12. Feedback Amplifiers (18.1 18.
4)
Feedback Connection Types Input Impedance of Feedback Circuits Output Impedance of Feedback Circuits Advantages of Feedback Circuits Practical Feedback Circuits
EE2603-12
Feedback Connection Types
Voltage-series feedback
+ Vs
-
+
Vi
-
+
Vf
+
Vf
-
AVf =
V AV = o Vi
+
V o
-
RL
Vo = AV Vi = AV (Vs Vf ) Vo (1 + AV V ) = AV Vs AVf = = AV Vs AV (V Vo )
Analysis for AVf
V =
Vo
Vf
AV Vo = Vs 1 + AV V
Vo (Gain with feedback ) Vs
Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs (=> Series feedback) If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
If Vi < Vs (Vi = Vs Vf), negative series feedback is achieved
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Voltage-shunt feedback
Is
If
Ii
V AR = o Ii
+
V o
-
RL
Vo = AR Ii = AR (Is If ) Vo (1 + AR R ) = AR Is ARf = = AR Is AR (RVo )
Analysis for ARf
R =
Vo
If
AR Vo = Is 1 + AR R
ARf =
Vo (Gain with feedback ) Is
Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current Is (=> Shunt feedback) If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
If Ii < Is (Ii = Is If), negative shunt feedback is achieved
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Current-series feedback
~ Vs
+ -
+
Vi
-
+
Vf
+
Vf
-
AGf =
AG =
Io Vi
Io
RL
Io
Analysis for AGf
Io = AG Vi = AG (Vs Vf ) = AG Vs AG ( G Io )
G =
Vf
Io
Io (1 + AG G ) = AG Vs AGf =
Io (Gain with feedback ) Vs
AG Io = Vs 1 + AG G
Feedback is a voltage Vf=GIo is in series with source voltage Vs (=> Series feedback) If RL is short, Vf is still there (=> Current feedback)
If Vi < Vs (Vi = Vs Vf), negative series feedback is achieved
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Current-shunt feedback
Is
If
Ii
I AI = o Ii
Io
RL
Analysis for AIf
Io = AI Ii = AI (Is If ) = AI Is AI ( I Io )
I =
Io
If
Io (1 + AI I ) = AI Is AIf =
AI Io = Is 1 + AI I
AIf =
Io (Gain with feedback ) Is
Feedback is a current If=IIo is in parallel with source current Is (=> Shunt feedback) If RL is short, Vf is still there (=> Current feedback)
If Ii < Is (Ii = Is If), negative shunt feedback is achieved
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Input Impedance of Feedback Circuits
Input Impedance of Series feedback circuits
Ii
~ Vs
Rif
Ii
Ri
Vi
Vf
Ii = Vi Vs Vf Vs Vo Vs AVi = = = Ri Ri Ri Ri
Voltage or Current feedback
Vs = IiRi + AVi = IiRi + A(IiRi ) Rif =
Vs = Ri (1 + A) = Ri (1 + AV V ) = Ri (1 + AG G ) Ii
Since 1+A is always greater than 1, then Rif > Ri
Series feedback always increase the input impedance of the amplifiers
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Input Impedance of Shunt feedback circuits
Rif
Is
If
Ri
Ii
Vi
Voltage or Current feedback
Vi = RiIi = RifIs = Rif (Ii + If ) = Rif (Ii + AIi ) Rif = RiIi Ri Ri Ri = = = Ii + Ii 1 + A 1 + AI I 1 + AR R
Since 1+A is always greater than 1, then Rif < Ri
Shunt feedback always decrease the input impedance of the amplifiers
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Output Impedance of Feedback Circuits
Output Impedance of Voltage feedback circuits
I
I
R0
V
Norton's equivalent
V
R0
Thevenin's equivalent
Vs=0 rs=0
To find Ro, all V external sources V = f V should be replaced by their input Vf is in-phase with impedance
V then Vi = -Vf
Vo = AV Vi + IRo = AV ( Vf ) + IRo = AV ( V Vo ) + IRo Vo + AV (V Vo ) = IRo Rof = Vo Ro = I 1 + AV V
-
-
Vf
+
Vi
AVVi
R0
R0
R0f
+
V
-
Apply V at the output and get I while making the external Vs = 0
+
-
Since 1+AVV is always greater than 1, then Rof < Ro for voltage feedback circuits
Voltage feedback always decrease the output impedance of the amplifiers
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Output Impedance of Current feedback circuits
I
I
R0
V
Norton's equivalent
V
R0
R0
Vi
Thevenin's equivalent
+
-
-
Vf
AGVi
R0f
Vs=0 rs=0
R0
Vf I
+
V
-
To find Ro, all external sources should be replaced by their input impedance
I = AG Vi + V V V = AG Vf + = AG ( G I ) + Ro Ro Ro
Apply V at the Since I is reversed, output and get I Vf is reversed then making the Vi = Vf
external Vs = 0
G =
V V = I (1 + AG G ) Rof = = Ro (1 + AG G ) Ro I
Since 1+AGG is always greater than 1, then Rof > Ro for Current feedback circuits
Voltage feedback always decrease the output impedance of the amplifiers
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Example: Determine the Voltage gain = Avf , Input Impedance = Zif , Output Impedance = Zof for a voltage-series feedback circuit which has AV=-100, Ri=10k, Ro=20k for a feedback of : (a) = -0.1 and (b) = -0.5
(a) Negative feedback AVf =
AV 100 = = 9.09 Gain decreased 1 + AV 1 + ( 100) ( 0.1)
( a) Series feedback Zif = Zi (1 + AV ) = 10k { + ( 100 ) ( 0.1)} = 110k Zi increased 1
( a) Voltage feedback Zof = Zo 20k = = 1.82k Zo decreased 1 + AV 1 + ( 100) ( 0.1)
(b) Negative feedback AVf =
AV 100 = = 1.96 Gain decreased more 1 + AV 1 + ( 100) ( 0.5)
(b) Series feedback Zif = Zi (1 + AV ) = 10k { + ( 100 ) ( 0.5)} = 510k Zi increased more 1
( a) Voltage feedback Zof = Zo 20k = = 0.392k Zo decreased more 1 + AV 1 + ( 100) ( 0.5)
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Advantages of Feedback Circuits
Reduction in Frequency Distortion (Gain not vary with frequency)
A A 1 if 1 << A 1 + A A is passive (resistor ratio) independen t of frequency Af = Af = 1 is also independen t of frequency
Increased Bandwidth
Gain
No feedback
With feedback
A0
Af 0
BW
BWf
Frequency
In case 1 <<A condition is not true, since Gain-Bandwidth product is constant for a given circuit, because the gain Af0 is smaller with no feedback A0 , then BWf is larger than that of BW without feedback.
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Reduction in Noise and Non-linear Distortion (linearity increased)
Negative feedback tends to hold down the amount of noise and non-linear distortion, it will reduce by an amount by the factor of (1+A). At the same time, gain of the amplifier will be reduced by the same factor. It should be noted that adding more stages to recover the original larger gain will also increase noise and nonlinear distortion as well. Better method is to compromise between the noise with the required gain.
Gain stability with feedback
If there is any change of gain without feedback due to amplifier parameters and biasing voltages, by adding a negative feedback to this amplifier will result a smaller % change of the gain as below:
dAf Af dAf Af = 1 dA 1 dA if 1 << A 1 + A A A A 1 A
is therefore reduced by a factor of
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Voltage-Series Feedback
Practical Feedback Circuits
VDD
Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs (=> Series feedback) If Ro is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
RD CD VS + + Vi - - R1 + Ro Vo -
Vi + - + VS -
R1
+ R2 Vf -
Vo + Vf R2 - -
Let RL = Ro // RD //( R1 + R2 ) AV = AVf =
V R2 Vo = gmRL and V = f = Vi Vo R1 + R2 AV Vo = = Vs 1 + AV V gmRL 1 + ( gmRL ) R2 R1 + R2
AV = AVf =
V R2 Vo and V = f = Vi Vo R1 + R2 AV Vo = = Vs 1 + AV V
(if 1 << AV V ) AVf
R + R2 R 1 = = 1 = 1 + 1 V R2 R2
AVf
R + R2 1 + AV 1 R 2 R + R2 R 1 = = 1 = 1 + 1 (if 1 << AV V ) V R2 R2
AV
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Example: What Feedback type is the given amplifier? Determine the Voltage gain = AVf of the given circuit. Take gm=4000S, Ro =10k , R1 =80k , R2=20k. RD =10k
VS
VDD RD CD + - + Vi - R1 +
Ro Vo + R2 Vf - -
Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Ro is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback. It is a Voltage-Series Feedback
RL = Ro // RD //( R1 + R2 ) = 10k // 10k // 100k = 4.76k AV = V = AVf = Vo = gmRL = 4000S 4.76k = 19.04 Vi Vo Vf = R2 20k = = 0.2 R1 + R2 20k + 80k
AV Vo 19.04 = = = 3.96 Vs 1 + AV V 1 + ( 19.04 )( 0.2) = 1 1 = = 5 V 0. 2
(if 1 << AV V )AVf
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Voltage-Series Feedback
Feedback is a voltage Vf=Vo is in series with source voltage Vs (=> Series feedback) If RL is shorted, Vo=Vf=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
VCC RB RC
Ib hie VS RB Vi
hfe Ib
RC + R E Vf Vo
VS
+ -
+ Vi
- + R E Vf -
+ Vo -
Note that hfe= (of BJT) and hie=hfere
Ri = hie = hfe re R Rif = Ri (1 + AV V ) = hfe re 1 + E re = hfe re + hfe RE
AV = V = =
Vo 1
Vf
Vo (hfe Ib )RE RE = = Vi hfe re Ib re = 1 and AVf = 1 = AV Vo = Vs 1 + AV V
AV + V
AVf =
RE Vo = = 1 (if re << RE ) Vs (re + RE )
re RE + 1
Ro = hie Rof =
EE2603-12
hie hie Ro = = (1 + AG G ) 1 R 1 + ( RE ) 1 + E re re
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Example: What Feedback type is the given amplifier? Determine the Voltage gain = AVf , Input Impedance = Rif , Output Impedance = Rof of the given circuit. Take hfe=100, hie=1k, RC =RE=2k. ro =100k
VCC RB RC
VS
- + - R E Vf R Rif
- of
+ Vi
+ Vo -
RB//Rif
RE//Rof
Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Vo is shorted, Vf=0=no feedback. It is a Voltage-Series Feedback
hie = hfe re re = 1k = 10 100 (h I )R R 2000 V AV = o = fe b E = E = = 200 Vi hfe re Ib re 10 V = Vo Vf =1
Ri = hie = hfe re R Rif = Ri (1 + AV V ) = hfe re 1 + E = hfe re + hfe RE re = hie + hfe RE = 1k + 100 2k = 201k
Ro = hie Rof = hie hie Ro = = (1 + AG G ) 1 R 1 + ( RE ) 1 + E re re 1000 = = 4.98 2000 1 + 10
AVf =
AV Vo 200 = = = 0.995 Vs 1 + AV V 1 + 200 1
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Current-Series Feedback
Feedback is a voltage Vf=GIo is in series with source voltage Vs (=> Series feedback) If RL is short, Vf is still there (=> Current feedback)
VCC RB RC + Vo -
VS RB Ib Io hie hfe Ib Vi R E Vf
ro
RC
+ Vo -
VS
+ -
+ Vi
- + R E Vf -
Rof
Note that hfe= (of BJT) and hie=hfere
Ri = hie = hfe re 1 Rif = Ri (1 + AG G ) = hfe re 1 + ( RE ) re = hfe re + hfe RE
Ro = ro
AG = G = AGf
hfe Ib Io 1 = = (hfe re )Ib re Vi Vf Io = hfe IbRE hfe Ib = RE
1 Rof = ro (1 + AG G ) = ro 1 + ( RE ) e re RC V V I R 1 to find AVf = o = o o = RC = = ro 1 + E re Vs Io Vs re + RE re + RE EE2603-12
1 AG Io re 1 = = = = Vs 1 + AG G 1 + 1 ( RE ) re + RE r
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Example: What Feedback type is the given amplifier? Determine the Conductance gain = AGf , Voltage gain = Avf , Input Impedance = Rif , Output Impedance = Rof of the given circuit. Take hfe=100, hie=1k, RC =RE=2k. ro =100k
VCC RB RC + Vo -
VS
Risf
Vf is in series with source voltage Vs and if Vo is shorted, Vf feedback is still there It is a Current-Series Feedback
hie = hfe re re = 1k = 10 100 hfe Ib I 1 AG = o = = (hfe re )Ib re = 0.1 Vi G = Vf Io = hfe IbRE hfe Ib = RE = 2000
Ri = hie = hfe re 1 Rif = Ri (1 + AG G ) = hfe re 1 + ( RE ) re = hfe re + hfe RE = hie + hfe RE = 1k + 100 2k = 201k
Ro = ro = 100k 1 Rof = ro (1 + AG G ) = ro 1 + ( RE ) re R 2000 = ro 1 + E = 100k 1 + = 20M re 10 18
- + - R E Vf Rif
-
+ Vi
Rof
RC//Rof
AGf =
AVf =
AG Io 0.1 = = = 0.49 10 3 Vs 1 + AG G 1 + ( 0.1)( 2000)
RC 2000 = = 0.995 re + RE 2010
V V I 1 = o = o o = RC Vs Io Vs re + RE
EE2603-12
Voltage-Shunt Feedback
Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current Is (=> Shunt feedback) If Vo is shorted, If=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
If R0 R1 VS IS
Ii=0
If R 0 IS
+Vo
VS/R1
R1
Ii=0
+Vo
AVf =
R0 1 = R0 = R1 R1
Vo Is 1 = AVR Is Vi R1
AR = R =
Vo
If
Vo = Ii = 1 R0
ARf =
AR Vo 1 = = = R0 Is 1 + AR R R
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Voltage-Shunt Feedback (see assignment as an example)
Feedback is a current If=Vo is in parallel with source current Is (=> Shunt feedback) If Vo is shorted, If=0=no feedback (=> Voltage feedback)
VDD RF Rs VS + - If Ii + Vi -
Is VDD
VDD
RD Vo
Vs/Rs=Is=Ii Ii Rs
RF If=0 + Vi -
RD
Vo
RF Vs/Rs=Is Is Is Rs If Ii + Vi -
RD
Vo
Rof Rof//RD
Ri
Rif
I V 1 AR = o = gmRDRs and R = f = Ii Vo RF ARf = AR Vo = = Is 1 + AR R gmRDRs
V V no feedback If = 0, AV = o = o = gmRD Vi Rs Ii
Ri = =
Vi Rs = Rs Rif = (1 + AR R ) Ii Rs =
1 1 + ( gmRDRs ) R F
RF + (gmRDRs )
gmRDRs RF
1 RF + (gmRDRs ) 1 + ( gmRDRs ) R F rd Ro = rd Rof = (1 + AR R )
= rd 1 1 + ( gmRDRs ) R F = RF + (gmRDRs ) rdRF
Rs RF
to find AVf =
gmRDRsRF gmRDRF Vo Vo Is 1 = = = Vs Is Vs RF + (gmRDRs ) Rs RF + (gmRDRs ) EE2603-12
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