ARJUN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution | Accredited with NAAC ‘A’

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

UNIT-1
PART – A
1. For a Binomial distribution of mean 4 and variance 2, find the probability of getting at least 2 successes.
2
2. Find the mean E ( x ) if a random variable X has the moment generating function M x (t )= .
2−t
3. In a continuous distribution, the probability density is given by f ( x )=kx ( 2−x ) , 0< x <2. Find k.
4. Find the mean of a normal distribution.
5. State memory less property and which continuous and discrete distributions follow this property.
6. A random variable X is uniformly distributed between 3 and 15. Find the variance of X.

PART – B
1. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at
random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag B .(7M)

2. A certain firm has plant A , B and C producing IC chips. Plant A produces twice the output from B and B
produces twice the output from C . The Probability of a non-defective product produced by A , B ,C are
respectively 0.85 , 0.75 and 0.95 . A customer receives a defective product. Find the probability that it came
from plant B . (8M)

3. A random variable X has the following probability function:

X= x i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

P(X= 0 K 2k 2k 2k 2 2 2
k 2k 7k +k
xi ¿

1
(a) Find K , (b) Evaluate P[X<6], P[X≥ 6], (c) If P [X≤ C ¿> , then find the
2

minimum value of C , (d) Evaluate P[1.5< X < 4.5/ X> 2], (e) Find P [ X <2 ] , P [ X >3 ] , P [ 1< X < 5 ] . (8M)

4. Out of 800 families with 4 children each, how many families would be expected to have i) 2 boys and 2 girls;
ii) Atleast 1 boy; iii) Atmost 2 girls and iv) Children of both genders. Assume equal probabilities for boys and
girls.

5. Companies B1 , B2 , and B3 produce 30%, 45% and 25% of the cars respectively. It is known that 2%, 3% and
2% of these cars produced from are defective.

1. What is the probability that a car purchased is defective?

2. If a car purchased is found to be defective, what is the probability that this car is produced by company B1 ,.
15. For the triangular distribution

{
x , 0< x ≤1
f ( x )= 2−x , 1≤ x <2
0 , otherwise

Find the mean, variance and moment generating function also find cdf of F(x).

6. Let X be a continuous R. V with probability density function

{
f ( x )= 2 x , 0< x <1
0 , Otherwise

[ ]
Find (i) P[ X ≤ 0.4] , (ii) P X >
3
4
1 3 3 1
, (iii) P ¿), (iv) P[ < X < ], (v) P[ X > / X > ], (vi)
2 4 4 2
3 1
P[ X < / X > ].
4 2
7. The number of monthly breakdowns of a computer is a random variable having a poisson distribution with
mean equal to 1.8. Find the probability that this computer will function for a month.

1) Without a breakdown 2) With only one breakdown and 3) With atleast one breakdown.

8. Messages arrive at a switch board in a Poisson manner at an average rate of six per hour. Find the probability
for each of the following events:

(1) Exactly two messages arrive within one hour.

(2) No messages arrive within one hour

(3) Atleast three messages arrive within one hour.

9. If the probability that an applicant for a driver’s licence will pass the road test on any given trial is 0.8, what
is the probability that he will finally pass the test (a) on the fourth trial and (b) in fewer than 4 trials?

1
10. Find the moment generating function of the RV X whose probability function P ( X=x ) = x , x=1,2,….
2
Hence find its mean.

UNIT-2

PART – A
1. If X and Y are two random variables and a and b are two constants, then find cov(aX, bY).
2. State Central Limit Theorem.
3. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is approximately normally
distributed, with mean equal to 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours. What is the probability that a
random sample of 16 bulbs will have an average life of less than 775 hours.
4. Define the correlation co-efficient between two random variables X and Y.
5. Find the value of k, if f ( x , y )=k ( 1−x ) (1− y) , 0< x , y¿ 1 is to be a joint density function.
6. If X and Y are independent random variables, show that they are uncorrelated

PART – B
 2 2
[Link] joint probability mass function of (X , Y ) is given by f ( x , y )=K XYe−(x + y ) , x> 0 ; y> 0. Find the
value of K and also prove that X and Y are independent.
[Link] joint probability mass function of (X , Y ) is given by P ( x , y )=K ( 2 x+ 3 y ) , x=0 , 1 ,2 ; y=1 , 2 ,3.
Find all the marginal and conditional probability distributions. Also, find the probability distribution of
(X +Y ) and P [ X +Y >3 ] .
[Link] (X , Y ) be a two-dimensional non-negative continuous random variable having the joint density.

{
2 2
−(x + y )
f ( x , y )= 4 xye , x ≥ 0 , y ≥0 , Find the density function of
U =√ X 2+ Y 2
0 , elsewhere
[Link] X and Y are independent random variables with p.d.f e− x, x ≥ 0 ; e− y , y ≥ 0respectively. Find the density
X
function of U = and V = X +Y . Are U and V independent?
X+ Y
[Link] the rank correlation coefficient for the following data:
X 68 64 75 50 64 80 75 40 55 64
Y 62 58 68 45 81 60 68 48 50 70

[Link] random variables X and Y have the joint density {2−x−0y,,otherwise

Suppose that 2D RVs (X , Y ) has the joint p.d.f

{
f ( x , y )= x+ y , 0< x <1 , 0< y <1
0 otherwise

Obtain the correlation coefficient between X and Y . Check whether X and Y are independent.

[Link] X and Y are independent random variables with p.d.f e− x , x ≥ 0 ; e− y , y ≥ 0 respectively. Find the density
X
function of U = and V = X +Y . Are U and V independent?
X+ Y
8.A random sample of size 100 is taken from a population whose mean is 60 and the variance is 400. Using
CLT, with what probability can we assert that the mean of the sample will not differ from μ=60 by more than
4?
[Link] and Prove Central limit theorem.

UNIT-3
[Link] is an Estimators?
2. What are the commonly used methods of point estimation?
3. Define maximum likelihood extimator of θ .
[Link] an unbiased estimators and give an example?
[Link] that the sample mean x is an unbiased estimator for the population mean μ .
PART – B
1. Prove that for a random sample (x 1 , x 2 ,… , x n ) of size n draws from a given large population
n 2 n
( , σ 2) , S2= 1 ∑ ( x i−x )2 is not an biased estimator of the parameter σ 2, but ns = 1 ∑ ((x i−x)2 ) is
n i=1 n−1 n−1 i=1
an unbiased estimator of σ 2 .

2. Find the maximum likelihood estimator for the parameter P of the binomial distribution B(N , P), where N
is very large but finite, on the basis of sample of size n. Also find its variance.

()
x −α
x α e
3. Let X 1 , X 2 , … , X n be a random sample of size n from the Poisson distribution f = , where
α x!
0 ≤ α < ∞. Obtain the maximum likelihood estimator of α .
4. For random sampling from a normal population N ( μ , σ 2 ), find the maximum likelihood estimators for
(i) μ, when σ 2 is known.
(ii) σ 2, when μ is known and
(iii) The simultaneous estimation of μ and σ 2.
5. Obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of a and b in terms of the sample observations x 1 , x 2 ,… , x n
taken from the exponential population with density function f ( x , a , b )=k e−b( x−a ) , x ≥ a ,b >0.
6. Find the maximum likelihood estimators of θ in the population with density function
θ
f ( x , θ )=( 1+θ ) x ; 0≤ x ≤1 ; θ>0; based on a random sample of size n. Test whether this estimators is a
sufficient estimators of θ .
1
7. (x 1 , x 2 ,… , x n ) is a random sample from a population with density function f ( x , a , b )= , a< x <b .
b−a
Find the estimators of a and b by method of moments.

8. In a sample of 1000 people in Karnataka 540 are rice eaters and the rest are wheat eaters. Can we assume that
both rice and wheat eaters are equally popular in this at 1% level of significance?

9. If 83 male students are randomly chosen and yield an average of 6.6 hours of sleep with a standard deviation
of 1.8 and 65 females are randomly selected with an average of 6.9 hours of sleep with a standard deviation of
1.5. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference between the two means sleep for males and females.

10. Let X 1 , X 2 , … , X n be a random sample from a normal distribution with unknown mean µ and variance σ 2
. Using maximum likelihood estimator, find an unbiased estimator for the population mean µ and variance σ 2 .

11. It is desired to determine whether there is less variability in the silver plating done by Company 1 than in
that done by Company 2. If independent random samples ao size 12 of the two companies work yield
s1=0.035 mil and s2=0.062mil . Write the confidence interval to test the null hypothesis σ 12 =σ 22 against
2 2
the alternative hypothesis σ 1 ≠ σ 2 at the 0.05 level of significance.

UNIT-4
PART – A
[Link] are the advantages/ benefit of non-parametric methods of testing hypothesis.
2. Name four non-parametric tests used in statistical study.
3. Identify the formula to find correction factor.
4. What are the primary short comings of non-parametric test.
5. Write formula for Man Whitney test.

PART – B
[Link] nicotine contents of two brands of cigarettes, measured in milligrams, was found to be as follows:

Brand A 2.1 4.0 6.3 5.4 4.8 3.7 6.1 3.3

Brand B 4.1 0.6 3.1 2.5 4.0 6.2 1.6 2.2 1.9 5.4

Test the hypothesis, at the 0.05 level of significance, that the average nicotine contents of the two brands are
equal against the alternative that they are unequal.

2. The time sheet of a factory showed the following sample data (in hours) on the time spent by a worker
operating a hydraulic gear lift: 1.0, 0.8, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2, 0.9, 1.4, 1.0, 1.3, 0.8, 1.5, 1.2, 1.9, 1.1, 0.7, 0.8, 1.1, 1.2,
1.5, 1.1, 1.8, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.6. Use the sign test at the 0.05 level of significance to test the null hypothesis
μ=1.1 against the alternative hypothesis μ>1.1 .

3. Two classes of students are tested using a certain competitive exam. The scores of a sample of students from
each class is given below:
 CA 45 44 47 48 55 53 55 63

CB 65 67 77 65 56 67 78 55 66 65 58

Use Mann-Whitney- U test to test whether both classes have similar scholastic levels.
4. The following are 15 measurements of the octane rating of a certain kind of gasoline. 97.5, 95.2, 97.3, 96.0,
96.8, 100.3, 97.4, 95.3, 93.2, 99.1, 96.1, 97.6, 98.2, 98.5 and 94.9. Use the signed-rank test at the 0.05 level of
significance to test the mean octane rating of the given kind of gasoline is 98.5.

5. Use Kruskal-Wallis test to test for difference in mean among the 3 samples. If α =0.01, what are your
conclusions.

Sample 95 97 99 98 99 99 99 94 95 98
I:

Sample 104 102 102 105 99 102 111 103 100 103
II:

Sample 119 130 132 136 141 172 145 150 144 135
III:

6. The following is the arrangement of defective, d and non defective, n, pieces produced in the given order by a
certain machine:

nnnn dddd nnnnnnnnnn dd nn dddd.

7. In 30 tosses of a coin, the following sequence of head (H) and tails (T) is obtained.
H TT H T HHH T HH TT H T H T HH T H TT H T HH T H T. Test at 0.10 level of significance, whether
the sequence is random.

UNIT-5
PART – A
[Link] Control chart.
2. How many control charts are used in Control chart and list out all.
3. Define c-chart and p-chart.
4. Define R-charts and np-charts.
5. What is the advantages of using control charts for attributes compared to variable control charts?

PART – B

[Link] below are values of 10 samples each of size 5. Draw X and R chart

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No
Mean 43 49 37 44 45 37 51 46 43 47
Xi
Range 5 6 5 7 7 4 8 6 4 6
Ri

2. The following are the sample mean and ranges for 10 samples, each of size 5. Construct the control chart for
mean and ranges and comment on the nature of the control.
Unit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(i)

No. of 2 4 3 1 1 2 5 3 6 7 3 1 4 2 1
Defects(c
)

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number
Mean 12.8 13.1 13.5 12.9 13.2 14.1 12.1 15.5 13.9 14.2
Range 2.1 3.1 3.9 2.1 1.9 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.0

3. 20 pieces of cloth out of different rolls contained respectively 1,4,3,2,4,5,6,7,2,3,2,5,7,6,4,5,2,1,3 and 8

Sample No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4. The data given below are the
number of defectives in 10
No of 6 16 7 3 8 12 7 11 11 4
samples of 100 items each.
defectives
Construct a p-chart and an np-
chart and comment on the results:

5. 15 tape-recorders were examined for quality control test. The number of defects in each tape-recorders is
recorded below. Draw the appropriate control chart and comment on the state of control