Lesson 1- Nouns

( 1) NOUNS
KINDS OF NOUNS:

Common Nouns are names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. books),animals (e.g. monkey) and places (church). Proper Nouns are special names of people (e.g. George Bush), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital Letter. Abstract Nouns An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but cannot see (e.g. friendship). Collective Nouns are names used for a number of people, things or animals together and treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees). Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted. (e.g. smoke).

Countable and Uncountable Nouns are used with the following:

Countable Noun
a, an, a few, several, many, some, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of

Uncountable Noun
a little, much, some, plenty of, a lot of, a large amount of, a great deal of

Nouns have four genders: 1. Masculine Gender The masculine gender is used for all males. Example: boy, man 2. Feminine Gender The feminine gender is used for all females. Example: girl, woman 3. Common Gender The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female. Example: cousin, friend, person, child, student 4. Neuter Gender The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex. Example: table, chair. Singular and Plural Nouns A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing

(e.g. pencil), animal (e.g. tiger) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular noun). A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place (e.g. markets) is called a plural noun. How plural nouns are formed. By adding s. By adding es to nouns ending in ch, s, sh and x. beach branch ditch boss bus chorus brush bush dish box fax fox beaches branches ditches bosses buses choruses brushes bushes dishes boxes faxes foxes peach speech watch glass lens pass fish lash wish hoax six tax peaches speeches watches glasses lenses passes fishes lashes wishes hoaxes sixes taxes

By adding es to nouns ending in o. buffalo cargo echo buffaloes cargoes echoes potato mosquito tomato potatoes mosquitoes tomatoes

By adding s to nouns ending in o. banjo bamboo radio banjos bamboos radios patio photo video patios photos videos

By replacing y with ies. baby fly hobby babies flies hobbies lorry navy puppy lorries navies puppies

By adding s to nouns ending in y. boy boys key keys

day donkey

days donkeys

toy turkey

toys turkeys

By replaying f or fe with ves. calf half life calves halves lives loaf self wife loaves selves wives

By adding s to nouns ending in f or fe. chief dwarf gulf chiefs dwarfs gulfs hoof reef roof hoofs reef roofs

By changing vowels. foot goose mouse feet geese mice louse tooth woman lice teeth women

Some nouns have same words for plural and singular. aircraft crossroads furniture Exceptional plural. child crisis mouse children crises mice ox passer-by radius oxen passers-by radii aircraft crossroads furniture music series sheep music series sheep

FORMING NOUNS Nouns can be formed from nouns, verbs and adjectives. They are formed by adding certain letters to them. Nouns widow friend king Verbs add fail Nouns widowhood friendship kingdom Nouns addition failure

give Adjectives clean sad beautiful

( 2) VERBS

gift Nouns cleanliness sadness beauty

Verbs are words that show action. Every sentence must have a verb. A verb is not always one word. It may be made up of more than one word.
Auxiliary verbs

The words: am, is, are, was, and were are verbs. They are forms of the verb to be. They are helping verbs called auxiliary verbs. If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must be singular. If thesubject of a sentence is plural, the verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the subject in number. Examples of subjects and verbs being singular: The man is sleeping. Shegoes to the market. The student does his homework every day. The train hasarrived. Man, she, student and train are known as [Link] subjects are all [Link] verbs is, goes, does and has are all singular too. Examples of subjects and verbs being plural: The men are [Link] go to the market. The students do their homework every day. The trains have arrived. Men, they, students and trains are known as subjects. The subjectsare all plural. The verbs are, go, do and have are all plural too. Singular subject/verb 1st 2nd 3rd I You He am are is do do does have have has eat eat eats Plural subject/verb We You They are are are do do do have eat have eat have eat

She It

is is

does does

has has

eats eats

They They

are are

do do

have eat have eat

Other singular and plural subjects that take on singular and plural verbs: Subjects with words like each, every, any, no, none and nobody take on the singular verbs. Examples: Each student is given a pen. Every child is happy watching the show. Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass. Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs. Examples: Rice is eaten in many countries. There is oil on the floor. Salt is added to make the food taste better. Subjects with words like both, all, many, some, several and a number of take on a plural verb. Examples: Both of you have to come home early. All of us want to be happy. Some of my friends are female. Two or more subjects joined by and always take a plural verb. Examples: My brother and his friends like to play football. His father and mother are watching television.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

The verb which needs an object to make its meaning clear or complete is called a transitive verb. Example: He feeds a cat. The word cat is called the object of the verb feeds. The object can be a noun or a pronoun.

The intransitive verb does not need an object but the meaning is clear or complete. Example: He ran. The verb ran does not need an object. She reads every day. (No object) He eats quickly. (No object)
The Finite verb

The finite verb changes with the subject. The subject is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to. When the subject is in the first or second person or isplural, the verb does not change. When the subject is in the third person or issingular, the verb changes from, say, eat to eats. The verb eat is a finite verb. Every sentence must have a finite verb. Subject First Person Second Person Third Person Third Person Third Person The pen/s The elephant/s The house/s Singular subject I eat You eat He eats She eats It eats The pen is The elephant does The house has Plural subject We eat You eat They eat They eat They eat The pens are The elephants do not The houses have

The Infinitive

The infinitive is a verb that is followed by to and does not change with the subject. Subject First Person Second Person Singular Subject I want to play. You want to play. Plural Subject We want to play. You want to play.

Third Person

He wants to play. She wants to play. It wants to play.

They want to play. They want to play. They want to play.

The infinitive can take on an object. For example: He likes to read book. (To read = infinitive; book = object).
Other usage of verbs to remember

1. When and is used to join two nouns or pronouns together, the verbis usually in the plural. Examples: Beef and mutton are meat. He and I were classmates. 2. When we use two nouns for the same person or thing, the verbshould be in the singular. Examples: My friend and classmate is very helpful. Bread and butter is his only food. 3. When we use two nouns for the same person, we use the articlethe only once and the verb should be in the singular. Example: The shopkeeper and owner of the shop is my uncle. 4. When we refer to two different persons, we use the article twice and the verb must be in the plural. Example: The shopkeeper and the owner of the shop are my good friends. 5. When we join two nouns and treat them as a whole, the verb is in thesingular. Example: Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.

6. When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it is treated as a whole and the verb is in the singular. Examples: Ten kilometers is not a long way to travel. Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot of money. A verb is used in different forms as follow: Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense Present Particle Past Particle Future Tense THE PRESENT TENSE 1. The Present Simple eat ate is eating has eaten will eat

Used for a habitual or repeated action, that is, for something that we do always, every day, often, usually, etc. Example: He plays football on Sundays.

Used for a general truth or a fact, that is, for something that is true. Example: Night follows day.

Used for something or an action happening now. Example: See how she walks.

Used instead of the future tense. Example: He arrives tomorrow.

Used instead of the past tense, to make something look more real.

Example:

The tiger comes; it catches the boy.

Used instead of the present perfect tense. Example: We hear that the king is dead.

Used to introduce a quotation, that is, to repeat words spoken or written by someone else. Example: Shakespeare says: Neither a borrower nor a lender be.

2.

The Present Continuous Tense

Used to show that something is still happening, that is, an action is still going on at the time of speaking. It shows that the action is not yet complete. Example: He is writing a letter.

Used instead of the future tense. We usually say the time when this future action will take place Example: He is going to Japan next week.

Used to use the phrase is going which means about to. Example: It is going to rain.

Used to show an action which happens many times. We often use always with this expression. Example: He is always getting into trouble.

3.

The Present Perfect Tense

 Used to show an action which has just been completed or a past action when the time is not mentioned. The action may be a recent one or it may be one which happened a long time ago. Example: I have finished reading the book. There have been many changes in this country.

Used for an action that has been going on from the past until now, that is, something that happened in the past but is going on still. Example: I have lived here for ten years.

Used often with just, already, recently, never, yet and (in questions) with ever. I have already told them about the plan She has never replied to my letter. Have you ever been to London? Used often to answer questions which contain a verb in the Present Perfect tense. Example: Where have you been? I have been to London to see the Queen. What have you lost? I have lost all my money. Example:

4.

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Used for an action just completed or continued up to now. Example: He has been talking for an hour.

THE PAST TENSE 1. The Past Simple Tense

Used to describe a completed past action when the time of the action is mentioned. Example: I went to the cinema yesterday.

Used to show for a past action that was completely done in the past. Example: My mother made a cake and we all ate it.

Used to express a habitual past action. Example: He always came home late.

2.

The Past Continuous Tense

Used for an action that was going on in the past when something else happened. Example: While they were watching television, the light went out.

Used to show an action that was going on at a certain time in the past. Example: I was eating my dinner at 7 oclock last night.

Used for two actions that were going on at the same time in the past. Example: While his father was reading the newspaper, his mother was cooking.

3.

The Past Perfect Tense

Used for an action that was completed before another action took place. Example: I had left the house before he arrived.

Used in the Indirect or Reported Speech. Example: I have read the book. He said that he had read the book.

4.

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Used for an action that had been going on in the past before another action occurred in the past. Example: She had been cooking when we visited her.

THE FUTURE TENSE The Future Tense is used to show some action or happening in the future. Future Simple + Going To 1. Simple Future Tense is used to show future action or that something will happen in the future. Example: We will complete the work tomorrow.

2. Going to is used to express a future action that has been planned in advance. Example: We are going to Japan next week.

3. Future Continuous Tense is used to show continuous action at some future time. Example: I shall be seeing both of you tomorrow.

4. Future Perfect Tense is used for an action which will have finished by some future time or date which is mentioned or before another action has begun. Example: I shall have finished this job by seven oclock. I shall have finished this job by the time you arrive.

5. Future Perfect Continuous Tense. This continuous tense is formed with shall/will have been + a present particle. Example: I shall have been married for exactly ten years next Saturday.

( 3) ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that tells us something about a noun, that is, about a person, an animal, a thing or a place. For example: She is a pretty girl. A giraffe has a long neck. The table is round. That is an old temple. There are various kinds of adjectives: 1. An adjective which tells us about the quality of the noun. For example: the blue sky, a big house, a square table, a cold morning. 2. An adjective which tells us about the quatity of the noun. For example: The zoo has many animals. The pen has not much ink left. 3. An adjective which tells us about the ownership of the noun. For example: That is my dog. Those are their bicycles. 4. An adjective which poses question in an interrogative manner. For example: Which school do you go to? Whose car is this? 5. An adjective which specifies a noun. For example: This boy is a member of the club. That girl is my sister. Adjectives which end in -ing, e.g. an interesting film, an amazing player, anannoying habit, Adjectives which end in -ed, e.g. the damaged goods, the escapedprisoners, improved version,

Forming adjectives Adding [Link] Add ful.* Add ous or e. Change y to i. ious. *Drop y. anger care mountain ease* doubt danger greed peace industry ice* beauty* mystery* oil pity* glory* Add al. * Drop Add able. Add ic.*Drop e. y. music accept acrobat nation comfort artist person enjoy photograph nature* fashion sympathy* agriculture* respect robot Adjectives can be formed from Nouns. Noun accident danger length star wind Adjective accidental dangerous long starry windy

Add less.

aim end harm sense use Add ive. attract effect act instruct progress

Adjectives can be formed from Verbs. Verb enjoy help obey play talk Adjective enjoyable helpful obedient playful talkative

Adjectives can be formed from Adjectives. Adjective comic correct elder Adjective comical corrective elderly

red sick
Comparison of adjectives

reddish sickly

We use the Positive degree to compare two equal nouns. For example: His house is as big as my house. We use the Comparative degree to compare two unequal nouns. For example: His house is bigger than my house. We use the Superlative degree to compare three or more Nouns. For example: His house is the biggest in the neighbourhood. Positive bold deep near rich tall Positive careful enjoyable forgetful useful wonderful Positive bad good little Comparative bolder deeper nearer richer taller Comparative more careful more enjoyable more forgetful more useful more wonderful Comparative worse better less Superlative boldest deepest nearest richest tallest Superlative most careful most enjoyable most forgetful most useful most wonderful Superlative worst best least

( 4) ADVERBS

An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. .I called you last night. (called=verb; last night=adverb) Your dress is very beautiful. (beautiful=adjective; very=adverb) The rain stopped quite suddenly. (suddenly=adverb; quite=adverb) Types of Adverbs Adverb of Time This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question When? It is either placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Example: I phoned you yesterday. / I saw her walking along the river last week. Adverb of Place This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question Where? It is placed after the verb. Example: I live here. / He fell down. Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the question How? It is usually placed just after the verb. Example: She sleeps soundly. / He drives quickly. Adverb of Degree or Quantity This answers the questions, To what degree? or How much? It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb. Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. / Last night it rained veryheavily.. Adverb of Frequency This answers the question How often? Example: He will never have finished in time. / We always go to school by bus. Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of negation (No) Example: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all means, no, not at all, by no means.

Interrogative Adverb (Question) For example: When? Where? How? Why? How much/often? Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why These words are the same in form as Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions. Example: The time when he arrived. / The scene where the accident occurred. / He knows how to do it. / The reason why he left. Comparison of Adverbs Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs which end in -ly form the Comparative with more and the Superlative with most. Positive Comparative Superlative comfortably more comfortably most comfortably happily more happily most happily kindly more kindly most kindly loudly more loudly most loudly noisily more noisily most noisily Forming Adverbs Adverbs can be formed from nouns, adjectives andverbs. Most adverbs end in -ly. Nouns beauty success Adjectives Verbs Adverbs beautifully successfully angrily foolishly continually knowingly

angry foolish continue know

( 5) INDIRECT SPEECH

We can report what another person says in two ways: By using the exact words of the speaker.

Example: He said to me, Be careful! This is the Direct Speech. We repeat the exact words used by the speaker and keep the exact words within quotation marks. By using our own words to repeat what the speaker said.

Example Direct: He said to me, Be careful! Indirect: He told me to be careful. This is the Indirect or Reported Speech. Notice that the past tense is used when the main verb said is in the past tense. Here we do not use the quotation marks. We use an infinitive and we repeat the pronoun. When we change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, it is sometimes necessary to: Change all Present and Future Tenses in the Direct Speech into the Past Tenses in the Indirect Speech when the main verb said is in the Past Tense. Example Direct: Write carefully! he said to me. Indirect: He told me to write carefully. Change a pronoun or a possessive adjective, and the tense of the verb to Past Tense. Example Direct: Dont drive so fast when you pass my school, he said to me. Indirect: He asked me not to drive so fast when I passed his school. Use more than one speech verb if the Direct Speech contains more than one sentence.

Example Direct: Dont quarrel with your sister, my mother said. Get on with your school homework. Indirect: My mother told me not to quarrel with my sister. She told/asked me to get on with my school homework. In most cases, we do not change the tense of the verbs in Direct Speech when: The reporting verb is in the Simple Present tense (he says), the Present Perfect tense (she has told us) or the Simple Future tense (I will tell him). Examples: Direct: Indirect: Im tired, he says every evening. Every evening he says (that) he is tired. They are late, she has already told She has already told us (that) they us. are late. I will tell him, The shop is shut. I will tell him (that) the shop is shut. We do not change the tense of verbs in Direct Speech if they make a statement which is always true or if the action is still continuing and a change of tense would give the wrong meaning. Examples: Direct: He told us, The world is round. My brother is living in Australia. Indirect: He told us that the world is round. She said that her brother is living in Australia.

The following changes are also made: 1. shall to should can to could 2. will to would has to had may to might

Pronouns and Possessive AdjectivesThe pronoun is changed in person from first and second to third. I becomes he or she We becomes they You becomes he, him, her or them Adjectives and Adverbs: We change: this to that these to those now to then today to that day last night to on the previous night or the night before tomorrow to the next day or the day after

3.

here to yesterday to thus to

there the previous day or the day before so; (in) that way

( 6) THE ARTICLES

Definite Article The Indefinite Article A or An A is used: Before a word which begins with a consonant. Example: a woman Before a singular, countable noun. Example: a banana When we mention something for the first time. Example: I saw a dog.

Before a word with a long sound of u. Example: a university, auniform, a useful book, a European, etc. Before the word one. Example: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, aoneyear course, a one-day holiday, etc. An is used: Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Example: an apple.

Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent [Link]: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable man, etc Before a singular, countable noun which begins with a vowel or silenth. Example: an orange The is used: 1. When the same thing or person mentioned again, that is, a particular thing or person. Example: I bought an orange. The orange is sweet..

2. When there is only one such thing. Example: the earth, the sun, themoon. 3. Before the names of famous buildings, etc. Example: The Eiffel Tower,The Great Wall of China. 4. When a singular noun is used to point out a whole class, race, group, etc. Example: The bear is a strong animal. 5. Before the special names of a rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, certain organizations, political parties, and countries such asthe U.S.A., the U.K., the U.S.S.R. and the U.A.R., The Nile, The Dead Sea,The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The United Nations, The Republican Party, etc. 6. Before the names of holy or important books. Example: The Koran,The Bible. 7. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Example: The poor need help. Articles are not used: 1. Before the name of a person: Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson. (not A or The Michael Jackson) 2. Before the name of a place, town, country, street, or road. Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (not A or The Barcelona) 3. Before names of materials. Example: Gold is found in Australia. (not A or The gold) 4. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense. Example: We love all beauty. (not a beauty or the beauty)

( 7) PRONOUNS A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It refers to a person or thing without giving the name. There are two types of Personal Pronouns: (1) those used as subjects; and (2) those used as objects. Personal Pronouns Singular Object Me You Him Her It Plural Object Us You Them Them Them

First Person Second Person Third Person

Subject I You He She It

Subject We You They They They

Reflexive Pronouns We use the Reflexive Pronoun when the action of the doer goes back to himself so that the Subject of the sentence is the same person as the object. Example: He has hurt himself. Pronouns like himself' are called Reflexive Pronouns. They always end in self '. Reflexive Pronouns First Person Second Person Third Person Singular Myself Yourself Himself Herself Plural Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Themselves

Itself

Themselves

Relative Pronouns The Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pronouns; and they are used tojoin two sentences about the same person or thing. Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom and whose. In most cases, we use who, whose and whom to make statements about people.

We use who to join two sentences. Example: "The man is an artist. He drew that picture." "The man is an artist who drew that picture."

We use whose to show possession or relationship. Example: "That is my uncle whose son is my cousin."

We use which or that in almost the same way as we use who but it refers tothings, not human beings. There is one other difference in the way we use who andwhich. After who we put a verb. After which we can put a verb, a pronoun or anoun. Example: That is the camera which costs fifty dollars. That is the camera which hebought. That is the camera which John likes.

We use whom to make a statement about human beings. It is used in place of who(a) when it is the object of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition. Example: (a) The man whom they caught was sent to prison. (b) The man to whomyou should speak is my uncle.

( 8) PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to show time, position and direction.

Examples of Prepositions showing time: My birthday falls in September. Most shops are closed on Sunday. I have an appointment at 9 o'clock.

Examples of Prepositions showing position: He is standing at the door. The glass is on the table. The cat is sleeping under the chair.

Examples of Prepositions showing direction: She got into the taxi. The girl is walking towards her mother. I have to go to town.

Other examples of expressions using prepositions:

The picture was drawn by his brother. She likes to go out with her friends.

They say I walk like my father. Her parents give her a box of sweets. Expressions using Prepositions: good at clever at bad at point at stare at get up wake up look up clean up add up fall off get off set off break off finish off interested in involved in send in work in fill in

fight against speak against vote against hit against lean against

get into cash into jump into turn into dive into

turn on switch on get on carry on put it on

made of built of a box of half of many of

( 9) CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions join words, phrases and sentences together.

Conjunctions joining words: Example: I have a car and a house.

Conjunctions joining phrases: Example: The fisherman is happy walking along the beach and carrying a bucketfull of fish.

Conjunctions joining sentences:

He walked to his car. He got into it.. He walked to his car and got into it.

Will you have tea? Will you have coffee? Will you have tea or coffee?

She is tired. She cannot sleep. She is tired but she cannot sleep.

Besides and', or' and but', other common conjunctions include: because, if, so,although, unless, therefore, etc. Conjunctions can join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Example:

I have a pen and a book. (Joining two nouns) He joked and we laughed. (Joining two verbs) She is beautiful and tall. (Joining two adjectives) He eats quickly and noisily. (Joining two adverbs)

( 10) POSSESSION There are three kinds of Possession: Possessive Nouns, Possessive Adjectivesand Possessive Pronouns.

Possessive Nouns Nouns that show possession are called Possessive Nouns. Possessive Nouns are formed:

1. By adding an apostrophe (s) to singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s; Example: my father's car; the children's toys

2. By adding an apostrophe () to plural nouns ending in s; Example: the boys' bicycles

3. By using of the' with names of non-living things. Example: the roof of the house.

Possessive Adjectives Adjectives that show possession are called Possessive Adjectives. Adjectivessuch as my' and his' are used before nouns such as school' and bicycle' to showpossession. Such adjectives are examples of Possessive Adjectives. Example: This is my school' and That is his bicycle'.

Possessive Adjectives

Singular

Plural

First Person Second Person Third Person

my your his her its

our your their their their

Possessive Pronouns Pronouns that show possession are called Possessive Pronouns. Words like mine' and yours' are pronouns and as they show possession, they are known asPossessive Pronouns. Example: This is my car. It is mine' and That is your van. It is yours'.

Possessive Pronouns First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular Mine Yours His Hers Its

Plural Ours Yours Theirs Theirs Theirs

Lesson 11- Punctuation

PUNCTUATION MARKS
A full stop or period ( . ) is used: to mark the end of a sentence. Example: There are two sides to every question. to show the shortened form of a word Example: exam at the end of an abbreviation. Example: Dr. Comma ( , ) is used: to separate words in a list. Example: We saw monkeys, lions and tigers in the zoo. to show a pause in a sentence or reading. Example: Yesterday, as I was jogging, I saw a big snake. before inverted commas of actual words spoken. Example: He told us, The world is round. to separate the name of the person spoken to. Example: John, lets start work straightaway. to separate parts of an address. Example: 99, Downing Street, Kingston. to separate relative clause from the rest of the sentence. Example: The man, who lives next door, is a doctor. Question Mark ( ? ) is used at the end of a sentence to show a question.

Example: When will the train arrive? Exclamation Mark ( ! ) is used at the end of a sentence to show surprise, excited, or angry. Example: We won! Quiet! Colon ( : ) is used to introduce an example, quotation, etc. Example: This box contains the following items: bandages,plasters, lotion, medicines and a pair of scissors. Semicolon ( ; ) is used to join two sentences or two complete parts of a sentence which are closely connected in meaning. Example: He gives up smoking; obviously, he fears smoking-related disease may strike him. Apostrophe ( ) is used: to show that numbers or letters have been left out. Example: 86 (=1986); dont (=do not). to show that something belongs to someone or something. Example: Johns mother; Charles book to the plural of letters and numbers. Example: Your cs / 5s are too big. Hyphen ( - ) is used to join two words or more to form compound words. Example: good-looking, pro-American, forty-one, mother-in-law. Quotation Marks ( ) are used: to show the beginning and end of reported speech. Example: Turn on the light she said to me. to show a quoted word, phrase or title. Example: War and Peace is a novel by Leo Tolstoy.

( 12) SOME and ANY 1. 2. 3. We use some in a positive statement and any in anegative statement or a question.

We use both some and any with countable or uncountablenouns. We use some in a question if it is an invitation or a request.

4. We join some and any with one, body or thing to formpositive sentences and negative sentences respectively. Examples: 1. 2. I have a sister. / I dont have a sister. / Do you have any sister? He bought some oranges. / He spent some time looking for his lost wallet.

/ There arent any eggs on sale here. / There isnt any tea in the kettle. 3. 4. Would you like to drink some milk? Can you do something for me? Someone has taken my book. / Anyone could have taken it./ Theres somebody

waiting to see you. / Has anybody seen the film? / I want something to eat. / Would you like anything else to eat?

( 13) USED TO
1. USED TO AS A VERB

We can use the expression used to when we wish to refer to a past habit which has now stopped. Example: I used to go to that shop but now I dont go there anymore. The usual question form and possible answers with used to are: question: Did you use to see them very often? answers: Yes, I used to. / No, I didnt use to. / No, I never used to. Remember that use and not used is used after did and didnt.
2. USED TO AS AN ADJECTIVE

We can show that somebody is accustomed to something by using used to as an adjective. It is often followed by a gerund but it can be followed by a noun or possessive. Example: I am used to living in a warm climate. (followed by a gerund) They are used to this weather. (followed by a noun) He seems used to your brothers jokes. (followed by possessive adjective)

( 14) CAN and COULD Can and could are modal verbs. They are used with other verbs to convey ideas such as possibility, permission, etc.

We use can to:

talk about possibility and ability; Example: I can ride a horse. / He can speak three languages.

make requests or give orders; Example: Can you buy me a can of beer. / Can you complete now what you are doing.

ask for or give permission. Example: Can I come in now? Note: we may also use could, may and might for permission.

Points to note:

We use can for the present. We also use it for the future when decide we are able to do something. Example: We can go swimming tomorrow.

we

We do not use can with infinitive verb. Example: We can play football today. NOT: We can to football today. play

Sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able to in place of can.

Example: I cant contact him. / I havent been able to contact him for two days. (It is not possible to use can with present perfect tense).

Could is one of the modal verbs. We use could:

as the past tense of can. Example: Jane said she could get the tickets for us .

to show what was possible in the past. Example: He could cycle when he was four years old.

to ask someone to do something. Example: Could you buy some cigarettes for me?

to ask if someone is able or allowed to do something. Example: My grandmother could speak Spanish. / Could I a question? ask you

Points to note:

Where the subject is singular, we do not add s to the verb Example: He can swim. NOT: He can swims.

We use could for actions now or in the future. Example: Its a nice day. We could go for a walk. Example: When I go to London next week, I could stay uncle. with my

Could is less sure than can, so we use could when we do not really mean what we say. Example: I am so hungry. I could eat the whole chicken. (NOT: Ican eat the whole chicken).

We use could do for now and could have for the past.

Example: I am so tired. I could sleep the whole day. Example: I was so tired. I could have slept the whole (past)

(now) day.

We use could with present perfect tense for things which were possible to happen but didnt or an event which we are not sure about. Example: You could have taken a different route to avoid the traffic jam. Example: He could have broken the glass. She couldnt have broken the glass.

( 15) GERUNDS and PRESENT PARTICIPLES

Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ing to the end of a verb (j is a good way of exercising.

A present participle is formed by adding -ing to the verb, as in reading., e.g. He may be re newspaper now.

A gerund is used: as the subject of the sentence. Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time. as the object of a verb. Example: Will you stop crying? as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun. Example: Her scolding frightened her children. after a verb. Example: The gate needs repainting. after busy. Example: She is busy cooking for dinner. with a preposition. Example: We are tired after walking for two hours.

after a phrasal verb. Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today.

A present participle is used: immediately after a subject to which it refers. Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully. after a verb. Example: He went fishing with his friends. after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing. Example: She heard them talking about her. Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill. as an adjective. Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest. to show that a person is doing two things at the same time. Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by. to form the continuous tense. Example: He is washing his car. when one action is followed by another. Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.

List 1 - Forming Nouns

FORMING NOUNS NOUNS VERBS act add agree angry arrive attend bad beautiful begin behave brave breathe bright broad brother busy child choose clean collect correct cruel dark deep describe die divide do draw dry enjoy enter explain fail fat ADJECTIVES absent NOUNS absence action addition agreement anger arrival attention badness beauty beginning behavior bravery breath brightness breadth brotherhood business childhood choice cleanliness collection correction cruelty darkness depth description death division deed drawing dryness enjoyment entrance explanation failure fatness

feed fit foolish free friend give glad good great grow happy hate heal high honest hungry imagine instruct invent invite judge kind king know laugh lazy leader lend like live long lose mad man marry member mix mother move multiply neighbor new obey occupy

food fitness foolishness freedom friendship gift gladness goodness greatness growth happiness hatred health height honesty hunger imagination instruction invention invitation judgement kindness kingdom, kingship knowledge laughter laziness leadership loan likeness life length loss madness manhood marriage membership mixture motherhood movement multiplication neighborhood newness obedience occupation

permit please poet proud prove punish ready remember sad safe scholar see sell sharp sick sit slow soft speak strong succeed sweet teach tell thick think thirsty tight true valuable warm weak wed weigh wide wise young

permission pleasure poetry pride proof punishment readiness remembrance sadness safety scholarship sight sale sharpness sickness seat slowness softness speech strength success sweetness teaching tale thickness thought thirst tightness truth value warmth weakness wedding weight width wisdom youth

List 2 - Forming Adjectives

FORMING ADJECTIVES NOUNS VERBS ADJECTIVES

accident adventure boy care caution centre child choose circle collect comfort coward danger describe distance enjoy faith fame father fool forget fortune friend girl gold harm hate height help hero hope

accidental adventurous boyish careful cautious central childish choosy circular collective comfortable cowardly dangerous descriptive distant enjoyable faithful famous fatherly foolish forgetful fortunate friendly girlish golden harmful hateful high helpful heroic hopeful

imagine joy law length love man mercy mine mischief mountain music nation nature noise north obey parent peace person pity please poison pride prosper quarrel science sense silk skill smoke sorrow south storm strength study success sun talk terror

imaginary joyful lawful long lovable manly merciful my mischievous mountainous musical national natural noisy northern obedient parental peaceful personal pitiful pleasant poisonous proud prosperous quarrelsome scientific sensible silky skilful smoky sorrowful southern stormy strong studious successful sunny talkative terrible

thirsty thought trouble truth value victory war water wave west winter wisdom wood wool year youth

thirsty thoughtful troublesome truthful valuable victorious warlike watery wavy western wintry wise wooden woolen yearly young

List 3 - Forming Verbs

FORMING VERBS ADJECTIVES broad clean NOUNS VERBS broaden cleanse clothe encourage darken deepen equalize fasten fatten fertilize befriend fill gladden govern enjoy kneel enlarge lessen lighten lengthen loosen produce purify quicken enrich sadden save sharpen shorten see enslave smoothen soften sparkle tighten try unite widen

cloth courage dark deep equal fast fat fertile friend full glad government joy knee large less light long loose product pure quick rich sad safe sharp short sight slave smooth soft spark tight trial unity wide

List 4 - Forming Adverbs

FORMING ADVERBS NOUNS VERBS accident ADJECTIVES actual angry annual attention bad beauty boast brave brief bright busy careful careless cheer clean clear clever comfort complete continue cruel dangerous day dear dim dirty double dull easy enjoy entire faith fatal fear fierce first foolish ADVERBS accidentally actually angrily annually attentively badly beautifully boastfully bravely briefly brightly busily carefully carelessly cheerfully cleanly clearly cleverly comfortably completely continually cruelly dangerously daily dearly dimly dirtily doubly dully easily enjoyably entirely faithfully fatally fearfully fiercely firstly foolishly

forget free fright general glad grace gradual happy hard hate heavy help hope horror hurry infect joy kind know last late lazy light loud luck mad magic merry month natural near neat needless nice night noise obey one open pain part patient peace please polite

forgetfully freely frightfully generally gladly gracefully gradually happily hardly hatefully heavily helpfully hopefully horribly hurriedly infectiously joyfully kindly knowingly lastly lately lazily lightly loudly luckily madly magically merrily monthly naturally nearly neatly needlessly nicely nightly noisily obediently once openly painfully partly patiently peacefully pleasantly politely

pretty proud pure quick quiet rare ready rough sad safe shake shame silent simple sincere skill sleep slow sound special success sudden sweet swift terrible true truthful wise year

prettily proudly purely quickly quietly rarely readily roughly sadly safely shakily shamefully silently simply sincerely skilfully sleepily slowly soundly specially successfully suddenly sweetly swiftly terribly truly truthfully wisely yearly

COLLECTIVE NOUNS
PEOPLE an army of soldiers a bevy of beauties/girls a band of musicians a band of robbers a board of directors a body of men a bunch of crooks a caravan of gypsies a choir of singers a class of pupils a class of students a company of actors a company of soldiers a congregation of worshippers a crew of sailors a crowd of spectators a crowd of people a dynasty of kings a galaxy of beautiful women a galaxy of film stars a gang of crooks a gang of labourers a gang of prisoners a gang of robbers THINGS an album of autographs an album of photographs an album of stamps an anthology of poems an archipelago of islands a bale of cotton a basket of fruit a batch of bread a battery of guns a block of flats a book of exercises a book of notes a hail of bullets a hand of bananas (each a finger) a harvest of wheat/corn a heap of rubbish a heap of ruins a hedge of bushes a heap of stones a layer of soil/dirt a library of books a line of cars a list of names a mass of ruins/hair a gang of thieves a horde of savages a host of angels a line of kings/rulers a mob of rioters a group of dancers a group of singers a pack of rascals a pack of thieves a party of friends a patrol of policemen a posse of policemen a regiment of soldiers a staff of employees a staff of servants a staff of teachers a team of players a tribe of natives a troop of scouts a troupe of artistes a troupe of dancers a troupe of performers a party of friends

a bouquet of flowers a bowl of rice a bunch of bananas a bunch of flowers a bunch of grapes a bunch of keys a bundle of rags/old clothes a bundle of firewood/sticks a bundle of hay a catalogue of prices/goods a chain of mountains a chest of drawers a cluster of coconuts a cluster of grapes a cloud of dust a clump of bushes a clump of trees a collection of coins a collection of curiosities a collection of pictures a collection of relics a collection of stamps a column of smoke a comb of bananas a compendium of games a constellation of stars a cluster of diamonds a cluster of stars a clutch of eggs a crate of fruit a crop of apples a fall of rain a fall of snow a fleet of motor-cars/taxis a fleet of ships a flight of aeroplanes a flight of steps a forest of trees a galaxy of stars a garland of flowers a glossary of difficult words/phrases a group of islands a grove of trees

a necklace of pearls an outfit of clothes an orchard of fruit trees a pack of cards a pack of lies a packet of cigarettes a packet of letters a pair of shoes a pencil of rays a quiver of arrows a range of hills a range of mountains a ream of paper a reel of thread/film a roll of film/cloth a rope of pearls a row of houses a series of events a set of china a set of clubs a set of tools a sheaf of arrows a sheaf of corn a sheaf of grain a sheaf of papers a sheaf of wheat a shower of blows a shower of rain a stack of arms a stack of corn a stack of hay a stack of timber a stack of wood a stock of wood a string of beads a string of pearls a suit of clothes a suite of furniture a suite of rooms a tuft of grass a tuft of hair a wad of currency/notes a wreath of flowers

ANIMALS

an army of ants a bevy of quail a brood/flock of chickens a catch of fish a cloud of flies a cloud of insects a cloud of locusts a colony of gulls a drove of cattle a drove of horses a flight of birds a flight of doves a flight of locusts a flight of swallows a flock of birds a flock of geese a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a haul of fish a herd of buffaloes a herd of cattle a herd of deer a herd of elephants a herd of goats a herd of swine a hive of bees a host of sparrows a kindle of kittens a litter of cubs a litter of piglets

a litter of kittens a litter of puppies a menagerie of wild animals a muster of peacocks a nest of ants a nest of mice a nest of rabbits a pack of hounds a pack of wolves a plague of insects a plague of locusts a pride of lions a school of herrings/other small a afish a school of porpoises a school of whales a shoal of fish a skein of wild geese in flight a string of horses a stud of horses a swarm of ants a swarm of bees a swarm of insects a swarm of locusts a team of horses a team of oxen a train of camels a tribe of goats a troop of lions a troop of monkeys a zoo of wild animals

List 6 - Gender
GENDER

PEOPLE MASCULINE actor author bachelor boy Boy Scout brave bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law fiance gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager FAMININE actress authoress spinster girl Girl Guide Squaw bride sister comductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law fiancee lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress

manservant master mayor milkman millionaire monitor monk Mr. murderer Negro nephew papa poet postman postmaster priest prince prophet proprietor protector shepherd sir son son-in-law step-father step-son steward sultan tailor uncle waiter washerman widower wizard

maidservant mistress mayoress milkmaid millionairess monitress nun Mrs. murderess Negress niece mama poetess postwoman postmistress prietess princess prophetess proprietress protectress shepherdess madam daughter daughter-in-law step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana tailoress aunt waitress washerwoman widow witch

CREATURES MASCULINE billy-goat boar buck (deer, hare) buck-rabbit bull bull-elephant bull-seal bullock FAMININE nanny-goat sow doe doe-rabbit cow cow-elephant cow-seal heifer

bull-whale cob (swan) cock cockerel cock-pigeon colt (young horse) dog drake drone fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion peacock ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock

cow-whale pen hen pullet hen-pigeon filly bitch duck bee vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness peahen ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen

List 7 - Forms of Verb

FORMS OF THE VERB PRESENT PRESENT TENSE PARTICIPLE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

arise awake bear beat become begin bend bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream

arising awaking bearing beating becoming beginning bending bidding binding biting bleeding blowing breaking breeding bringing building burning bursting buying casting catching choosing clinging coming costing creeping cutting dealing digging doing drawing dreaming

arose awoke bore beat became began bent bid,bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burned,burnt burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamed,dreamt

arisen awoken born,borne beaten become begun bent bid,bade bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burned,burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamed,dreamt

drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling flow fly forbid forecast forget forgive freeze get give go grab grind grow hang hang (kill) have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap

drinking driving dwelling eating falling feeding feeling fighting finding fleeing flinging flowing flying forbidding forecasting forgetting forgiving freezing getting giving going grabbing grinding growing hanging hanging having hearing hiding hitting holding hurting keeping kneeling knitting knowing laying leading leaning leaping

drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flowed flew forbade forecast,forecasted forgot forgave froze got gave went grabbed ground grew hung hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knitted knew laid led leaned,leant leapt

drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flowed flown forbidden forecast,forecasted forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grabbed ground grown hung hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knitted known laid led lean,leant leapt

learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run saw say see sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell sow speak speed spell

learning leaving lending letting lying lighting losing making meaning meeting paying putting reading riding ringing rising running sawing saying seeing selling sending setting sewing shaking shining shooting showing shrinking shutting singing sinking sitting sleeping sliding smelling sowing speaking speeding spelling

learned,learnt left lent let lay lighted,lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelled,smelt sowed spoke speeded,sped spelled,spelt

learned,learnt left lent let lain lighted,lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelled,smelt sown spoken speeded,sped spelled,spelt

spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting strike swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw wake wear win wind write

spending spilling spinning spitting splitting spoiling spreading springing standing stealing sticking stinging striking swearing sweeping swelling swimming swinging taking teaching tearing telling thinking throwing waking wearing winning winding writing

spent spilled,spilt spun spat split spoiled,spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw woke wore won wound wrote

spent spilled,spilt spun spat split spoiled,spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown woken,waked worn won wound written

List 8 - Objects and Sounds

OBJECTS AND SOUNDS Object aeroplanes bells brakes bugles bullets canes chains clocks coins corks dishes doors Sound zoom ring, peal screech call ping swish clank; rattle tick; chime clink; jungle pop rattle, clatter bang; slam Object hoofs horns kettles leaves paper raindrops saws sirens steam streams telephones thunder Sound thunder toot; hoot sing rustle crinkle; rustle patter buzz wail hiss murmur buzz clap; rumble peal; roar rumble blare tick bubble; lap; drip crack; lash howl; sigh whir

drums feet fire glass guns heart hinges

beat tramp; shuffle crackle tinkle boom throb; beat creak

trains trumpets watch water whips wind wings

English Homophones English (especially British English) is not spelt phonetically. Two words can share none, any or all of Spelling, Pronunciation and Meaning. All languages have synonyms (words with unrelated spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning) and words with multiple meanings. However English has an exceptional disparity between spelling and pronunciation.
The possible combinations or some but all characteristics being the same are as follows:-

Spelling Pronunciation Meaning Same Different

Classification refuse See below trap

Example

Different Homonym Different Homophone Different Multiple meanings Same Same Same Synonym Alternative pronuncation Alternative spelling

Different Same Same Same

Different Different Same Different

rare/uncommon Schedule (British/American pronuncation) jail/gaol

Different Same

This page is about homophones. Words with different meanings and spellings, but the same (UK) pronunciation.

My collection
With the generous help of various contributors, I have now collected 441 homophones. This is 396 pairs, 40 triples and 5 quadruples. That is 546 pairs of homophone words.

Near misses
These are word pairs that have been suggested but rejection, for one of the following reasons:

Not precisely the same pronunciation. I only reject on this grounds, if my dictionary gives different pronunciation (or is unclear) and I think there is a difference, or am not sure how one of the words in pronounced. o accept, except o acetic, ascetic o advice, advise o affect, effect o axe, acts o axle, axil o deal, dele o caret, carrot o close, clothes o cask, casque o deuce, juice o facts, fax o formerly, formally o halve, have o hostel, hostile o ion, iron o jota, jotter o liar, layer o loch, lock o mana, manna o ordinance, ordnance o paw/pore/pour, poor o pecan, pekan o picture, pitcher o plaintiff, plaintive o prince, prints o presence, presents o tense, tents o wan, won The two spellings have a meaning in common. Even if each spelling has distinct meanings, any common mean classifies them as alternative spellings rather than homophones. (American, or other non-British, spellings are ignored for this purpose.) o ambiance, ambience

assay, essay o aught, ought o cot, cote o depositary, depository o forbear, forebear o forego, forgo o gage, gauge o gel, jell o genet, jennet o gibe, gybe o gray, grey o grill, grille o groin, groyne o gunnel, gunwale o hippie, hippy o main, maine o prise, prize o ray, re o ton, tonne It would be double counting. If two forms of two words are different homophones, then I only count a single example. I list complement/compliment and hence don't list complementary/complimentary. I normally list the simplest form (singular rather than plural; present tense etc.) unless other form is a longer list. e.g. I list holey/holy/wholly rather than hole/whole. Proper nouns and associated adjectives are not allowed, notably a lot of nations, nationalities, and place names are pronounced the same as common nouns. o Capitol, capital o Crewe, crew o Czech, check/cheque o Chile, chilly/chilli o Dane, deign o Greece, grease o Hungary, hungry o Lapp, lap o Nice, niece o Pole, poll o Rome, roam o Sikh, seek o Thai, tie
o

o o

Towcester, toaster Wales, whales

And many, many more.

Unsure
Alleged homophones that aren't in my dictionary. As such I am either uncertain of pronunciation, spelling or even existence of the word, so cannot include in the confirmed list.
Word Homophone(s) Comment

wether weather, whether I am told this is a type of sheep. basinet bassinet hele heal,heal ?A musical instrument? ?Song, from the German? Not really establisted enough to count ?Song, from the German? The moon (if so fails as a proper noun)

how'll howl leider leader lune meer loon mere

rayed raid sice sorel syce sorrel

velum vellum weird

wyrd

Homophones This is a list of British-English homophones. See the explanation page for details of the inclusion criteria.
1. accessary, accessory 2. ad, add 3. ail, ale 4. air, heir 5. aisle, I'll, isle 6. all, awl 7. allowed, aloud 8. alms, arms 9. altar, alter 10. arc, ark 11. aren't, aunt 12. ate, eight 13. auger, augur 14. auk, orc 15. aural, oral 16. away, aweigh 17. awe, oar, or, ore 18. axel, axle 19. aye, eye, I 20. bail, bale 21. bait, bate 22. baize, bays 23. bald, bawled 24. ball, bawl 25. band, banned 26. bard, barred 27. bare, bear 28. bark, barque 29. baron, barren 30. base, bass 31. bay, bey 32. bazaar, bizarre 33. be, bee 34. beach, beech 35. bean, been 36. beat, beet 37. beau, bow 38. beer, bier 39. bel, bell, belle 40. berry, bury 41. berth, birth 111. dew, due 112. die, dye 113. discree t, discrete 114. doe, doh, dough 115. done, dun 116. douse, dowse 117. draft, draught 118. dual, duel 119. earn, urn 120. eery, eyrie 121. ewe, yew, you 122. faint, feint 123. fah, far 124. fair, fare 125. farther, father 126. fate, fte 127. faun, fawn 128. fay, fey 129. faze, phase 130. feat, feet 131. ferrule, ferule 132. few, phew 221. leech 222. led 223. leek 224. lien 225. lesson 226. levy 227. 228. license 229. liquor 230. 231. 232. lynx 233. 234. lode 235. lone 236. lox 237. loupe 238. lute 239. maid 240. male 241. mane 242. maze 243. maul leach, lead, leak, lean, lessen, levee, liar, lyre licence, licker, lie, lye lieu, loo links, lo, low load, loan, locks, loop, loot, made, mail, main, maize, mall, 331. rouse, rows 332. rung, wrung 333. rye, wry 334. saver, savour 335. spade, spayed 336. sale, sail 337. sane, seine 338. satire, satyr 339. sauce, source 340. saw, soar, sore 341. scene, seen 342. scull, skull 343. sea, see 344. seam, seem 345. sear, seer, sere 346. seas, sees, seize 347. sew, so, sow 348. shake, sheikh 349. shear, sheer 350. shoe, shoo 351. sic, sick 352. side, sighed 353. sign, sine

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90.

bight, bite, byte billed, build bitten, bittern blew, blue bloc, block boar, bore board, bored boarder, border bold, bowled boos, booze born, borne bough, bow boy, buoy brae, bray braid, brayed braise, brays, braze brake, break bread, bred brews, bruise bridal, bridle broach, brooch bur, burr but, butt buy, by, bye buyer, byre calendar, calender call, caul canvas, canvass cast, caste caster, castor caught, court caw, core, corps cede, seed ceiling, sealing cell, sell censer, censor, sensor cent, scent, sent cereal, serial cheap, cheep check, cheque choir, quire chord, cord cite, sight, site clack, claque clew, clue climb, clime close, cloze coal, kohl coarse, course

133. fie, phi 134. file, phial 135. find, fined 136. fir, fur 137. fizz, phiz 138. flair, flare 139. flaw, floor 140. flea, flee 141. flex, flecks 142. flew, flu, flue 143. floe, flow 144. flour, flower 145. foaled, fold 146. for, fore, four 147. forewo rd, forward 148. fort, fought 149. forth, fourth 150. foul, fowl 151. franc, frank 152. freeze, frieze 153. friar, fryer 154. furs, furze 155. gait, gate 156. galipot, gallipot 157. gallop, galop 158. gamble , gambol 159. gays,

244. manna, manner 245. mantel, mantle 246. mare, mayor 247. mark, marque 248. marshal , martial 249. marten, martin 250. mask, masque 251. maw, more 252. me, mi 253. mean, mien 254. meat, meet, mete 255. medal, meddle 256. metal, mettle 257. meter, metre 258. might, mite 259. miner, minor, mynah 260. mind, mined 261. missed, mist 262. moat, mote 263. mode, mowed 264. moor, more 265. moose, mousse 266. mornin g, mourning 267. muscle, mussel 268. naval, navel 269. nay, neigh

354. sink, synch 355. slay, sleigh 356. sloe, slow 357. sole, soul 358. some, sum 359. son, sun 360. sort, sought 361. spa, spar 362. staid, stayed 363. stair, stare 364. stake, steak 365. stalk, stork 366. stationa ry, stationery 367. steal, steel 368. stile, style 369. storey, story 370. straight, strait 371. sweet, suite 372. swat, swot 373. tacks, tax 374. tale, tail 375. talk, torque 376. tare, tear 377. taught, taut, tort 378. te, tea, tee 379. team, teem 380. tear, tier 381. teas,

91. coign, coin 92. colonel, kernel 93. complacent, complaisant 94. complement, compliment 95. coo, coup 96. cops, copse 97. council, counsel 98. cousin, cozen 99. creak, creek 100. crews, cruise 101. cue, kyu, queue 102. curb, kerb 103. currant, current 104. cymbol, symbol 105. dam, damn 106. days, daze 107. dear, deer 108. descent, dissent 109. desert, dessert 110. deviser, divisor

gaze 160. genes, jeans 161. gild, guild 162. gilt, guilt 163. giro, gyro 164. gnaw, nor 165. gneiss, nice 166. gorilla, guerilla 167. grate, great 168. greave, grieve 169. greys, graze 170. grisly, grizzly 171. groan, grown 172. guesse d, guest 173. hail, hale 174. hair, hare 175. hall, haul 176. hangar, hanger 177. hart, heart 178. haw, hoar, whore 179. hay, hey 180. heal, heel, he'll 181. hear, here 182. heard, herd 183. he'd, heed 184. heroin, heroine

270. nigh, nye 271. none, nun 272. od, odd 273. ode, owed 274. oh, owe 275. one, won 276. packed, pact 277. packs, pax 278. pail, pale 279. pain, pane 280. pair, pare, pear 281. palate, palette, pallet 282. pascal, paschal 283. paten, patten, pattern 284. pause, paws, pores, pours 285. pawn, porn 286. pea, pee 287. peace, piece 288. peak, peek, peke, pique 289. peal, peel 290. pearl, purl 291. pedal, peddle 292. peer, pier 293. pi, pie 294. pica, pika 295. place, plaice

tease 382. terce, terse 383. tern, turn 384. there, their, they're 385. threw, through 386. throes, throws 387. throne, thrown 388. thyme, time 389. tic, tick 390. tide, tied 391. tire, tyre 392. to, too, two 393. toad, toed, towed 394. told, tolled 395. tole, toll 396. ton, tun 397. tor, tore 398. tough, tuff 399. troop, troupe 400. tuba, tuber 401. vain, vane, vein 402. vale, veil 403. vial, vile 404. wail, wale, whale 405. wain, wane 406. waist, waste 407. wait, weight 408. waive, wave 409. wall, waul 410. war,

185. hew, hue 186. hi, high 187. higher, hire 188. him, hymn 189. ho, hoe 190. hoard, horde 191. hoarse, horse 192. holey, holy, wholly 193. hour, our 194. idle, idol 195. in, inn 196. indict, indite 197. it's, its 198. jewel, joule 199. key, quay 200. knave, nave 201. knead, need 202. knew, new 203. knight, night 204. knit, nit 205. knob, nob 206. knock, nock 207. knot, not 208. know, no 209. knows, nose 210. laager, lager 211. lac, lack 212. lade,

296. plain, plane 297. pleas, please 298. plum, plumb 299. pole, poll 300. poof, pouffe 301. practice , practise 302. praise, prays, preys 303. principa l, principle 304. profit, prophet 305. quarts, quartz 306. quean, queen 307. rain, reign, rein 308. raise, rays, raze 309. rap, wrap 310. raw, roar 311. read, reed 312. read, red 313. real, reel 314. reek, wreak 315. rest, wrest 316. retch, wretch 317. review, revue 318. rheum, room 319. right, rite, wright, write 320. ring, wring

wore 411. ware, wear, where 412. warn, worn 413. wart, wort 414. watt, what 415. wax, whacks 416. way, weigh, whey 417. we, wee, whee 418. weak, week 419. we'd, weed 420. weal, we'll, wheel 421. wean, ween 422. weather , whether 423. weaver, weever 424. weir, we're 425. were, whirr 426. wet, whet 427. wheald, wheeled 428. which, witch 429. whig, wig 430. while, wile 431. whine, wine 432. whirl, whorl 433. whirled, world 434. whit, wit 435. white, wight 436. who's,

laid 213. lane 214. lamb 215. lapse 216. lava 217. laze 218. lore 219.

lain, lam, laps, larva, lase, law, lay, ley lea, lee

220.

321. road, rode 322. roe, row 323. role, roll 324. roo, roux, rue 325. rood, rude 326. root, route 327. rose, rows 328. rota, rotor 329. rote, wrote 330. rough, ruff

whose 437. woe, whoa 438. wood, would 439. yaw, yore, your, you're 440. yoke, yolk 441. you'll, yule

Rhyming Words
Rhyming words help children remember words more easily. Kids think playing with words that rhyme is fun, so they stay engaged in learning longer. Rhyme also helps them learn about language. They learn about word families and how words are put together. Kids also begin learning about the patterns, rhythms, and structure of language through simple rhymes. Help your child succeed in reading by using the following rhyming families. This is just a sample list of rhyming words to get you started. Look in your favorite books or a children's dictionary to make your own lists. The words are listed from easiest to hardest and in alphabetical order. ack - back, lack, pack, rack, sack, tack, yak, black, knack, quack, slack, smack, snack, stack, track, whack, attack ail - bale, fail, hail, mail, male, nail, pail, tale, rail, sail, stale, scale, snail, whale, detail, email air - air, bare, care, chair, dare, fair, hair, pair, rare, wear, chair, flare, stare, scare, share, spare, square, there, where, aware, beware, compare, declare, despair, prepare, repair, unfair ake - ache, bake, fake, lake, make, rake, take, brake, break, flake, quake, snake, steak, awake, mistake all - all, ball, call, doll, hall, fall, tall, crawl, small, baseball, football an - an, can, fan, man, pan, ran, tan, van, plan, scan, span, began and - and, band, hand, land, sand, bland, command, demand, expand, stand, understand ap - cap, gap, map, nap, tap, zap, chap, clap, flap, slap, snap, strap, trap, wrap ar - are, bar, car, far, jar, tar, star, scar, afar, guitar at - at, bat, fat, mat, pat, rat, sat, flat, that, splat, combat ate - ate, date, fate, mate, late, gate, rate, wait, crate, great, plate, skate, slate, state, straight, trait, weight, create ed - bed, dead, fed, head, led, read, red, said, bread, fled, spread, thread, tread, instead ell - bell, fell, sell, well, yell, shell, smell, spell, farewell, hotel, motel en - den, hen, men, pen, ten, glen, then, when, wren, again et - bet, get, jet, let, met, pet, set, vet, wet, yet, threat, barrette, reset, upset in - bin, chin, in, pin, tin, grin, thin, twin, skin, begin, within ing - king, ring, sing, wing, zing, bring, cling, fling, sling, spring, sting, string, swing, thing it - bit, fit, hit, it, kit, lit, pit, sit, flit, knit, quit, skit, slit, spit, split, admit, commit, permit ite - bite, kite, bright, fight, fright, knight, night, might, right, tight, white, write, delight, tonight oh - go, hoe, low, mow, row, sew, toe, blow, crow, dough, flow, know, glow, grow, know, show, slow, snow, stow, though, throw, ago, although, below ot - cot, dot, got, hot, lot, not, pot, rot, tot, bought, fought, knot, taught, shot, spot, squat, forgot ound - crowned, found, ground, hound, mound, pound, round, sound, wound, around, surround

oze - bows, hose, nose, rose, toes, blows, flows, froze, grows, those ub - cub, rub, sub, tub, club, stub, scrub, shrub un - bun, fun, gun, one, run, son, sun, ton, won, done, none, begun, outdone, undone Have fun with your child using rhyming words to see how many they can get for each sound.