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Machine Learning Infrastructure and
Best Practices for Software
Engineers: Take your machine
learning software from a prototype
to a fully fledged software system
1st Edition Anonymous
Updated Version 2026
★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 - 19 downloads
Instant PDF Download
Machine Learning Infrastructure and Best
Practices for Software Engineers
Copyright © 2024 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author nor Packt
Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
Group Product Manager: Niranjan Naikwadi
Publishing Product Manager: Yasir Ali Khan
Book Project Manager: Hemangi Lotlikar
Senior Editor: Sushma Reddy
Technical Editor: Kavyashree K S
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First published: January 2024
Production reference: 1170124
Published by
Packt Publishing Ltd.
Grosvenor House
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B3 1RB, UK
ISBN 978-1-83763-406-4
[Link]
Writing a book with a lot of practical examples requires a lot of extra time,
which is often taken from family and friends. I dedicate this book to my family
– Alexander, Cornelia, Viktoria, and Sylwia – who always supported and
encouraged me, and to my parents and parents-in-law, who shaped me to be
who I am.
– Miroslaw Staron
Contributors
About the author
Miroslaw Staron is a professor of Applied IT at the University of Gothenburg in
Sweden with a focus on empirical software engineering, measurement, and
machine learning. He is currently editor-in-chief of Information and Software
Technology and co-editor of the regular Practitioner’s Digest column of IEEE
Software. He has authored books on automotive software architectures, software
measurement, and action research. He also leads several projects in AI for
software engineering and leads an AI and digitalization theme at Software Center.
He has written over 200 journal and conference articles.
I would like to thank my family for their support in writing this book. I would also
like to thank my colleagues from the Software Center program who provided me
with the ability to develop my ideas and knowledge in this area – in particular,
Wilhelm Meding, Jan Bosch, Ola Söder, Gert Frost, Martin Kitchen, Niels Jørgen
Strøm, and several other colleagues. One person who really ignited my interest in
this area is of course Mirosław “Mirek” Ochodek, to whom I am extremely grateful.
I would also like to thank the funders of my research, who supported my studies
throughout the years. I would like to thank my Ph.D. students, who challenged me
and encouraged me to always dig deeper into the topics. I’m also very grateful to
the reviewers of this book – Hongyi Zhang and Sushant K. Pandey, who provided
invaluable comments and feedback for the book. Finally, I would like to extend my
gratitude to my publishing team – Hemangi Lotlikar, Sushma Reddy, and Anant
Jaint – this book would not have materialized without you!
About the reviewers
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Hongyi Zhang is a researcher at Chalmers University of Technology with over five
years of experience in the fields of machine learning and software engineering.
Specializing in machine learning, edge/cloud computing, and software engineering,
his research merges machine learning theory and software applications, driving
tangible improvements in industrial machine learning ecosystems.
Sushant Kumar Pandey is a dedicated post-doctoral researcher at the
Department of CSE, Chalmers at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, who
seamlessly integrates academia with industry, collaborating with Volvo Cars in
Gothenburg. Armed with a Ph.D. in CSE from the esteemed Indian Institute of
Technology (BHU), India, Sushant specializes in the application of AI in software
engineering. His research advances technology’s transformative potential. As a
respected reviewer for prestigious venues such as IST, KBS, EASE, and ESWA,
Sushant actively contributes to shaping the discourse in his field. Beyond research,
he leverages his expertise to mentor students, fostering innovation and excellence
in the next generation of professionals.
Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Machine Learning Landscape in Software
Engineering
Machine Learning Compared to Traditional Software
Machine learning is not traditional software
Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement
learning – it is just the beginning
An example of traditional and machine learning
software
Probability and software – how well they go
together
Testing and evaluation – the same but different
Summary
References
Elements of a Machine Learning System
Elements of a production machine learning
system
Data and algorithms
Data collection
Feature extraction
Data validation
Configuration and monitoring
Configuration
Monitoring
Infrastructure and resource management
Data serving infrastructure
Computational infrastructure
How this all comes together – machine learning
pipelines
References
Data in Software Systems – Text, Images, Code, and
Their Annotations
Raw data and features – what are the
differences?
Images
Text
Visualization of output from more advanced text
processing
Structured text – source code of programs
Every data has its purpose – annotations and
tasks
Annotating text for intent recognition
Where different types of data can be used
together – an outlook on multi-modal data
models
References
Data Acquisition, Data Quality, and Noise
Sources of data and what we can do with them
Extracting data from software engineering tools
– Gerrit and Jira
Extracting data from product databases – GitHub
and Git
Data quality
Noise
Summary
References
Quantifying and Improving Data Properties
Feature engineering – the basics
Clean data
Noise in data management
Attribute noise
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Splitting data
How ML models handle noise
References
Part 2: Data Acquisition and Management
Processing Data in Machine Learning Systems
Numerical data
Summarizing the data
Diving deeper into correlations
Summarizing individual measures
Reducing the number of measures – PCA
Other types of data – images
Text data
Toward feature engineering
References
Feature Engineering for Numerical and Image Data
Feature engineering
Feature engineering for numerical data
PCA
t-SNE
ICA
Locally linear embedding
Linear discriminant analysis
Autoencoders
Feature engineering for image data
Summary
References
Feature Engineering for Natural Language Data
Natural language data in software engineering
and the rise of GitHub Copilot
What a tokenizer is and what it does
Bag-of-words and simple tokenizers
WordPiece tokenizer
BPE
The SentencePiece tokenizer
Word embeddings
FastText
From feature extraction to models
References
Part 3: Design and Development of ML Systems
Types of Machine Learning Systems – Feature-Based
and Raw Data-Based (Deep Learning)
Why do we need different types of models?
Classical machine learning models
Convolutional neural networks and image
processing
BERT and GPT models
Using language models in software systems
Summary
References
10
Training and Evaluating Classical Machine Learning
Systems and Neural Networks
Training and testing processes
Training classical machine learning models
Understanding the training process
Random forest and opaque models
Training deep learning models
Misleading results – data leaking
Summary
References
11
Training and Evaluation of Advanced ML Algorithms –
GPT and Autoencoders
From classical ML to GenAI
The theory behind advanced models – AEs and
transformers
AEs
Transformers
Training and evaluation of a RoBERTa model
Training and evaluation of an AE
Developing safety cages to prevent models from
breaking the entire system
Summary
References
12
Designing Machine Learning Pipelines (MLOps) and
Their Testing
What ML pipelines are
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ML pipelines
Elements of MLOps
ML pipelines – how to use ML in the system in
practice
Deploying models to HuggingFace
Downloading models from HuggingFace
Raw data-based pipelines
Pipelines for NLP-related tasks
Pipelines for images
Feature-based pipelines
Testing of ML pipelines
Monitoring ML systems at runtime
Summary
References
13
Designing and Implementing Large-Scale, Robust ML
Software
ML is not alone
The UI of an ML model
Data storage
Deploying an ML model for numerical data
Deploying a generative ML model for images
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
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Machine Learning Infrastructure and Best Practices
for Software Engineers: Take your machine learning
software from a prototype to a fully fledged
