n b e i n t eg ra ted i n to a s en t enc e. S ee v er s e p l a ys o n p a g e 1 8 f o r a n
exa m p l e.
B l o c k q u o t at io n s i n d r am a :
• A p p ea r o n a n ew l i n e a n d
a r e i n d en ted h a l f a n i n c h .
• D o N O T m ak e u s e o f
q u o t at i o n m ar ks .
• In c l u d e t h e s p ea ker o r
c h a r a c t er’ s n a m e i n a l l
c a p i t a l l et ters .
• R et a i n d o u b le s p a ci ng .
• U s e a h a n g i n g i n d en t
w h en d i a l o g ue ext en ds t o
m u l t i pl e l i n es.
• In c l u d e a n y p a r ent heti ca l
c i t a t i on i n f or mat io n aft e r
t h e f i n a l p u n c tu a tio n
m ark.
• A r e f r eq u en t ly i n tr odu c ed
w i t h a s en t en c e en d i ng i n
a c o l o n . Th i s i s n o t
r eq u i r ed .
OMISSIONS
BEGINNING
• O R I GIN AL P AS SAGE: “ ‘ Do n ' t h es ita te t o s a t is fy y o ur n eed s; i n d ee d, exp a n d y o u r n eed s a n d d em a nd
m o r e. ’ Th i s i s t h e w o r ld ly d o c tri ne o f t o d a y. A n d t h ey b el i eve t h a t t h is i s f r eed om. Th e r es u lt f o r
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t h e r i c h i s i s o l a ti on a n d s u i c id e, f o r t h e p o o r , en v y a n d m u rder .” ― F y o d o r Do s t oyevs ky, Th e
B r o t h er s K a ra ma zov
• Q U O TE WI TH O MIS SION : Do s t oyevs ky’ s u s es Z o s ima t o a r g ue t h a t t h e ef f ec t o f a w o r l d t h a t
en c o u r a g es t h e p r i vil egi ng a n d f u l fi ll ment o f p er s o na l n eed s i s n o t f r eed om, b u t “ . . . f o r t h e r i c h
i s i s o l a t io n a n d s u ic i de, f o r t h e p o o r, en v y a n d m u rd er” ( 3 41) .
END
• O R I GIN AL P AS SAGE : “ T h e p o i n t o f m a r r ia ge i s n o t t o c r ea t e a q u i c k c o m mon al it y b y t ea r in g d o w n
a l l b o u n d a ri es ; o n t h e c o n t ra ry, a g o o d m a r r ia ge i s o n e i n w h i c h ea c h p a r tn er a p p o int s t h e o t h er t o
b e t h e g u a r d i an o f h i s s o l itu de, a n d t h us t h ey s h ow ea c h o t h er t h e g r ea test p o ssi bl e t r us t.” ―
R a i n er M a r i a R i l k e, L e t t er s o f Y o u ng P o e t
• Q U O TES WI TH O M ISS ION : I n h i s s ev ent h l et ter t o K a p pu s, R i l ke r ev ea ls h i s p o si tio n o n t h e
R o m a n ti c i d ea l o f t o t a l i n t ima c y a n d u n i on o f s el v es b y n o t i ng t h a t “ t h e p o i nt o f m a r ri ag e i s n o t t o
c r ea t e a q u i c k c o m mo na li ty b y t ea r i ng d o wn a l l b o u nda r ies . . . ” ( 1 3 ) .
l ea r n t o s ee t h e o t h er a n d h o n o r h i m f o r w h a t h e i s : ea c h t h e o t h er' s o p po si te a n d c o mp lement . ”
( H es s e 2 9 8) .
• U s e a n el l i p s i s f o l l ow ed b y a p er i o d t o i n d ic a te a n o m i ssi on b et w een t w o s en ten ces . [ . . . .]
ALTERATIONS
10
ADDITIONS OR CHANGES FOR CLARIFICATION
A s K l o t z p o in ts o u t , “ H e [ S n egi ryo v] i s s o b ea t en d o w n t h a t h e c a n n o l o n g er a c t i n a c c o r d an ce w i t h
t h e r u l es o f s o c i et y a n d m u st a c c ep t a r o l e o u t s id e s o ci ety a s a w ea k l i n g a n d a d i s h o no ra bl e
p er s o n ” ( 1 69) .
COMMENT
C l y d e a n d S o n d ra a r e d es c ri bed a s “ . . . h a r m o n io usl y a b a n don in g t h emsel ves t o t h e r h y th m o f t h e
m u s i c —li ke t w o s m a ll c h i ps ( s i c ) b ei ng t o ssed a b o ut o n a r o u g h b u t f r i end ly s ea ” ( Dres ier 3 2 8) . Th e
i m a g er y f o r es ha dow s a n d a c t s a s a c o u n t er po in t t h e c en t ra l t r a g ed y o f t h e n o v el .
S i c i s L a t i n f o r t h u s . I t i s u s ed a f t er a q u o t ed w o r d t h a t a p p ear s i n c o rr ect o r o d d a n d t el l s t h e r ea d er t h a t
t h e w o r d a p p ea r ed t h u s o r i n t h i s w a y i n t h e o r i g i na l. Th e w r i t er q u o ti ng Dr es ier ’s A n A me ri ca n Tr a ge dy
u s es a p a r en t h eti ca l c o m ment t o t el l t h e r ea d er t h at t h e w o r d c h i ps i n s tea d o f s h i ps w a s Dr es i er’ s.
Wh at t o i n c l u d e
• E v er y s o u r ce y o u p a r ap hr as ed , s u mmar iz ed, o r q u o ted i n t h e t ext .
• Do n o t i n c l u de s o u rc es t h a t y o u c o n sul ted b u t d i d n o t c i t e.
H o w t o o r d e r t h e e n tr i es
• W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies a r e a l p h a beti zed b y t h e f i r st l et t er i n t h e en t r y, g en er al ly a n a u t ho r’ s l a s t
n a m e.
• W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies t h a t h a v e n o a u t ho r o r ed i t o r a r e a l p h a beti zed b y t i t le.
• W h en a l p h a b etiz in g b y t i t le, i g n or e a r ti c les ( A , A n , a n d Th e ) t h a t b eg i n t h e t i t le .
• W h en a n en t r y s t a rt s w i t h a n u m b er, a l p ha b etize t h e en t r y b a s ed o n h o w t h e n u m ber w o ul d a p p ea r
i f w r i t t en.
• W h en a n en t r y s t a rt s w i t h a y ea r , a l p h a beti ze t h e en t r y b a s ed o n h o w t h e y ea r w o u ld b e s p o ken .
H o w t o f o r m at t h e p ag e
• Th e w o r k s c i ted l i st c o mes a f t er t h e f i n a l p a g e o f t ext .
• Th e l i s t b eg i ns a t t h e t o p o f a c o n s ec u t ivel y n u mb ered n ew p a g e.
• Th e l i s t i s p r ec eded b y t h e c en t ered h ea di ng : W o r ks C i t ed
• If o n l y o n e en t r y i s g i ven , u s e t h e h ea di ng W o r k C i t ed
• W o r k s C i t ed en t ri es a r e d o u b le - sp ac ed w i t h N O S P A C E b et ween en t ri es.
o S ee s p a c i n g s et ti ng s o n t h e n ext p a g e
• W o r k s C i t ed en t ri es m a ke u s e o f a h an g i n g i n d e n t .
o L ea r n h o w t o c r ea t e a h a n d i n g i n d en t o n t h e n ext p a g e .
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HANGING INDENT
QUICK TIP
HOW TO CREATE A HANGING INDENT IN MICROSOFT WORD
YOU CAN ADD A HANGING
1 . S el ec t t h e t ex t t h a t y o u w o ul d l i ke t o i n den t. INDENT TO YOUR ENTRIES IN
2 . O n t h e H o me t a b , c l i c k t h e a r r ow i n t h e b o tto m r i gh t c o r ner o f t h e W O RD BY HIGHLIGHTING THEM
P a r a g ra ph g r ou p. AND PRESSING C TRL+T.
3 . I n t h e P a r a g r ap h d i al og b o x, u n d er I n d enta tion , i n t he S p ec ia l
d r o p d own , s el ec t H a ng ing .
4 . U n d er B y , s et t he mea s ur ement t o 0 . 5.
5 . En s u r e t h ere i s 0 p t s p ac in g a f ter p a ra gra ph s O R c h ec k t h e b o x
i n d i c a ting Do n ’ t a d d a s p a ce b etween p a ra gr ap hs o f t h e s a me
s t yl e .
6 . Click OK .
S t ep s 3 – 6
S t ep 2
1. H i g h li gh t y o ur w o r ks c i t ed en t ries.
2. O p en t h e F o rma t t a b a n d s el ect A li gn & i n den t
3. S el ec t I n denta tio n o p ti ons … f r om t h e s i de men u
4. W h en t h e I n d en tati on o p tion s w i nd ow o p en s, s el ec t H a ng ing f r o m t h e
S P EC I A L d r o pdo wn men u a n d s p ec i fy 0 . 5 i n ch es.
5 . C l i c k t h e A p ply b u t ton
S t ep s 4 -5
S t ep s 1 - 3
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CREDITING SOURCES
T O C R EDIT S O U R C ES , M L A R EQU I R ES A T W O - P AR T S YS TEM. TH A T S YS TEM U S ES ( 1 ) B R IEF IN - TEXT O R
P A R EN THETICA L C I T A T I O NS T H A T P O I NT T O ( 2 ) A F U L L L IS T O F S O U R C ES IN TH E F O R M O F A N EN D - O F - TEX T
W O R K S C ITED P A G E.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
OVERVIEW
S ee t h e S IG N A L P H R AS E G U I DEL IN ES h a n do ut f o r a l i s t o f s i g n a l p h r a se v er bs.
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P ar e n t h eti c al c i t at i on s m a ke u s e o f p a r en t heses ( ) t o p r o v i de s o u rc e i n f or mat io n. In M L A s t yle,
p a r en t h etic a l c i t a tio ns a r e p l a c ed w h er e t h ere i s a n a t u r a l p a u se. Th i s m o s t o f t en o c c u rs a t t h e en d o f t h e
s en t en c e i n w h i c h t h e s o u rc e i n f or ma tio n a p p ea r s. W h en p l a c ed a t t h e en d o f a s en t en c e, p a r en thet ic a l
c i t a t i on s a p p ear b ef o re t h e c l o s in g p u n ct ua tio n.
Th e A r t o f T r a v e l t el l s u s t h a t t r a vel , w i th i t s g i f t o f d i s t an c in g u s f r o m o u r o r d in ar y s el ves, g i v es u s
t h e o p p o r t uni ty t o “ en c o un ter o u r t r u e s el ves” ( d e B o t t on 1 4 7) .
Ju n g , w h o i s p o s i ti on ed a s t h e m a n m o st r es p ons ib le f o r t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry s h el l- g ame w h er e
“ r el i g i on w a s r ep l ac ed b y t h er ap eut ic t ec hn iq ue, ” t o ok H es se a s h i s p a t ien t ( G r ay 9 1) .
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SPECIAL CASES
3. TWO AUTHORS
W h en r ef er en c i ng a w o r k w i t h t h r ee o r m o re a u t h ors , i t i s t y p i ca l t o u s e t h e f i r s t a u t ho r’ s l a s t n a m e
f o l l o w ed b y t h e p h ra se e t al . , a n a b b r ev ia ti on f o r t h e L a t in p h r ase et a l i a m ea n i ng “ a n d o t h ers . ” Yo u m a y
a l s o u s e “ a n d o t h ers” o r “ a n d c o l l eag ues” i n t h e p r o se, b u t t h is i s l es s c o mmo n.
W h en c i t i n g m ul ti pl e w o r k s b y t h e s a me a u t ho r, d i s tin gu ish t h e s o ur ce b y i n c l ud in g t h e t i t le o f t h e w o r k i n
t h e t ext o r t h e p a r en t h etic a l c i t a ti on. L o n g w o r ks s h o ul d b e i t a l i ci zed. S h o rt w o r ks a r e p l a c ed i n q u o ta ti on
m arks.
Th e n a r r a to r t el l s u s “ el ec t ive i g n o ra nc e w a s a g r ea t s u r viva l s ki ll , p er ha ps t h e g r ea test” ( F r a nzen ,
Th e C o r r e c tio ns 2 6 5).
8. UNKNOWN AUTHOR
Th e ed i t o r ia l a s s erted t h at t h e o p i oi d c r i si s c a n b e c u r t a il ed b y p r o vi di ng s a f e s p ac es a n d m ed ic a l
s u p er v isi on f o r u s ers ( “ S a f e I n j ec ti on ” 4 ) .
* T h e f u l l t i t l e o f t h e a r t i cl e i s “ S a f e I n j ec tio n F a c i li ties S a ve L i v es . ”
16
11. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS
• P ar ag r ap h ( Jo n es, p a r . 4 ) . P ar ag r ap h s ( p a r s. 4 - 7 ). F o r p o e m s an d v e r s e
• S e c t i o n ( s ec . 3 ) S e c t i o n s ( Ei s enstei n, s ec s . 2 - 5 ) p l ay s , s ee p a g e 1 8 .
• C h ap t e r ( c h . 1 7) . C h ap t e r s ( c h s. 1 7 - 18)
The MLA indicates that writers should not count unnumbered paragraphs or sections for the purposes of in -text
citation. However, in order to be able to assess how source material is being used, instructors sometimes ask students
to do this. Always follow your instructor’s guidelines.
HEADINGS
S o m e s o u r ces , es p ec ia l ly t h o se f o u nd o n l in e, d o n o t h a v e n u mb er ed p a g e, p a r a gr ap h, c h a p ter , o r s ec t i on
n u m b er s. S o me o f t h es e m a ke u s e o f h e ad i ng s. Th e M L A i n d ic a tes t h a t i n t h e a b s en ce o f o t h er n u mb ers
h ea d i n g s c a n b e u s ed t o h el p a r ea d er l o c a t e t h e r el eva nt i n f or mati on . It i s p er m issi bl e t o s h or ten l o n g
h ea d i n g t i tl es .
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIAL
I f y o u w o u l d l i k e t o p o in t t h e r ea d er t o a n en t i re w o r k, n a m e t h e a u th or i n a s i g n a l p h r a se o r i n a
p a r en t h etic a l r ef er en ce. Do n o t g i v e p a g e n u mb ers.
Th e b i o g r a phy p o rt ra ys a w o m a n w o r n d o w n b y h er o w n m y th os a n d m i t ig ates s o me o f t h e
r o m a n ti ci sm t h a t h a s a t ta c hed i t s elf t o M i ll a y ( M il f or d) .
NOVELS
Th e s el f - r el ia nt Ja n e t el l s u s , “ I s t o od l o nel y en o u gh ; b u t t o t h a t f eel i n g o f i s o l a ti on I w a s
a c c u s t omed ; i t d i d n o t o p p r es s m e m u c h ( B r o nt e 2 ; c h . 4 2 ) .
17
VERSE PLAYS
POEMS
I f a p o em m a k es u s e o f l i n e n u m ber s b u t n o t s ec t io n n u mb ers, u s e t h e w o r d l i n e o r l i n e s t h e f i r s t t i me y o u
r ef er en c e t h e s o u r ce.
18
15. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY
R ef er en c e w o r k s en t r ies, s u c h a s t h o se f o u n d i n d i c t io na ri es a n d en c y cl op edi as ,
f r eq u en t ly d o n o t l i s t a n a u t h or . I f a n en t r y h a s n o a u t h or , u s e t h e t i tl e o f t h e en t r y i n
t h e i n - t ext c i t a tio n.
W h en r ef er en c i ng l a w a n d c o u rt c a s es, r ef er t o t h e p a r tic u la r c a s e o r l a w b y n a m e i n t h e s i g n al p h ra se o r
p a r en t h eses. It a li c ize l eg a l c a s es. L ea v e l a w s, a c t s, a n d h i st ori c al d o c umen ts, s u c h a s t h e M a g na C a r ta , i n
p l a i n t ext .
P r i o r t o 1 9 63 a n d t h e c a s e o f G i d e on v . W a i nw ri ght , t h o se w h o w er e u n a b le t o a f f o r d a l a w y er h a d
n o r ec o u r s e t o l eg a l c o u nsel . T h e o n l y exc ep t io n o c c u rr ed w h en a p er s o n w a s a c c u sed o f c r i me
p u n i s ha bl e b y t h e d ea t h p en a lt y.
T o c o n s t ru ct a w o r k s c i t ed en t r y, t h e M L A a s k s w r i ters t o i d en tif y c er t a in
c o r e e l e men t s o f t h ei r s o u rc es a n d t o l i s t a s m a n y o f t h o se el em en ts a s
p o s s i bl e i n a p r es c r ib ed o r d er.
I f a s o u r c e d o es n o t h a v e o n e o f t h e el em en ts , t h a t el em en t i s s i mpl y l ef t o ut
o f t h e en t r y . Th e i m a g e o n t h e r i g h t l i s ts t h e c o r e el em en ts a n d t h e o r d er i n
w h i c h t h ey s h ou ld b e g i v en . Ea c h el em en t i s d es c ri bed i n m o r e d et a il o n t h e
f o l l o w i ng p a g es ( 2 0- 24) . I n a d d i ti on, y o u c a n v i si t t h e M L A S t y le C en t er t o
l ea r n a b o u t o p ti on al el emen ts.
W h i l e o n e c an c o n s t r uc t al m o s t an y e n t r y u s i n g t h e c o r e e l e men ts m e t ho d ,
s o m e w r i t ers p r ef er t o u s e a t em p l ate s p ec i fi c t o t h e s o ur ce t y p e.
19
1. AUTHOR .
ONE AUTHOR:
• T h e n a m e o f a s i n g l e a u t hor i s g i v en l a s t n a me, f i r s t n a me .
• I n c l u d e m i d dl e n a m es o r i n i t ia ls w h en g i v en.
o P o e, Ed g a r A l l en . W a l l a c e, Da v i d F o s ter.
TWO AUTHORS:
o T h e f i r s t a u th or i s l i s ted l a s t n a m e , f i r s t n a me.
o T h e f i r s t a u th or ’ s n a me i s f o l l ow ed b y t h e w o r d an d .
o T h e s ec o n d a u th or ’ s n a me i s g i v en f i r s t n a me l a s t n a m e.
o L i s t n a m es i n t h e o r d er t h a t t h ey a r e g i v en i n t h e s o ur c e m a teri al .
o B r o w n , S t ep hen , a n d A n t ho ny P a t ter son .
• T h e f i r s t a u th or i s l i s ted l a s t n a m e , f i r s t n a me.
• O t h er a u t h or s’ n a mes a r e r ep l a c ed b y t h e L a t in p h ra se e t al . t h e a b b r evia ti on f o r e t a l i a, m ea ni ng “ a nd
o t h er s . ”
o B o er m a n -C or nel l, W i l li a m, et a l .
2. TITLE OF SOURCE .
UNTITLED WORKS
• S o u r c es w i th ou t t i tl es a r e d es c r ibed w i t hou t q u o ta tio ns o r i t a l i cs a n d u s e s en t enc e c a s e c a p it al iza ti on .
o L ec t u r e t r a n sc ri pt. L et t er t o t h e a u t ho r’ s m o th er. P o w erP oi nt s l i des.
• W h en a n u n t i t l ed p o em i s k n o wn b y i t s f i r s t l i n e, u s e t h a t l i n e i n q u o tes a n d r et a i n t h e c a p i ta li za tio n
o f t h e o r i g i n al .
o “ I h ea r d a F l y b u z z - w h en I d i ed - . ”
20
3. TITLE OF CONTAINER ,
• I f t h e s o u r c e i s c o n t ai ned w i th in a l a r g er w o r k o r p u b li c at ion , i n c lu de t h e
t i t l e o f t h e c o n t a i ner i n i t a l ic s f o l l ow ed b y a c o m m a .
COMMON CONTAINERS
• C o l l ec t io ns o f p o em s, s h o rt s to ri es, a n d es sa ys.
o P o e ms T h a t M a ke G r o wn M e n C r y , M ag ic f o r B e g i nne rs , In F a c t :
Th e B e s t o f C r e a ti ve N o nf ic ti on
• P er i o d i ca ls s u ch a s j o u rn al s, m a g azi ne, n ew s pa per s
o Jo u r n al o f P e a ce R e s ea rc h, T h e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , Es q uir e,
• W eb s i t e s
o In t e r n et H i s tory S ou rc ebo oks P r o je ct , P e w R e s e ar ch C e n te r,
M o d e rn A me ri can P o et ry ,
• T el ev i s i on s er i es
o M a d me n, G a me o f T h r o nes , M y S o - Cal le d L i f e ,
4. OTHER CONTRIBUTORS ,
EXAMPLES
A l ek s i evic h, S v etl a na . T h e U n w oman ly F a c e o f W a r : A n O r a l H i stor y o f W o me n i n W o r ld W a r II . Tr a n s la t ed
b y R i c h a r d P ev ear a n d L a r is sa V o l ok ho nsky , R a n d om H o u se, 2 01 8.
“ T h e B a t t l e o f t h e B i r d s . ” F ai ry T a l e s f r o m M a ny L a n ds, i l l us tra ted b y A r th ur R a c k h am, P en g ui n B o o ks ,
1 9 7 8, p p . 1 5 - 27.
Di c k i n so n, Em i ly . B o l t s o f M e l ody: N e w P o e ms o f Emi l y Di c k i nson . Ed i t ed b y M ab el L o o mi s To d d a n d
M i l l i c ent To d d B i n gh am, H a r per & B r o th ers, 1 9 45.
N i c h o l so n, Ja c k . O n e F l ew o v er t h e C u c koo ’s N e st. Di r ec t ed b y M i lo š F o r man , F a n t asy F i lms, 1 9 97.
5. VERSION ,
• I f y o u r s o u r ce exi s ts i n m o re t h a n o n e v er s io n, p r o vi de i n f or ma tio n t o h el p y o ur r ea d er i d en ti f y w h i ch
v er s i o n y o u h a ve u s ed .
BOOKS: EDITION
21
EXAMPLES – BOOK EDITIONS
K o c h , To m . C a r togr aphi e s o f Di s e ase : M ap s, M app ing , a n d M e dic in e .
Exp a n d ed ed . , Es r i P r ess, 2 0 17.
R ey h n er , Jo n A l l a n, a n d Jea n n e M . O y a wi n Ed er . “ L a n g ua ge a n d C u l tu re
R ev i t a l iza ti on , 1 990 - 2 0 1 7. ” A me r ic an In d ia n Ed u cat ion : A H i s tory ,
2 n d ed ., U o f O k l a h o ma P , 2 0 17, p p . 3 2 6- 340.
R o y c e, Jo s i a h. R a c e Q u e sti ons, P r o vinc ia li sm, a n d O t he r A me r ic an P r o ble ms.
Ed i t ed b y S c o t t L . P r a t t a n d S h a nn on S u ll iva n, exp a n ded ed ., F o r dh am
U P , 2 0 0 9.
MEDIA VERSIONS
MEDIA EXAMPLES
Di c k en s , C h a rl es. B l e ak H o us e. R ea d b y B o b L a w r enc e , a b r id ged v er sio n, N a xo s A u d io bo oks, 2 0 07.
R o eg , N i c o l a s, d i r ec tor . W a lk about . Di r ec tor ’ s c u t , M a x L . R a a b - S i L i tv in of f F i l ms , 1 9 98.
6. NUMBER ,
EXAMPLES
B r o o k er , C h a rl ie a n d W i l li am B r i d g es , w r i t ers. " S h ut U p a n d Da n c e . " B l a ck M ir ror , d i rec ted b y Ja m es
W a t k i n s, s ea son 3 , ep i s od e 3 , En d em ol , 2 016.
B r u m m itt , C a s si e. “ P ot termo re: T r a n smed ia S t or ytel li ng a n d A u t ho rsh ip i n H a r ry P o t ter.” Th e M i dw est
Qu a r t er ly, n o . 1 , 2 0 1 6, p p . 1 1 2- 122.
G a i m a n, N ei l . “ Th e K i n dl y O n es .” T h e S a ndma n. V o l. 1 3 n o . 6 9, DC C o m i c s, 1 99 5.
M c K en z ie - Jon es, P a ul . “ O c c up at io n o f A l c a tr a z, 1 969–1 971. ” 5 0 Ev e nt s Th at S ha pe d A me ri ca n I n d ian
H i s t or y: A n En c yc lope di a o f t h e A me r ic an M o sai c , ed i ted b y Do n n a M a r tin ez a n d Jen n i fer L .
W i l l i a ms B o r d eau x, v o l . 2 . , G r een wo od, 2 0 17, p p . 5 4 9 – 5 6 0.
M c N et t, G a b ri el. “ U s in g S t o ri es t o F a c i li tat e L ea r ni ng .” C o l le ge Te a ch ing, v o l . 6 4, n o . 4 , O c t . 2 0 16 , p p .
1 8 4 –19 3. EB S C O host, h t t ps:// doi . or g/ 10 .10 80/875675 55.2016.11893 89.
22
7. PUBLISHER ,
• A p u b l i sh er i s a c o m p a ny, o r g a ni za tio n, o r p er s on w h o h a s d i s tr ibu ted a
s o u r c e t o t h e p u b l ic .
• S e l e c t s o u r c e t y p es D O N O T r e qu i re t h e p u b l i she r t o b e n am e d :
• Jo u r n a l s, m a ga zi nes , a n d n ew s pa per s
• W o r k s p u b li shed b y t h ei r a u th or o r ed i t or
• C er t a i n k i nd s o f w eb s i tes ( s ee b el o w )
WEBSITES
• T o d et er m in e a w eb s i te’ s p u b li sher , l o o k f o r t h e c o p y r i gh t n o t i c e . It c a n o f t en b e f o u n d a t t h e
b o t t o m o f t h e h o m e p a g e o r o n t h e w eb s it e’s f o o ter. If y o u c a n n o t l o c a te i t t h er e, l o ok f o r a n
a b o u t p a g e. It i s s o m etimes t h ere.
• I f a w eb s i t e’ s t i tl e i s t h e s a me a s i t s p u bl is her, d o n o t r ep ea t i t .
• I f a w eb s i t e h o u ses b u t d o es n o t p r o d uc e t h e m a ter ia l i t d i s tr ib utes, s k ip t h is c o r e el emen t. E.G .
Y o u Tu be .
8. PUBLICATION DATE ,
S ee n ext p a g e .
23
FORMAT
• D at e s ar e g i v en i n D AY M O N TH Y EAR fo r m at. E.G . 1 1 M a y 1 9 93,
o Th i s f o r m a t d o es n o t r eq u ir e c o m ma s b et ween i t ems.
• A l l m o n t hs o v er f o u r l et t ers s h o ul d b e a b b r ev ia ted:
o Ja n ., F eb . , M a r . , A p r . , M a y, Ju n e, Ju l y , A u g ., S ep t., O c t ., N o v., Dec .
• I f a s o u r c e i n c l ud es a t i m esta mp, i n c l ud e i t a f t er t h e f u l l d a t e.
o 2 9 S ep t . 1 9 84, 4 : 33 a . m . ,
9. LOCATION .
ONLINE SOURCES
• I f t h e s o u r c e h a s p a g e n u mb ers, u s e p . b ef o r e a s i n g le p a g e o r p p . b ef o r e a p a g e r a n g e .
• Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er .
o As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at i s h t t p s: //d o i.o r g/xx xxx .
o If n o DO I i s g i v en , i n c l u de a U R L , p r ef er a b ly a s t a b l e U R L o r p er m al in k.
• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng p r i o r t o an d i n c l u d i n g t h e d o u b l e fo r w ard s l ash // .
o If a U R L r u n s m o r e t h a n t h r ee l i n es, t r un ca te i t .
• I f t h e s o u r c e d o es n o t h a v e a p u b l i ca ti on d a te o r i s l i k el y t o c h a n ge , i n c l ud e a d a t e o f a c c es s .
EPISODE ON A DVD
• I f t h e w o r k a c c es s ed w a s p a r t o f a m u l t i di sc DV D, t el l t h e r ea d er w h i c h d i sc w a s u s ed.
24
WORKS CITED ENTRY TEMPLATES
W o r k s c i t ed en t r ies c a n b e c o n s t ru ct ed u s in g t h e c o r e el em en ts m et ho d o u t lin ed o n p a g e s 1 9- 24.
A l t er n a tivel y, en t ri es c a n b e c o n s t ruc ted b y l o o kin g u p t h e r el ev a nt a u t h or t yp e ( p a g es 2 5- 26) a n d u s i ng i t
w i t h t h e a p p r o pr ia te s o ur c e t y p e t emp la te ( p a g es 2 7 – 3 8 ).
AUTHOR TYPES
ONE AUTHOR
• G i v e t h e a u t h or ’ s l a s t n a me f o l l ow ed b y t h ei r f i r s t n a m e a n d a n y m i dd le i n i ti al .
• Do n o t i n c l u de d eg r ees ( P h D , M . D. , et c eter a)
TEM P L ATE : A u th or ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a m e.
S AM P L E : M c Cu ll ers, C a r so n. T h e H e a rt I s a L o n e l y H u nte r . H o ug ht on M if f li n, 1 9 40 .
TWO AUTHORS
• G i v e t h e f i r s t a u t h or ’s l a st n a me f o l l ow ed b y t h ei r f i r st n a me a n d a n y m i ddl e i n i tia l .
• Do n o t i n v er t t h e s ec o nd a u th or ’ s n a me.
• S ep a r a t e t h e a u th or s ’ n a mes w i t h t h e w o r d an d .
TEM P L ATE : 1 s t A u tho r’ s L a s t N a m e, F i rs t N a me a n d 2 n d A u t ho r’ s F i r st N a m e L a s t N a me.
S AM P L E : B er nstei n, C a r l , a n d B o b W o o d wa rd . A l l t h e P r e sid ent ’s M e n . S i mon a n d S c h uster P a p erba c ks ,
2 0 1 4.
• I f a w o r k h a s t h r ee o r m o r e a u th or s, l i st t h e f i r st a u t ho r’ s l a s t n a m e a n d f i r st n a m e f o l lo w b y a c o m m a
a n d t h e a b b r ev i ati on e t al . f r o m t h e L a t i n e t a l i a m ea n ing a n d o t he rs.
TEM P L ATE : A u th or ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a m e , et a l .
S AM P L E : B o smi a , A n a n d, et a l . “ T h e F o o t - R ead ing C u l t o f Ja p a n .” Jo u rna l o f R e l i gi on & H e a l th , v o l. 5 6 , n o .
5 , O c t . 2 0 1 7 , p p . 1 600 –1604. A c ad emi c S e a rc h C o mpl ete , h t tp s://d oi.o rg / 10.1007/s 10943 -
0 1 3 - 9736 -8.
• W h en u s i n g m o re t h a n o n e w o r k b y a n a u t ho r, o r g a ni ze en t ri es a l p ha bet ic al ly b y t h e t i tl e o f t h e w o r k.
• P r o v i de t h e a u t ho r’ s n a m e f o r t h e f i r st en t ry.
• A f t er t h e f i r s t en t r y , u s e t h ree h y p hen s i n p l a c e o f t h e a u t h or ’s n a me. En d t h e s ec t io n w i t h a p er i o d .
SAMPLE:
B a l d w i n , Ja m es. “ L et ter f r o m a R eg i o n i n M y M i n d.” Th e N e w Yo r k er , v o l . 9 4 n o . 3 9, 6 N o v . 1 9 62, p p. 3 0 -
39.
25
AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR
TEMPLATE:
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Ed i t o r/Tr an sl ate /Ed i to r/Tr an sl ate/An ot her R o l e b y F i r s t
N am e L as t N am e , P u b l is her , D at e.
SAMPLES:
F l a u b er t, G u sta ve. M ad ame B o v ary . T r a n sl a ted b y L y d ia Da v i s, V i ki ng A d u l t. 2 010 .
W i l s o n , El l a . “ Ta k e C a r e. ” S h ow M e A l l Y o ur S c ar s: Tr u e S t or ie s o f L i v i ng w i t h M e nta l Il l n ess , ed i t ed b y L ee
G u t k i nd, In F a c t B o o k s, 2 016.
TEMPLATE:
O r g an i z ati on ’s N am e o r G o v e r nme nt Ag en c y (i f d i ffe r e nt fr o m p u b l i sh er ) . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . P u b l is he r , D at e.
SAMPLES:
B a r d P r i s o n In i ti a tiv e. “ W h a t I s C o l l eg e F o r? ” B a r d C o l le ge , b p i.b ar [Link] / . A c c essed 1 8 Ju n e 2 0 19.
UNKNOWN AUTHOR
• W h en t h e a u t h o r i s u n k no wn , b eg i n t h e en t r y w i th t h e t i tl e o f t h e w o r k .
Di a r y o f a n O xy g en T h ie f . G al ler y B o o ks, 2 0 16.
“ I A m P a r t o f t h e R es i s ta nc e I n s id e t h e T r u mp A d mi ni str at ion .” Ed i t or ia l. Th e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , 5 S ep t.
2 0 1 8, h t t ps:// ww w. n ytimes .c o m/2018/09/ 05/op in io n/tr ump -w hi te- ho use- a no nymo us-
r es i s t an ce.h tml? modu le=i nl in e .
26
ENTRY TEMPLATES BY SOURCE TYPE
PERIODICALS
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS
• U s e t i t l e c as e c ap i t al iz at i on fo r ar t i c l e an d jo u r n al t i t l es. S e e p ag e 4 .
• P l ac e q u o t e s ar o u n d ar t i c l e t i t l es.
• I t al i c i z e jo u r nal t i t l es .
• V o l u me i s a b b r evi ated v o l .
• I s s u e n u m ber i s a b b revi at ed n o .
O n l i n e s o u rc es:
• Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er . It i s p r ef er ra bl e t o a U R L .
▪ As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at fo r a D O I i s h t t p s ://do i .o rg /xxx xx .
• I f a p er m a l i nk i s a v a i la bl e, u s e i t i n p l a c e o f t h e a d d r ess b a r U R L .
• Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.
• I n c l u d e a d a t e o f a c c es s i f n o p u b l i c a tio n d a t e i s a v a il ab le o r i f r eq u i r ed b y y o u r i n s tr uc to r.
• I t a l i c i ze d a t a ba se n a mes.
TEMPLATE
SAMPLES
G r i es i ng er, Em i ly. " H a rr y P o tter a n d t h e ' Deep er M a g ic ': N a rr a tin g H o p e i n C h i ld ren 's
L i t er a t ur e." C h ri sti ani ty a n d L i t er atu re , v o l . 5 1, n o . 3 , 2 0 0 2, p p . 4 55 - 4 8 0. L i te ratu re R e s ourc e
C e n t e r, h t t ps:// doi . or g/ 10 .1 177/01483 331020510 0308 . A c c essed 1 4 A u g . 2 0 18.
27
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” Ti t l e o f J o u r na l, v o l u m e n u m ber , i s s ue n u m b er, D at e
o f P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e r an g e. D O I o r U R L . Ac c e ssed D ay M o n th Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed).
SAMPLE
C a r s o n , A n ne. “ Ed d y. ” P a r is R e v i ew , n o . 2 2 1, s u mmer 2 0 17. w w w .thep ar isr evi [Link] g/ fi ct io n/694 5/edd y -
a n n e- c a r so n. A c c essed 1 8 Ju n e 2 0 19 .
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” Ti t l e o f J o u r na l, v o l u m e n u m be r , i s s ue n u m b er, D at e
o f P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e r an g e.
S AM P L E
S p er l i n g, A l i son . " F rea k T em p ora l ity : F ema le A d o l es cen ce i n t h e N o v el s o f C a r s on M c Cu ll ers." G i rl hood
S t u d ie s, n o . 1 , 2 0 16, p p . 8 8 - 104.
• P u b l i c at i o n d at e :
▪ In c l u d e a l l a v a i la bl e d a te i n f o rma ti on .
▪ A l l m o n t hs o v er f o u r l et t ers a r e a b b r evi a ted. S ee p a g e 2 4 f o r a b b r evi ati on s.
▪ If a n o n l i n e s o ur ce h a s n o p u b l ic at io n d a t e, i n c lud e a d a t e o f a c c es s a t t h e en d o f en t r y .
• I f a v o l u m e o r i s s u e n u m b ers a r e a v a i l a ble , i n c l ud e t h em a f t er t h e t i t le.
▪ U s e t h e a b b r ev i ati on v o l . f o r v o l ume n u m ber a n d n o . f o r i s s ue n u mb er.
• I f n o au t h o r i s g i v en f o r a m a g a zi ne o r n ew s pa per a r t ic le, b eg i n t h e en t r y w i t h t h e a r t i cl e’ s t i tl e.
• T o d es i g n at e p ag e n u m b ers, u s e p . ( f o r o n e p a g e) o r p p . ( f o r a p a g e r a n g e ) .
• O n l i n e s o u rc es:
▪ Wh e n av ai l ab l e , i n c l ud e a D O I o r d i g i t al o b jec t i d en ti fi er . It i s p r ef er ra bl e t o a U R L .
▪ As o f 2 0 2 1 , t h e p r e fer red fo r m at fo r a D O I i s h t t p s ://do i .o rg /xxx xx .
▪ If a p er m a l i nk i s a v a i la bl e, u s e i t i n p l a c e o f t h e a d d r ess b a r U R L .
▪ Wh e n p r o v i d i n g U R L s, r e mo v e e v ery th i ng b e fo re an d i n c l u d i ng an y d o u b l e fo r w ard s l as h //.
▪ W h i l e n o t r eq u i red, t h e M L A r ec o mmends i n c lu din g a d a t e o f a c c es s f o r a l l o n l i ne m a t eri al .
▪ S o m e i n s tr uc to rs r eq u i re a d at e o f ac c e s s f o r a l l o n l in e s o ur ces. F o l l ow i n str uc to r g u i del in es.
28
S AM P L E
P a l a , C h r i st op her. " A n thr a x I s l a nd . " T h e N e w Yo r k Ti me s M aga zin e, 1 2 Ja n . 2 0 03, p . 3 6 . G a le L i t er atur e
R e s o u rc e C e nte r, s u n y- mvc .p ri mo. exli br isg ro up .co m/per mal in k/01S UNY_MVC /ro maec /c di _
p r o q u est _misc ell an eou s_215481 291 6 . A c c es sed 2 5 F eb . 2 01 9.
S AM P L E S
SAMPLES
F er n a n d ez, S a nd y M . “ T h i s F o o tb al l P l a yer H a d a S ec r et Ea t i ng Di s or der .” C h o ic es/ Curr en t H e al th , n o . 6 , 1
M a r . 2 0 1 7, p p . 1 0 - 15.
H ed eg a a r d, Er i k. “ T h e S o u nd & t h e F u r y o f M ea t L o a f .” R o ll in g S t one , n o . 1 30 6/1307, F eb . 2 0 18, p p . 4 0 - 43.
• F o r p r i n t b o o k r e v i ews, en d t h e r ef er en c e en t ry w i t h t h e p a g e o r p a g e r a n ge o f t h e r ev i ew .
• I f n o r e v i e w au t h or o r t i t l e i s g i ven , b eg i n t h e en t ry w i t h R ev iew o f f o l l o wed b y t h e b o ok ’ s t i tl e.
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Ar t i c l e .” R ev i ew o f Ti t l e o f B o o k , b y B o o k Au t h o r ’s F i r st N am e
L as t N am e . Ti t l e o f P u b l i c ati o n, v o l u me n u m b er, i s s u e n u m ber (w h en av ai l abl e), D at e o f
P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e (s) . D a ta ba se (i f ap p l i c ab l e), D OI o r U R L . Ac c es sed D ay M o nt h Y ear (i f r e q u i red ).
SAMPLE
C r em ea n , Da v id . “ T h e R o a d b y C o r ma c M c Ca rt hy.” R ev iew o f Th e R o a d , b y C o r ma c M c Ca rt hy. W e s te rn
A me r i c an L i t er atur e, v o l . 4 3, n o . 1 , 2 0 08, p . 8 5 . H u mani ti es S o u rc e, s ea r ch .ebsc oh ost .co m/lo gi n.
a s p x? d ir ec t=tru e&db =edsj sr &AN=ed sjs r.43025 127&si te=eds - l ive. A c c ess ed 1 8 Ju n e 2 01 9.
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BOOKS
BOOK FORMATTING NOTES:
• I f t h e b o o k h a s b een r e p r i nt ed, i t i s o n l y n ec es sa ry t o l i st t h e m o s t r ec en t y ea r o f p u b l ic at io n.
• I f y o u w a n t t o h i g h li gh t t h e o r i g i nal d at e o f p u b l i c at i o n, i n c l ude i t a f t er t h e t i tl e f o l l ow ed b y a p er i o d .
• G i v e t h e p u b l i s h er i n a s b r i ef a f o r m a s p o s si bl e . O m it b u sin ess t er ms l i ke C o m pa ny ( C o .) , C o r po ra tio n
( C o r p .) , In c o rp or at ed ( I n c . ) , a n d L i m i ted ( L t d .) . R et a i n p u b li shi ng i n du str y t er ms l i k e B o o ks a n d P r es s.
• F o r a c a d em i c p r es ses, r ep l ac e t h e w o r d u n i ver sit y w i t h U a n d p r es s w i t h P . R ep l a ce t h e t er m U n iver sity
P r es s w i t h U P .
• F o r a n e d i t i o n o t h er t h an t h e fi r s t , a d d t h e ed i t i on n a m e o r n u mb er a f t er t h e t i tl e . S ee p a g e s 2 1 - 22.
• I f y o u r s o u r ce i s a m u l t i v o l ume w o r k , p l a ce t h e a b b r evia ti on V o l. o r v o l . a n d t h e v o lu me n u mber a f t er
t h e t i t l e o f t h e w o r k . S ee p a g e 2 2 .
PRINT BOOK
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n.
SAMPLE
C a r s o n , A n ne. A u tob iog raph y o f R e d : A N o v el i n V e rs e . V i nt ag e C o n tempo ra ri es, 1 99 9 .
ELECTRONIC BOOK
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n. N a m e o f D a t a ba se , D OI o r
U R L . Ac c e ss ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i r ed ).
SAMPLE
Ei s en , L a u r en -B r oo ke. I n si de P r iva te P r i son s: A n A me ri ca n Di l e mma i n t h e A ge o f M a ss In c a rc er ati on .
C o l u m bi a U P , 2 0 18. e B o ok C o ll ec tio n ( EB S CO host ), s ea r c [Link] o hos [Link] m/lo gi n.a spx? di rec t=tr ue&
d b = n l ebk&A N=16288 40&si te=eds - li ve.
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. Ti t l e o f B o o k . E - b o o k o r t y p e o f e - b o o k , P u b l i sh er, Y e ar o f P u b l i c ati o n .
SAMPLE
G a w a n d e , A t ul . B e i n g M o rta l: M e di ci ne a n d W h at M att er s i n t h e En d . K i n dl e ed . M et ro po li tan B o o ks , 2 0 14.
30
WORK OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED COLLECTION OR ANTHOLOGY
TEMPLATE
Wo r k o r C h ap t e r Au t h o r’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f Wo r k o r C h ap t e r .” Ti t l e o f C o l l ec ti o n o r
An t h o l o gy , e d i ted b y F i r s t an d L as t N am e o f Ed i t o r (s), P u b l i she r, Y e ar o f P u b l i c at i on , p ag e r an g e
o f ar t i c l e o r c h ap t er .
SAMPLE
• I f a r ef er en c e en t r y i s u n si gned , s t ar t w i t h t h e t i t le o f t h e en t r y.
TEMPLATE
En t r y Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r s t N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ). “Ti t l e o f En t r y . ” Ti t l e o f R efer en ce Wo r k , e d i ted b y
F i r s t an d L as t N am e o f Ed i t o r (s) (i f ap p l i c ab l e), Ed i t i on N u m b er (i f ap p l i c ab l e), P u b l i sh er, D at e o f
P u b l i c at i o n, p ag e (s).
SAMPLE
M i l l er , B en j ami n D. a n d C l a i r e B r a c k man K ea n e. “ C a t S c r at ch Di s eas e ( F ever ).” En c yc lop edi a a n d Di c t io na ry
o f M e d i c i ne , N u r sin g a n d A l l ie d H e al th , 3 r d ed . , W .B . S a u n der s, 1 983 , p p . 2 0 0 - 2 0 1.
SAMPLE
A d k i n s, A . W . H ., a n d Jo h n R i c h a r d T h o r nh il l P o l la rd . “ G r eek M yth ol og y.” En c y cl opæd ia B r i t anni ca , 1 3 F eb .
2 0 1 9, w w w . b ri ta nni c a. c om/t opi c /Greek -my tho lo gy.
WEBSITES
FORMATTING NOTES:
31
• Au t h o r
o If n o au t h o r i s g i v en , b eg i n t h e en t ry w i t h t h e t i tl e o f w o r k .
o If t h e au t h o r o f t h e w o r k i s an o r g an i z ati o n a n d t h a t o r g a ni zat io n i s a l s o t h e p u b l ish er, s t ar t
t h e en t r y w i t h t h e t i tle o f t h e w o r k a n d l i s t t h e o r g a ni zat io n a s t h e p u b l ish er.
• P u b l i s h er
o O n p er s o na l w eb si te s t h e a u t ho r i s t h e p u b l ish er. It i s n o t n ec es sa ry t o r ep ea t t h e n a me.
o W h en t h e p u b l i sh er i s t h e s a me a s t h e t i t l e o f t h e w eb s it e, o m i t t h e p u b li sher .
WORK ON A WEBSITE
T E MPL AT E
SAMPLES
ENTIRE WEBSITE
TEMPLATE
S A MPL E
H o k e, Jef f . Th e M u s e um o f L o s t W o nde r. 2 0 17, w w w .l ostw on der .or g/. A c c essed 2 1 Ju n e 2 019 .
BLOG ENTRY
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e. “ Ti t l e o f B l o g En t r y . ” N a m e o f B l o g, D ay M o n t h Y e ar , Ti m e, U R L .
Ac c e s s ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i red ).
SAMPLE
32
SOCIAL MEDIA & PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
FORMATTING NOTES
SAMPLES
@ 9 s c i ent ist . “ C o g ni ti ve C h a ll eng e. ” F a c eb ook, 2 8 A u g. 2 0 08, 1 2 :31 p m , w w w .fa c ebo ok.c om/n ot es/9 -
s c i en t is t/c og ni tiv e- c ha l leng e/146223 732737/? __tn__=HH - R
UNPUBLISHED LETTER
TEMPLATE
S e n d e r’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. L e t ter t o t h e au t h or . D ay M o n th Y e ar.
SAMPLE
A t w o o d, M a r ga ret . L et t er t o t h e a u t h or . 1 7 S ep t . 2 0 17.
SAMPLE
M a r t i n, G eo rg e R a y mon d R i c h a rd . T ext m es sa g e t o Th i ha Ta y za . 2 1 Ja n . 2 0 19 .
R i o s , V i c t or . E - m a i l t o t h e a u t ho r. 2 2 O c t . 2 01 8.
UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW
TEMPLATE
I n t e r vi ewee’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . I n ter v iew. C o n du c ted b y I n t erv i ewer ’s F i r st an d L as t N am e(s ), D ay
M o n t h Y e ar t h at i n t erv i ew w as c o n d uc ted .
SAMPLE
V u o n g , O c ea n . I n t er vi ew . C o n du ct ed b y K h i n A u n g, 1 7 S ep t. 2 0 19.
33
AUDIOVISUAL & MEDIA
ADVERTISEMENT
PRINT
TEMPLATE
“Ti t l e o f Ad v e r t i sem ent ” o r Ad v e rt is emen t f o r C o m p an y N am e. Ti t l e o f P er i o d i c al , D at e o f p u b l i c at io n ,
p ag e n u m b e r.
SAMPLE
“ Ev er y t ow n f o r G u n S a f ety, a n d M o ms Dem a nd A c ti on f o r G u n S en se i n A m er ic a : L i s t o f M em ber s o f
C o n g r es s W h o H a ve T a k en M o ney f r o m N R A L o b byi sts.” Th e N e w Yo r k Ti me s , 2 1 F eb . 2 01 8, p p . A 1 2 -
A13.
WEB
TEMPLATE
“Ti t l e o f Ad v e r t i sem ent ” o r Ad v e rt is emen t f o r C o m p an y N am e. N a m e o f Web s i t e, D at e o f p u b l i c at i o n,
UR L.
SAMPLE
A d v er t isemen t f o r H u man oi de. A d s o f t h e W o r ld, 2 5 M a y 2 0 15,
w w w .a d s of th ewo rl d. c om/med ia /pr in t/hu man oi de_tec hn ol og y_2 .
C o n t r i b u to rs
• Ke y c o n t r i b u to rs a r e i n d iv id ua ls r el ev an t t o y o u r f o c u s a n d c a n b e n a m ed b ef o re t h e t i t le o f t h e w o r k .
o I f a p a p er a n a l y zes t h e w r i t ing i n a f i l m , t h e s c r een wr iter i s a k ey c o n t ri bu to r .
o If t h e f o c u s i s o n t h e p er f o r ma nc e, t h e p er f or mer i s a k ey c o n t r ib uto r.
o If y o u n a m e a k ey c o n t r i bu tor , i n c lud e t h e c o n tr ib uto r’ s r o l e a f t er t h ei r n a m e.
▪ E. G . S c o r s ese, M a r tin , d i rec to r.
• O t h e r c o n tr i bu to r s a r e l i s ted a f t er t h e t i t le . Th e i n d i vid ua l’ s r o l e i s g i v en b ef o r e t h eir n a me. If n o t
g i v en a s a k ey c o n t r i bu tor , i t i s c u s toma r y t o l i s t t h e d i r ect or h er e. E.G . Di r ec t ed b y M a r ti n S c o rs ese.
FILM/DVD/VIDEO RECORDING
TEMPLATE
K ey C o n tri buto r’ s L a st N a me, F i rst N a me, r o le ( o p tion al el ement) . Mo vie T i t le. O t h er c o ntri but or’ s R o le b y
F i r st N a me L a st N a me, P r od uc tio n C o mp any o r Di st rib utor , Y ea r o f R elea se .
SAMPLES
C r o w e, R u s s ell , p er f ormer . A B e a u tif ul M i nd. Di r ec ted b y R o n H o wa rd , Im a gi ne En t ert ai nment , 2 0 01.
34
SINGLE EPISODE FROM A SERIES
SAMPLE
" F u r s b y S eb a stia n ." M a n i ac , c r ea t ed b y P a t ri c k S o merv il le a n d N i c k C u s e , s ea son 1 , ep i s od e 4 , N et f li x, 2 1
S ep t . 2 0 1 8.
STREAMING VIDEO
• V i d eo s v i ewed v i a s u b sc ri pti on s t rea min g s er vi ce s s u ch a s N e t f lix, H u lu , a n d A ma zo n P r ime l o o k l i k e
t h ei r f i l m o r t el evi si on c o u n terp a rts b u t i n c l ude t h e n a m e o f t h e s t r eami ng s er vi ce i n t h e en t r y.
TEMPLATE
K ey C o n tri buto r’ s L a st N a me, F i rst N a me, r o le ( o p tion al el ement) . T i t le o f F i lm o r P r ogram . C o nt rib utor ’ s
R o l e b y F i rs t a n d L a st N a me ( o pti ona l e l emen t) , P r o duc ti on C o mpan y o r D i stri buto r , C o p yrig ht d a te.
S t r eaming S e rvic e, U R L .
SAMPLES
ONLINE VIDEO
• Au t h o r : W h en t h e c r ea to r o f a n o n l i n e v i deo i s a p p ar ent , l i s t t h e a u t ho r b ef o r e t h e t i tl e. If n o t , d o n o t.
• I f t h e a u t h o r ’ s n a me i s t h e s a m e a s t h e u p l oa der , d o n o t r ep ea t t h e a u t h or ’s n a me.
• S t y l i n g t h e Ti t l e: F o r l o n g w o r k s, s u ch a s m o vi es , o r w o r k s t h a t a p p ea r t o b e i n d ep en dent u s e i t al ic s.
F o r s h o r t w o r k s, s u ch a s m u si c v i d eos, o r w o r k s t h a t a r e p a r t o f a l a r g er w h o l e, u s e q u o ta ti on m a rks .
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ) “Ti t l e o f V i d e o .” o r Ti t l e o f V i d eo . N a me o f H o s t S i t e ,
u p l o ad e d b y s c r een n am e (i f d i ffe r e nt fr o m au t h o r ), d at e u p l o aded , U R L .
SAMPLES
L a v a r o ne, L u c a , a n d R a f f a ell o Du r s o. Do l l T e st : Th e Ef f e c ts o f R a c i sm o n C h i ldr en. Yo u Tube , u p lo a ded b y
F a n p a g [Link] , M a r 2 1, 2 0 16, y o ut u. be/ QR Z Pw - 9sJt Q.
35
PODCAST
TEMPLATE
L as t N am e , F i r s t N am e , r o l e. “Ti t l e o f Ep i s o d e .” Ti t l e o f P r o g r am , s e aso n, e p i so d e (w h en av ai l ab l e) ,
S p o n s o r , D at e o f R e l ease, U R L (i f ac c e s sed o n l i n e) o r S er v i ce . Ac c e sse d D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f
ac c e s s ed o n l i ne) .
SAMPLES
ART OR ARTIFACT
ONLINE
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . N a me o f S i t e, U R L . Ac c ess ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar
(i f r e q u i r ed b y i n s t r uc to r) .
SAMPLE
N er d r u m, O d d . C r ossi ng t h e B o r de r. 2 01 4. N e rd rum , n er d rum.c om/ wp -c o nten t/up lo ad s/2016/ 09/
C r o s s in g- th e-b or der .j p g. A c c essed 2 4 Ju n e 2 0 19 .
IN A BOOK
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . Ti t l e o f B o o k , b y Au t h o r’s F i r st an d L as t
N am e , P u b l i s her , Y e ar o f P u b l i c at i on , p ag e .
SAMPLE
V a n Ey c k , Ja n , A r n ol fi ni P o rtr ait . 1 4 34. A r t a c ros s Ti me , 4 t h ed ., b y L a u r i e S c hn eid er A d a ms, M c Gr aw H i l l,
2 0 1 1, p . 5 2 0 .
ORIGINAL
TEMPLATE
Ar t i s t ’s L as t N am e , F i r st N am e . Ti t l e o f Wo r k . Y e ar C r e at ed . S i t e, C i t y .
SAMPLE
B r o w n , To m my. P o rc h G i r l. 1 9 84. M u nso n W i l li a ms P r oc to r A r t In s tit ute, U t i ca .
36
LIVE PRESENTATION
TEMPLATE
P r e s e nt er o r P e r fo r mer’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f P r e s en tat io n .” S p o ns or i ng I n st it u ti on , D at e o f
P r e s e nt at i on o r P e r fo rm an c e, L o c ati o n
SAMPLE
A m a l K a s si r, A m al . “ T h e M u sli m o n t h e A i r pl an e.” M o h aw k V a l ley C o m mun ity C o l l ege, 2 0 F eb . 2 01 9,
S c h a f er Th ea t er, U t i ca .
CLASS RESOURCES
LECTURE
• C i t e m a t er ia l h ea r d i n a l ec t u r e a s a p r es en ta ti on . S ee p r ev io us en t r y.
SELECTION FROM PRINTED COURSE PACK
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e. “Ti t l e o f S h o r t Wo r k . ” C o u rs e p ac k fo r C o u r s e # : C o u r se N am e , c o m pi l ed
b y I n s t r uc to r ’s n am e, s e mest er y e ar , I n st i tu ti on .
SAMPLE
B l o o m , A m y. “ S i lver W a t er . ” C o u r se p a c k f o r EN 1 02: Id ea s a n d V a l ues i n L i t er at ur e, c o m p i led b y K r i sten
R a a b , F a l l 2 0 21, M o h aw k V a l ley C o m mun ity C o l l ege.
SYLLABUS
TEMPLATE
S y l l ab u s fo r F u l l C o u r s e N am e . Tau g h t b y I n s t ru c to r’s F i r st N am e L as t N am e, s em est er Y e ar, I n s ti t ut i on ,
City.
SAMPLE
S y l l a b us f o r C h em ic al Dep en den c ies. T a u g ht b y M eli ssa Th o ma s, F a ll 2 0 21, M oh aw k V a l ley C o mmun it y
C o l l eg e, U t i ca .
TEMPLATE
Au t h o r ’s L as t N am e, F i r st N am e (i f av ai l ab l e ). ” Ti t l e o f C o u r s e M at eri al .” B l a ck bo ar d o r Ot h er L M S ,
u p l o ad e d b y I n s tr uc t or ’s F i r st N am e L as t N am e (o p t i on al ) , U p l oad D ay M o n th Y e ar, U R L .
SAMPLES
B r a d b u r y, R a y . “ Th er e W i l l C o me S o f t R a i n s.” B l a c kbo ard, u p l o ad ed b y S a m M c Ma nu s, 8 Ju n 2 0 19 ,
m v c c .b la c kbo ar d. c om/w eba pp s/b la ck bo ar d/c on tent /EN_102/c o urs e_rea di ngs /Br a dbu ry
M o r r i son S c h wa rt z , El a i ne. “ W o rl d W a r I I P r o p a g an da P o w er Po in t. ” B l a c kboa rd, u p l oa ded A t an a sij a
Is t o r i ja , 1 3 N o v . 2 0 21, m vc c .b la c kbo ar d.c om/w eba pp s/b la ck bo ar d/c on tent / HI102/Po wer Po int _WW /
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DISCUSSION BOARD COMMENT
W h i l e t h e M L A d o es n o t p r o vi de
g u i d el i nes exp l i c itl y f o r B l a c kb oa rd ,
i t g i v es t h e f o l l o wi ng f o r mat f o r
d i s c u ss io n b o a rd c o mmen ts .
S ee t h e i m a g e o n t h e r i g h t t o l ea r n
w h er e t o f i n d c o m m on el em en ts f o r
t h i s en t r y t y pe.
TEMPLATE
A u t hor ’s L a st N a me, F i r st N a me. “ T i tle o f t h e T h rea d. ” N a me o f F o rum , D a y M o nth Y ea r o f p o sti ng, W e b site
o n w h ic h F o ru m i s c o nt aine d ( i f a p p lic a ble) , U R L.
SAMPLE
L eg a l w o r k s s u ch a s l a w s a n d c o u r t c a s es a r e o f t en c i t ed i n a c c o r d w i t h l eg a l c i t a tio n s t a nd ar ds. Th es e
s t a n d a rds d i f fer s i g nif i ca nt ly f r o m t h o se o f t h e M L A . Th e a s s o ci at io n i n d ic a tes t h a t w r i ter s c a n c h o os e t o
f o l l o w t h e c o r e el em ent s t em pla te. T h e f o l l o wi ng g u i deli nes d o t h a t.
TEMPLATE
G o v e r n men t En t i ty . N a m e o f C a s e . D ay M o n th Y e ar o f D e c i si o n. Ti t l e o f t h e Web s i t e, P u b l i sh er , U R L.
Ac c e s s ed D ay M o n t h Y e ar (i f r e q u i red ).
SAMPLE
U n i t ed S t a tes, S u pr eme C o u rt. B r o wn v . B o a rd o f Ed u c ati on . 1 7 M a y 1 9 54. L e g al In f orma tion In st itu te,
C o r n el l U L a w S c h o o l, w w w . l aw . co rn ell .ed u/s upr emeco ur t/text /347/483.
SOURCE NOTES:
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