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Managerial Accounting Lecture 5
Activity Based Costing Analysis and Use
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Fuad Mohd Salleh
fuadsalleh@[Link]
29th. September 2012
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ACTIVITYBASED COSTING (ABC)
ABC is designed to provide managers with cost information for strategic and other decisions that potentially affect capacity and therefore affect fixed as well as variable costs.
ABC is a good supplement to our traditional cost system
I agree!
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AN BRIEF OVERVIEW
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Understand activity-based activitycosting (ABC) and how it differs from a traditional costing system.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
ABC differs from traditional cost accounting in three ways.
Manufacturing costs
Nonmanufacturing costs
Traditional product costing
ABC product costing
ABC assigns both types of costs to products.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
ABC differs from traditional cost accounting in three ways.
Manufacturing costs All
Nonmanufacturing costs Some ABC product costing
Traditional product costing
ABC does not assign all manufacturing costs to products.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
ABC differs from traditional cost accounting in three ways. Level of complexity
ActivityBased Costing Departmental Overhead Rates Plantwide Overhead Rate
Number of cost pools ABC uses more cost pools.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
ABC differs from traditional cost accounting in three ways.
Each ABC cost pool has its own unique measure of activity. Traditional cost systems usually rely on volume measures such as direct labor hours and/or machine hours to allocate all overhead costs to products.
ABC uses more cost pools.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
Activity
An event that causes the consumption of overhead resources. A cost bucket in which costs related to a single activity measure are accumulated.
Activity Cost Pool $$ $ $ $ $
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
The term cost driver is also used to refer to an activity measure.
Activity Measure
An allocation base in an activity-based costing system.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC Two common types of activity measures: Transaction driver
Simple count of the number of times an activity occurs.
Duration driver
A measure of the amount of time needed for an activity.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
ABC defines five levels of activity that largely do not relate to the volume of units produced.
Traditional cost systems usually rely on volume measures such as direct labor hours and/or machine hours to allocate all overhead costs to products.
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How Costs Are Treated Under ABC
Unit-Level Activity Batch-Level Activity
Manufacturing companies typically combine their activities into five classifications.
Product-Level Activity Customer-Level Activity
Organizationsustaining Activity
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Characteristics of Successful ABC Implementations
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Strong top management support Link to evaluations and rewards
Cross-functional involvement
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BB Marketing An ABC Example
BB Marketing Company Income Statement Year Ended December 31, 2012 Sales Cost of goods sold Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Gross margin Selling and administrative expenses Shipping expenses Marketing expenses General administrative expenses Net operating income loss $ 50,000,000 $ 15,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000
41,000,000 9,000,000
3,000,000 2,000,000 6,000,000
11,000,000 $ (2,000,000)
Manufacturing overhead is allocated to products using a single plantwide overhead rate based on machine hours.
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Define Activities, Activity Cost Pools, And Activity Measures
At BB Marketing, the ABC team, selected the following activity cost pools and activity measures:
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Define Activities, Activity Cost Pools, and Activity Measures
Customer Orders - assigned all costs of resources that are consumed by taking and processing customer orders. Design Changes - assigned all costs of resources consumed by customer requested design changes. Order Size - assigned all costs of resources consumed as a consequence of the number of units produced. Customer Relations assigned all costs associated with maintaining relations with customers. Other assigned all organization-sustaining costs and unused capacity costs
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Assign costs to cost pools using a first-stage firstallocation. allocation.
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
Direct materials, direct labor, and shipping are excluded because BB Marketings existing cost system can directly trace these costs to products or customer orders.
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
At BB Marketing the following distribution of resource consumption across activity cost pools is determined.
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
Indirect factory wages $6,000,000 Percent consumed by customer orders 30% $1,800,000
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
Factory equipment depreciation $3,500,000 Percent consumed by customer orders 20% $ 700,000
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Assign Overhead Costs To Activity Cost Pools
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Compute activity rates for cost pools.
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Calculate Activity Rates The ABC team determines that BB Marketing will have these total activities for each activity cost pool . . .
10,000 customer orders, 4,000 design changes, 800,000 machine-hours, machine2,000 customers served.
Now the team can compute the individual activity rates by dividing the total cost for each activity by the total activity levels.
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Calculate Activity Rates
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Activitybased Costing At BB Marketing
Direct Materials Direct Labor Shipping Costs Overhead Costs
Traced
Traced
Traced
Cost Objects: Products, Customer Orders, Customers
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Activitybased Costing At BB Marketing
Direct Materials Direct Labor Shipping Costs Overhead Costs
First-Stage Allocation
Customer Orders
Design Changes
Order Size
Customer Relations
Other
Cost Objects: Products, Customer Orders, Customers
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Activitybased Costing At BB Marketing
Direct Materials Direct Labor Shipping Costs Overhead Costs
First-Stage Allocation
Customer Orders
Design Changes
Order Size
Customer Relations
Other
SecondSecond-Stage Allocations
$/Order $/Change $/MH $/Customer
Cost Objects: Products, Customer Orders, Customers
Unallocated
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Assign costs to a cost object using a second-stage secondallocation.
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Assigning Overhead To Products
BB Marketing Information
SureStart 1. Requires no new design resources. 2. 800,000 batteries ordered with 4,000 separate orders. 3. Each SureStart requires 36 minutes of machine time for a total of 480,000 machine-hours. machine-
LongLife 1. Requires new design resources. 2. 400,000 batteries ordered with 6,000 separate orders. 3. 4,000 custom designs prepared. 4. Each LongLife requires 48 minutes of machine time for a total of 320,000 machine-hours. machine-
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Assigning Overhead To Products
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Assigning Overhead To Customers
Lets take a look at how BB Marketings system works for just one of the 2,000 customers Acme Auto Parts who placed a total of twelve orders. Note that the four orders for LongLifes required a design change. Orders 1. Eight orders for 60 SureStarts per order. 2. Four orders for 50 LongLifes per order.
Machine-hours 1. The 480 SureStarts required 288 machine-hours. machine2. The 200 LongLifes required 160 machine hours.
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Assigning Overhead To Customers
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Use activity-based costing activityto compute product and customer margins.
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PREPARE MANAGEMENT REPORTS
Product Margin Calculations The first step in computing product margins is to gather each products sales and direct cost data.
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping SureStarts $ 31,300,000 9,000,000 7,000,000 2,000,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 1,000,000 Total $ 50,000,000 15,000,000 12,000,000 3,000,000
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Product Margin Calculations
The second step in computing product margins is to incorporate the previously computed activity-based cost assignments pertaining to each product.
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping ABC cost assignments Customer orders Design changes Order size SureStarts $ 31,300,000 9,000,000 7,000,000 2,000,000 1,808,000 3,120,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 1,000,000 2,712,000 3,040,000 2,080,000 Total $ 50,000,000 15,000,000 12,000,000 3,000,000 4,520,000 3,040,000 5,200,000
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Product Margin Calculations The third step in computing product margins is to deduct each products direct and indirect costs from sales.
Sales Costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping Customer orders Design changes Order size Total cost Product margin SureStarts $ 31,300,000 $ 9,000,000 7,000,000 2,000,000 1,808,000 3,120,000 22,928,000 $ 8,372,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 $ 6,000,000 5,000,000 1,000,000 2,712,000 3,040,000 2,080,000 19,832,000 $ (1,132,000)
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Product Margin Calculations The product margins can be reconciled with the companys net operating income as follows:
Sales Total costs Product margins Less costs not assigned to products: Customer relations Other Total Net operating income t loss SureStarts $ 31,300,000 22,928,000 $ 8,372,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 19,832,000 $ (1,132,000) Total $ 50,000,000 42,760,000 $ 7,240,000
3,080,000 6,160,000 9,240,000 $ (2,000,000)
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Customer Margin (Profitability) Analysis The first step in computing Acme Auto Parts customer margin is to gather its sales and direct cost data.
Acme Auto Parts $ 29,200 7,500 6,700 1,700
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping
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Customer Margin (Profitability) Analysis The second step is to incorporate Acme Auto Parts previously computed activity-based cost assignments.
Acme Auto Parts $ 29,200 7,500 6,700 1,700 5,424 3,040 2,912 1,540
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping ABC cost assignments Customer orders Product design Order size Customer relations
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Customer Margin (Profitability) Analysis The third step is to compute Acme Auto Parts customer margin of $384 by deducting all its direct and indirect costs from its sales.
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor Shipping Customer orders Product design Order size Customer relations Customer margin Acme Auto Parts $ 29,200 $ 7,500 6,700 1,700 5,424 3,040 2,912 1,540
28,816 $ 384
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Product Margins Computed Using The Traditional Cost System
The first step in computing product margins is to gather each products sales and direct cost data.
Sales Direct costs Direct material Direct labor SureStarts $ 31,300,000 9,000,000 7,000,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 Total $ 50,000,000 15,000,000 12,000,000
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Product Margins Computed Using The Traditional Cost System
The second step in computing product margins is to compute the plantwide overhead rate.
Manufacturing Overhead Costs at Baxter Battery Production Department Indirect factory wages Factory equipment depreciation Factory utilities Factory building lease Total manufacturing overhead 6,000,000 3,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 $ 14,000,000 $
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Plantwide manufacturing overhead rate
$14,000,000 800,000 MH
= $17.50 per machine-hour
SureStarts (800,000 @ 0.60 hours) LongLifes (400,000 @ 0.80 hours) Total machine-hours
Machine-hours 480,000 320,000 800,000
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Product Margins Computed Using The Traditional Cost System
The third step in computing product margins is allocate manufacturing overhead to each product.
Machine Overhead Overhead Hours Rate Allocated 480,000 $ 17.50 $ 8,400,000 320,000 17.50 5,600,000 $ 14,000,000
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SureStarts LongLifes Total overhead allocated to products
480,000 hours $17.50 per hour = $8,400,000
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Product Margins Computed Using The Traditional Cost System
The fourth step is to actually compute the product margins.
Sales Cost of goods sold Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Product margin Selling and administrative Nett operating income operating loss SureStarts $ 31,300,000 $ 9,000,000 7,000,000 8,400,000 $ $ 24,400,000 6,900,000 LongLifes $ 18,700,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 5,600,000 $ 16,600,000 2,100,000 Total $ 15,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000
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50,000,000
41,000,000 9,000,000 11,000,000 (2,000,000)
Shipping expenses Marketing expenses General administrative expenses
3,000,000 2,000,000 6,000,000 $ 11,000,000
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Differences Between ABC and Traditional Product Costs
SureStarts $ 6,900,000 8,372,000 $ 1,472,000
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Product margins traditional Product margins ABC Change in reported margins
LongLifes $ 2,100,000 (1,132,000) $ (3,232,000)
The traditional cost system overcosts the SureStarts and reports a lower product margin for this product.
The traditional cost system undercosts the LongLifes and reports a higher product margin for this product.
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Differences Between ABC and Traditional Product Costs
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There are three reasons why the reported product margins for the two costing systems differ from one another. Traditional costing allocates all manufacturing overhead to products. ABC costing only assigns manufacturing overhead costs consumed by products to those products.
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Differences Between ABC and Traditional Product Costs
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There are three reasons why the reported product margins for the two costing systems differ from one another. Traditional costing allocates all manufacturing overhead costs using a volume-related allocation base. ABC costing also uses non-volume related allocation bases.
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Differences Between ABC and Traditional Product Costs
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There are three reasons why the reported product margins for the two costing systems differ from one another. Traditional costing disregards selling and administrative expenses because they are assumed to be period expenses. ABC costing directly traces shipping costs to products and includes nonmanufacturing overhead costs caused by products in the activity cost pools that are assigned to products.
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Activity-based Costing And Customer Profitability Analysis
Analyze profitability of different customer groups e.g. retail customers vs corporate customers
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Examine different activities by resource consumption and relevant cost drivers Sum up the allocated costs in each activity based on customer group Other factors to consider: Growth potential Customer loyalty and industrys barrier of entry Customer lifetime value
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Activity-based Management: Targeting Process Improvement
Activity-based management is used in conjunction with ABC to identify areas that would benefit from process improvements.
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While the theory of constraints approach discussed in Chapter 1 is a powerful tool for targeting improvement efforts, activity rates can also provide valuable clues on where to focus improvement efforts. Benchmarking can be used to compare activity cost information with world-class standards of performance worldachieved by other organizations.
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Activity-based Costing And External Reporting
Most companies do not use ABC for external reporting because . . .
1. External reports are less detailed than internal reports. 2. It may be difficult to make changes to the companys accounting system. 3. ABC does not conform to GAAP. 4. Auditors may be suspect of the subjective allocation process based on interviews with employees.
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ABC Limitations
Substantial resources required to implement and maintain. Resistance to unfamiliar numbers and reports.
Desire to fully allocate all costs to products.
Potential misinterpretation of unfamiliar numbers.
Does not conform to GAAP. Two costing systems may be needed.
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Prepare an action analysis report using activity-based activitycosting data and interpret the report.
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ABC Action Analysis
Conventional ABC analysis does not identify potentially relevant costs. An action analysis report helps because it: Shows what costs have been assigned to a cost object. Indicates how difficult it would be to adjust those costs in response to changes in the level of activity.
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ABC Action Analysis
Constructing an action analysis report begins with the first-stage allocation process. In addition to computing an overall activity rate for each activity cost pool, an activity rate is computed for each type of overhead cost that is consumed supporting a given activity. Lets revisit the stage-one allocations from the BB Marketing Company example that we discussed earlier.
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$1,800,000 10,000 orders = $180 per order Other entries in the table are computed similarly.
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$180 per order 4,000 orders = $720,000 Other entries in the table are computed similarly.
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$180 per order 6,000 orders = $1,080,000 Other entries in the table are computed similarly.
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ABC Action Analysis
Next, label each cost using an ease of adjustment code: Green costs adjust more or less automatically to changes in activity level without any action by managers. Yellow costs can be adjusted to changes in activity level, but it would require management action to realize the change in cost. Red costs can be adjusted to changes in activity level only with a great deal of difficulty and with management intervention.
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ABC Action Analysis
Action Analysis of LongLife Batteries Sales Green costs Direct materials Shipping costs Green margin Yellow costs Direct labor Indirect factory wages Factory utilities Administrative wages and salaries Office equipment depreciation Marketing wages and salaries Selling expenses Yellow margin Red costs Factory equipment depreciation Factory building lease Administrative building lease Red margin $ 6,000,000 1,000,000 $ 5,000,000 3,360,000 850,000 1,280,000 252,000 420,000 60,000 $ 1,610,000 $ $ 18,700,000
7,000,000 11,700,000
11,222,000 478,000
1,610,000 (1,132,000)
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 7
Use activity-based costing activitytechniques to compute unit product costs for external reports.
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A modified form of activity-based costing can be used to develop product costs for external financial reports.
ABC product costs:
Include organization-sustaining costs and unused capacity costs. Exclude nonmanufacturing costs even if they are caused by the products.
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Simmons Industries provides the following information for the company as a whole and for its only two productsdeluxe and standard hedge trimmers.
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Assuming that Simmons traditional cost system relies on one predetermined plantwide overhead rate with direct labor-hours (DLHs) as the allocation base, then laborits plantwide overhead rate is computed as follows:
Predetermined $1,800,000 = overhead rate 400,000 DLHs
= $4.50 per DLH
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Simmons traditional cost system would report unit product costs as follows:
2.0 DLH $4.50 per DLH 1.0 DLH $4.50 per DLH
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The ABC project team at Simmons has developed the following basic information.
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We can calculate the following activity rates:
Estimated Total Overhead Expected Cost Activity Activity Rate $ 900,000 400,000 = $ 2.25 per DLH 600,000 500 = $ 1,200 per setup 300,000 300 = $ 1,000 per part type $ 1,800,000
Activity and Activity Measures Direct labor support (DLHs) Machine setups (setups) Parts administration (part types) Total manufacturing overhead
Using the new activity rates, lets assign overhead to the two products based upon expected activity.
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Deluxe Product
Standard Product
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Activity-based unit product costs for both product lines
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Activity-based unit product costs for both product lines
$1,130,000 100,000 units $670,000 200,000 units
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Comparing the two approaches
Note that the unit product cost of a Standard unit decreased from $44.50 to $43.35 . . . . . . . . . . while the unit cost of a Deluxe unit increased from $71.00 to $73.30.
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Thats all for today.
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