SOLUTIONS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 2
Maximizing bearing performance and life remains an objective throughout The Timken Company, from design teams and manufacturing associates to our field sales team and distributors. TechTips help you install and maintain Timken bearings, seals and components to maximize their life and performance and the systems in which they operate. For more information regarding Timken automotive products and services, visit [Link] or contact your local Timken distributor.
TAPERED ROLLER BEARING DAMAGE ANALYSIS
The most common types of bearing damage that may result in a reduction of bearing or application life are often caused by: insufficient maintenance practices mishandling improper installation and adjustment practices inadequate lubrication The following offers a quick reference to the common causes of bearing damage.
FATIGUE SPALLING FOREIGN MATERIAL
Cone large rib face scoring: Welding and heat damage from metal-to-metal contact. Geometric stress concentration: Spalling from misalignment, deflections or heavy loading. Abrasive wear: Fine abrasive particle contamination. Line spalling: Roller spaced spalling from bearings operating after etching damage. Etching: Rusting with pitting and corrosion from moisture/water exposure.
INADEQUATE LUBRICATION*
CORROSION/ETCHING
Roller end scoring: Metal-to-metal contact from breakdown of lubricant film.
Staining: Surface stain with no significant corrosion from moisture exposure.
Inclusion origin: Spalling from oxides or other hard inclusions in bearing steel.
Bruising: Debris from other fatigued parts, inadequate sealing or poor maintenance.
Cone large rib face deformation: Metal flow from excessive heat generation.
FALSE BRINELLING
Point surface origin: Spalling from debris or raised metal exceeding the lubricant film thickness.
Grooving: Large particle contamination imbedding into soft cage material.
Total bearing lock-up: Rollers skew, slide sideways and lock-up bearing.
* Excessive preload can cause damage similar to inadequate lubrication damage.
Wear caused by vibration or releative axial movement between rollers and races.
HANDLING DAMAGE
MISALIGNMENT
IMPROPER FIT
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Roller spaced nicking: Raised metal on races from contact with roller edges.
Irregular roller path from deflection, inaccurate machining or wear of bearing seats.
Cone bore damage: Fractured cone due to out-of-round or oversized shaft.
Electric arc pitting: Small burns created by arcs from improper electric grounding while the bearing is stationary.
Roller nicking/denting: Rough handling or installation damage.
PEELING
Cup spinning: Loose cup fit in a rotating wheel hub.
EXCESSIVE PRELOAD OR OVERLOAD
Micro-spalling due to thin lubricant film from high loads/low RPM or elevated temperatures. Rapid and deep spalling caused by unusually high stresses. Full race width fatigue spalling is caused by heavy loads creating a thin lubricant film and elevated temperatures.
Fluting: Series of small axial burns caused by electric current passing through the bearing while it is rotating.
Cup-face denting: Indentations from hardened driver.
EXCESSIVE END PLAY
CAGE DAMAGE
HIGH SPOTS IN CUP SEATS
Cage Deformation: Improperly installed or dropped bearing.
Scalloping: Uneven localized wear resulting from excessive end play.
Rollers binding and skewing: Cage ring compressed during installation or interference during service.
Localized spalling on the cup race from stress riser created by split housing pinch point.
TRUE BRINELLING
Cage pocket wear: Heavy contact between the rollers and cage pocket surfaces caused by bearing operating too loosely.
Damage from shock or impact.
WARNING: Proper maintenance and handling practices are critical. Failure to follow installation instructions and maintain proper lubrication can result in equipment failure, creating a risk of serious bodily harm. Never spin a bearing with compressed air. The rollers may be forcefully expelled creating a risk of serious bodily harm.
TechTips is not intended to substitute for the specific recommendations of your equipment suppliers.
Timken is the registered trademark of The Timken Company. [Link]
2004 The Timken Company Printed In the U.S.A. 70M-12-04-7 Order No. 7582
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