ASSIGNMENTS FOR INTERNAL EVALUATION (30 Marks) Understanding Employee Behaviour (Batch 3)

1. Against each of the criteria listed in the table below, write the considerations that could have impacted the way in which your branch is currently structured. Factors impacting the Organisational Structure Business strategy

How an organization is going to position itself in the market in terms of its product is considered its strategy. A company may decide to be always the first on the market with the newest and best product (differentiation strategy), or it may decide that it will produce a product already on the market more efficiently and more cost effectively (cost-leadership strategy). Each of these strategies requires a structure that helps the organization reach its objectives. In other words, the structure must fit the strategy.

Companies that want to be the first on the market with the newest and best product probably are organic, because organic structures permit organizations to respond quickly to changes. Companies that elect to produce the same products more efficiently and effectively will probably be mechanistic.

Organizational size

The larger an organization becomes, the more complicated its structure. When an organization is small such as a single retail store, a two-person consulting firm, or a restaurant its structure can be simple.

In reality, if the organization is very small, it may not even have a formal structure. Instead of following an organizational chart or specified job functions, individuals simply perform tasks based on their likes, dislikes, ability, and/or need. Rules and guidelines are not prevalent and may exist only to provide the parameters within which organizational members can make decisions. Small organizations are very often organic systems.

As an organization grows, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to manage without more formal work assignments and some delegation of authority. Therefore, large

organizations develop formal structures. Tasks are highly specialized and detailed rules and guidelines dictate work procedures. Interorganizational communication flows primarily from superior to subordinate, and hierarchical relationships serve as the foundation for authority, responsibility, and control. The type of structure that develops will be one that provides the organization with the ability to operate effectively. That's one reason larger organizations are often mechanisticmechanistic systems are usually designed to maximize specialization and improve efficiency.

Technology

Advances in technology are the most frequent cause of change in organizations since they generally result in greater efficiency and lower costs for the firm. Technology is the way tasks are accomplished using tools, equipment, techniques, and human know-how.

Environment

The environment is the world in which the organization operates, and includes conditions that influence the organization such as economic, social-cultural, legal-political,

technological, and natural environment conditions. Environments are often described as either stable or dynamic.

In a stable environment, the customers' desires are well understood and probably will remain consistent for a relatively long time. Examples of organizations that face relatively stable environments include manufacturers of staple items such as detergent, cleaning supplies, and paper products.

In a dynamic environment, the customers' desires are continuously changingthe opposite of a stable environment. This condition is often thought of as turbulent. In addition, the technology that a company uses while in this environment may need to be continuously improved and updated. An example of an industry functioning in a dynamic environment is electronics. Technology changes create competitive pressures for all electronics industries, because as technology changes, so do the desires of consumers.

In general, organizations that operate in stable external environments find mechanistic structures to be advantageous. This system provides a level of efficiency that enhances the long-term performances of organizations that enjoy relatively stable operating environments. In contrast, organizations that operate in volatile and frequently changing environments are more likely to find that an organic structure provides the greatest benefits. This structure allows the organization to respond to environment change more proactively.

Organization life cycle

Organizations, like humans, tend to progress through stages known as a life cycle. Like humans, most organizations go through the following four stages: birth, youth, midlife, and maturity. Each stage has characteristics that have implications for the structure of the firm.

Birth: In the birth state, a firm is just beginning. An organization in the birth stage does not yet have a formal structure. In a young organization, there is not much delegation of authority. The founder usually calls the shots.

Youth: In this phase, the organization is trying to grow. The emphasis in this stage is on becoming larger. The company shifts its attention from the wishes of the founder to the wishes of the customer. The organization becomes more organic in structure during

this phase. It is during this phase that the formal structure is designed, and some delegation of authority occurs.

Midlife: This phase occurs when the organization has achieved a high level of success. An organization in midlife is larger, with a more complex and increasingly formal structure. More levels appear in the chain of command, and the founder may have difficulty remaining in control. As the organization becomes older, it may also become more mechanistic in structure.

Maturity: Once a firm has reached the maturity phase, it tends to become less innovative, less interested in expanding, and more interested in maintaining itself in a stable, secure environment. The emphasis is on improving efficiency and profitability. However, in an attempt to improve efficiency and profitability, the firm often tends to become less innovative. Stale products result in sales declines and reduced profitability. Organizations in this stage are slowly dying. However, maturity is not an inevitable stage. Firms experiencing the decline of maturity may institute the changes necessary to revitalize.

Factors impacting the Organisational Structure Business strategy

In our branch we are following differentiation strategy along with organic structure. Our branch is situated in highly populated area with a footfall of around 400 people per days. So organisation size is larger Growth through creativity

Organization Size

Technology

Growth through delegation coordination, collaboration Our organisation is more innovative in technology because of technology (Finacle core banking solution) ICICI gained brand image Dynamic Environment(Customer needs will change time to time)

Environment

Any other factor that you think has impacted the branchs organisation structure

Our branch is in Midlife stage in organisational life cycle In order to stand in the success We trying to find new innovative products.

(10 marks)

2. For any 5 days in a week keep a log of the attributions related to yourself,

both situational and dispositional that you see yourself make at the workplace and fill the table below. Based on the information collected can you explain your behaviour do you attribute more of your behaviour to internal causes or external causes? Solution:
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do. A person seeking to understand why another person did something may attribute one or more causes to that behaviour. According to Heider a person can make two attributions 1) internal attribution, the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character or personality. 2) External attribution, the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in. Our attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. We will also make attributions to defend what we perceive as attacks. We will point to injustice in an unfair world. We will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. We will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing ourselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because we can see more of what is inside ourselves (and spend more time doing this). I am working in global trade service unit Hyderabad. Our job is processing documents scanned by branches all over day. Here I am explaining attribution related to self for 5 days

Sl. No .

Attributions related to Self

Situational (attribute my behaviour or performance to internal factors such as personality, skills, aptitude and attitude) Due to this Kolkata branch was able to retain valuable client. They have sent appreciation mail to our

Dispositional (attribute my behaviour or performance to external factors such as network connectivity, office equipment, work culture, peers and colleagues)

One day Kolkata branch has scanned the case for loan sanction. As that day was holiday for some

groups (where we would collect information.)We were not in a position to sanction the loan. That time I went extra mile to sanction the loan. I got approval from my seniors to get information from one more team and processed the case. Late week we had not processed the cases on time which cases branches to say no to their customers We has to process the case within allotted time if we are not processing on time it will affect the team rating. Due to urgency I have processed the transaction erroneously. We have to close our branch by 8 Pm. Due to high volume in cases we are not at all closing the branch within time. Our team leader has planned a project of multiple project scrutiny where selected members should learn other department products.

team. Success is mainly because of internal factor (attitude, skills and personality)

This failure is mainly because of technical issue. Our software was not working on that day. As I havent check the charges for the particular client properly I had debit extra charges from the client Failure is due to internal factor(Lack of knowledge) Fail to close the branch on time is mainly due to lack of coordination among the team members(External factor) It helped me to gain knowledge in all products and enhanced my level of knowledge .Success is mainly because of external factors(Team leader)

(5 marks) 3) Read the following explanation on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test given below, and then complete the personality test on the given link: [Link] Also answer the questions that follow, related to the test.

:Q1. Which is your most natural energy orientation?

Every person has two faces. One is directed towards the OUTER world of activities, excitements, people, and things. The other is directed inward to the INNER world of thoughts, interests, ideas, and imagination. Thus one of their faces, either the Extraverted (E) or Introverted (I), takes the lead in their personality development and plays a more dominant role in their behavior. Extraverted Characteristics Introverted Characteristics Act first, think/reflect later Feel deprived when cutoff from interaction with the outside world Usually open to and motivated by outside world of people and things Enjoy wide variety and change in people relationships Think/reflect first, then Act Regularly require an amount of "private time" to recharge batteries Motivated internally, mind is sometimes so active it is "closed" to outside world

Prefer one-to-one communication and relationships Q2. Which way of Perceiving or understanding is most "automatic" or natural? The Sensing (S) side of our brain notices the sights, sounds, smells and all the sensory details of the PRESENT. It categorizes, organizes, records and stores the specifics from the here and now and is REALITY based. The Intuitive (N) side of our brain seeks to understand, interpret and form OVERALL patterns of all the information that is collected and records these patterns and relationships. It speculates on POSSIBILITIES, including looking into and forecasting the FUTURE. It is imaginative and conceptual. While both kinds of perceiving are necessary and used by all people, each of us instinctively tends to favor one over the other. Sensing Characteristics Intuitive Characteristics Mentally live in the Now, attending to present opportunities Using common sense and creating practical solutions is automatic-instinctual Memory recall is rich in detail of facts and past events Best improvise from past experience Mentally live in the Future, attending to future possibilities Using imagination and creating/inventing new possibilities is automatic-instinctual Memory recall emphasizes patterns, contexts, and connections Best improvise from theoretical understanding

Like clear and concrete informa Comfortable with ambiguous, fuzzy tion; dislike guessing when facts data and with guessing its meanare "fuzzy" ing. Q3. Which way of forming Judgments and making choices is most natural? The Thinking (T) side of our brain analyzes information in a DETACHED, objective fashion. It operates from factual principles, deduces and forms conclusions systematically. It is our logical nature. The Feeling (F) side of our brain forms conclusions in an ATTACHED and somewhat global manner, based on likes/dislikes, impact on others, and human and aesthetic values. It is our subjective nature. Thinking Characteristics Feeling Characteristics

Instinctively search for facts and logic in a decision situation. Naturally notices tasks and work to be accomplished. Easily able to provide an objective and critical analysis. Accept conflict as a natural, normal part of relationships with people.

Instinctively employ personal feelings and impact on people in decision situations Naturally sensitive to people needs and reactions. Naturally seek consensus and popular opinions.

Unsettled by conflict; have almost a toxic reaction to disharmony. Q4. What is your "action orientation" towards the outside world? A Judging (J) style approaches the outside world WITH A PLAN and is oriented towards organizing one's surroundings, being prepared, making decisions and reaching closure and completion. A Perceiving (P) style takes the outside world AS IT COMES and is adopting and adapting, flexible, open-ended and receptive to new opportunities and changing game plans. Judging Characteristics Perceiving Characteristics Plan many of the details in advance before moving into action. Focus on task-related action; complete meaningful segments before moving on. Work best and avoid stress when able to keep ahead of deadlines Comfortable moving into action without a plan; plan on-the-go. Like to multitask, have variety, mix work and play. Naturally tolerant of time pressure; work best close to the deadlines.

Instinctively avoid commitments Naturally use targets, dates and which interfere with flexibility, freestandard routines to manage life. dom and variety (For further information you may refer to the source link: [Link]/type_inventory.html)

Present the result of your personality test. Based on the same, answer the following questions:

a) Which aspects of your personality do you think have helped you in your present job?
I am working in Global Trade Service unit. I do back office work. There is no interaction with customers. The following personality helped my present job.

Introverted Characteristics
In my work we have to think lot before acting For Example While Scrutinizing the documents we have to think a solution that best benefit the customer

Sensing Characteristics
Using common sense and creating practical solutions is automatic-instinctual While scrutinizing documents the customer will present documents in different format I have to use my common sense before raise any discrepancy Memory recall is rich in detail of facts and past events Sometimes branch will handle same set of documents repeatedly. If I process that document by mistake two times it will be a big problem. My memory richness will help me to avoid these errors.

Clear and concrete information is required in all kind of documents. So I have sensing characteristics it helped a lot. Sometimes error occurs means we have to find a solution from past experience. So I am able to solve the problem from my past experience. Thinking Characteristics Naturally notices tasks and work to be accomplished. Every morning I will conduct meeting with my team members and explain tasks to be accomplished Easily able to provide an objective and critical analysis. If some mistake happens in my team I am easily able to analysis the mistake and find the root cause Accept conflict as a natural, normal part of relationships with people. Some due to more volume and pressure conflict arises among team members I able to handle it effectively. Judging Characteristics Plan many of the details in advance before moving into action. We have to process the cases within 4 hours where we have continuous chain procedure is involved .So proper planning is important. I able to plan in advance before starting the work. Work best and avoid stress when able to keep ahead of deadlines Naturally use targets, dates and standard routines to manage life. In order to meet the deadline I will give target to myself.

b) Which aspects of your personality do you think have hindered your performance in your present job? How do you propose to overcome these barriers to your performance? Extraverted Characteristics
Usually open to and motivated by outside world of people and things Enjoy wide variety and change in people relationships

Intuitive Characteristics
Mentally live in the Future, attending to future possibilities Using imagination and creating/inventing new possibilities is automatic-instinctual

Memory recall emphasizes patterns, contexts, and connections Best improvise from theoretical understanding

Feeling Characteristics
Instinctively employ personal feelings and impact on people in decision situations

Perceiving Characteristics
Like to multitask, have variety, mix work and play. Naturally tolerant of time pressure; work best close to the deadlines. Instinctively avoid commitments which interfere with flexibility, freedom and variety

In order to overcome above said barriers and improve my performance. I have to follow the following things

Envision the type of extrovert youd like to be

When I formed a positive vision of being an extrovert that included building genuine relationships with intelligent people I respect (as opposed to random, shallow socializing), I soon began attracting those relationships. Being a dumb jock kind of extrovert still has no appeal to me. Think of relationships in terms of what you can give, not in terms of what you can get Ive found that my geeky knowledge is actually a tremendous strength when it comes to socializing because there are an awful lot of non-geeks whod like to understand geeky stuff better, and I can explain it to them in ways theyll understand.

Develop your social skills consciously.

You can learn to become better at building rapport, introducing yourself, keeping a conversation going, asking someone out on a date, feeling socially comfortable instead of nervous, and so on. You dont need to be shallow and manipulative about it, but genuinely build these skills because it will greatly enhance your life. One approach I find extremely effective is to ask the other person how s/he got started in his/her current line of work. 80-90% of the time the person will say something like, Well, thats an interesting story. And I genuinely like hearing these stories.

Feed Your Strengths! Encourage your natural artistic abilities and creativity. Nourish
your spirituality. Give yourself opportunities to help the needy.

Face Your Weaknesses! Realize and accept that some traits are strengths and some
are weaknesses. Facing and dealing with your weaknesses doesn't mean that you have to change who you are, it means that you want to be the best You possible. By facing your weaknesses, you are honoring your true self, rather than attacking yourself.

Express Your Feelings. Don't let unexpressed emotions build up inside of you. If you
have strong feelings, sort them out and express them, Don't let them build up inside you to the point where they become unmanageable!

Listen to Everything. Try not to dismiss anything immediately. Let everything soak in
for awhile, then apply judgment.

Smile at Criticism. Remember that people will not always agree with you or understand you, even if they value you greatly. Try to see disagreement and criticism as an opportunity for growth. In fact, that is exactly what it is.

Be Aware of Others. Remember that there are 15 other personality types out there
who see things differently than you see them. Try to identify other people's types. Try to understand their perspectives.

Be Accountable for Yourself. Remember that YOU have more control over your life
than any other person has.

Assume the Best. Don't distress yourself by assuming the worst. Remember that a
positive attitude often creates positive situations. When in Doubt, Ask Questions! Don't assume that the lack of feedback is the same thing as negative feedback. If you need feedback and don't have any, ask for it.

C) Which type of personality will be suitable to handle the following functions in your branch? Explain with reasons. a. Customer service
ESFJ personality is suitable for customer service ESFJs generally have the following traits: Organized Loyal Can be depended on to follow things through to completion Enjoy creating order, structure and schedules Enjoy interacting with people Warm-hearted and sympathetic Tend to put others' needs above their own Very good at giving practical care Very cooperative, good team members Practical and down-to-earth Value peaceful living and security Enjoy variety, but work well with routine tasks Need approval from others Receive satisfaction from giving to others Live in the here and now - dislike theorizing about the future The ESFJ has two primary traits which will help define their best career direction: 1) they are extremely organized and enjoy creating order, and 2) much of their self-satisfaction is gotten through giving and helping others. Accordingly, they will do well at tasks which involve creating or maintaining order and structure, and they will be happiest when they are serving others.

Live Example Some people are so naturally gifted at customer service that even problem clients leave feeling better. Others -- though they work hard and mean well -- manage to alienate clients who are positively disposed to them. What's the difference? Is there anything you can do about it? Since the level of customer satisfaction is one of the most powerful predictors of your success or failure as a business, these are questions worth considering. As to what makes one person great at customer service and what makes dealing with customers a chore for others, the first place to look is at two personality dimensions: introvert vs. extrovert. Ted was an analyst at a Treasury Department. Two years into his job there, he was miserable, but he didn't know why exactly. He had gotten consistently high marks on his work creating detailed analyses of other companies' businesses, and he was pretty sure he would be promoted soon. When he got home at the end of the day, though, he was drained and bored. Over time, the situation got worse. When Ted created a personal strategic plan, several factors became clear to him. The most glaring, however, was that he was a strong extrovert. Ted, being a high-achieving young man, had felt that it was his job to sit in his cubicle all day working on numbers and narrative. The only problem with this is that he left work each day exhausted and irritated. When Ted put together the different pieces of his strategic plan, one of the first items in his strategic vision was that he should be working with people. Extroverts feel stress when they can't interact freely with others. Introverts feel stress when they have to interact with others all day long. Over the long haul, working against your personality can have a powerfully negative impact on your work and your life. So what happened with Ted? When he completed his strategic vision, he took it to his boss. They spent an hour going over all of the different factors that went into it. It was clear that although Ted was a high performer, he would not reach his full potential on his present career track. A few weeks later, a position as director of customer relations opened up in a Corporate mid office group. From what he knew of Ted's vision, Ted's boss knew that he would be perfect. It gave the bank a way to stay connected to the clients, and he could resolve the problem that had been troubling him -- how to promote someone who is doing a great job, but hates it. Ted interviewed for the position and won it. He talks to high net work customer all day long now. He even gives seminars on client relations, and is considered an expert. He couldn't be happier. Having the right person in the right job may be one of the most critical issues facing business today. Many, if not most, competitive factors in business are essentially leveled. What can make a huge impact on the bottom line is how effectively employees embrace their work and how effectively they win your clients.

b. Sales function

Sales department contributes majorly in any organizations growth; the goal is to Increase the number of interactions between potential customers and company using Promotional techniques such as advertising techniques, sales promotion, publicity and Public relations, creating new sales channels, or creating new products, among other Things. It deals with the interaction between the customer and sales facility and sales Person. In order to do this, the sales management would break down selling process and Then increase the effectiveness of the discrete processes as well as the interaction between different processes. It is suggested that by effectively bringing more customers and enticing them to contact, sales organization can improve their efficiency, profitability,allowing sales people to provide a higher level of customer service and satisfaction.

ESTP Personality Type is suitable for sales function.

ESTPs direct their energy towards the outer world of actions and spoken words. The solve problems, take action and actualize ideas and concepts - bringing them to fruition. They are therefore action oriented problem solvers, and often prefer to work with practical organizational issues. ESTPs have some advantageous traits that are unique to their personality type. Their skills of observation make them extremely good at correctly analyzing and assessing other peoples' motives or perspectives. Their people skills allow them to use this knowledge to their advantage while interacting with people. For this reason, ESTPs are excellent salespeople. They also have a special ability to react quickly and effectively to an immediate need, such as in an emergency or crisis situation. This is a valuable skill in many different professions, perhaps most notably in action-oriented professions, such as police work. ESTPs enjoy new experiences and dealing with people, and dislike being confined in structured or regimented environments. They also want to see an immediate result for their actions, and don't like dealing with a lot of high-level theory where that won't be the case. For these reasons, they should choose careers that involve a lot of interaction with people, and do not require performing a lot of routine, detailed tasks.

C) Operations function
INTJ is suitable for operation function. As an INTJ, your primary mode of living is focused internally, where you take things in primarily via your intuition. Your secondary mode is external, where you deal with things rationally and logically. INTJs live in the world of ideas and strategic planning. They value intelligence, knowledge, and competence, and typically have high standards in these regards, which they continuously strive to fulfill. To a somewhat lesser extent, they have similar expectations of others. With Introverted Intuition dominating their personality, INTJs focus their energy on observing the world, and generating ideas and possibilities. Their mind constantly gathers information and makes associations about it. They are tremendously insightful and usually are very

quick to understand new ideas. However, their primary interest is not understanding a concept, but rather applying that concept in a useful way. Unlike the INTP, they do not follow an idea as far as they possibly can, seeking only to understand it fully. INTJs are driven to come to conclusions about ideas. Their need for closure and organization usually requires that they take some action. INTJ's tremendous value and need for systems and organization, combined with their natural insightfulness, makes them excellent scientists. An INTJ scientist gives a gift to society by putting their ideas into a useful form for others to follow. It is not easy for the INTJ to express their internal images, insights, and abstractions. The internal form of the INTJ's thoughts and concepts is highly individualized, and is not readily translatable into a form that others will understand. However, the INTJ is driven to translate their ideas into a plan or system that is usually readily explainable, rather than to do a direct translation of their thoughts. They usually don't see the value of a direct transaction, and will also have difficulty expressing their ideas, which are non-linear. However, their extreme respect of knowledge and intelligence will motivate them to explain themselves to another person who they feel is deserving of the effort. INTJs are natural leaders, although they usually choose to remain in the background until they see a real need to take over the lead. When they are in leadership roles, they are quite effective, because they are able to objectively see the reality of a situation, and are adaptable enough to change things which aren't working well. They are the supreme strategists - always scanning available ideas and concepts and weighing them against their current strategy, to plan for every conceivable contingency. INTJs spend a lot of time inside their own minds, and may have little interest in the other people's thoughts or feelings. Unless their Feeling side is developed, they may have problems giving other people the level of intimacy that is needed. Unless their Sensing side is developed, they may have a tendency to ignore details which are necessary for implementing their ideas. The INTJ's interest in dealing with the world is to make decisions, express judgments, and put everything that they encounter into an understandable and rational system. Consequently, they are quick to express judgments. Often they have very evolved intuitions, and are convinced that they are right about things. Unless they complement their intuitive understanding with a well-developed ability to express their insights, they may find themselves frequently misunderstood. In these cases, INTJs tend to blame misunderstandings on the limitations of the other party, rather than on their own difficulty in expressing themselves. This tendency may cause the INTJ to dismiss others input too quickly, and to become generally arrogant and elitist. Jungian functional preference ordering: Dominant: Introverted Intuition Auxiliary: Extraverted Thinking Tertiary: Introverted Feeling Inferior: Extraverted Sensing

D) Audit function
ISTJ is suitable for auditor job. ISTJs are the serious, responsible, and sensible stalwarts of society. They are trustworthy and honour their commitments. Their word is their solemn vow. Practical and realistic, ISTJs are matter-of-fact and thorough. They are painstakingly accurate and methodical, with great powers of concentration. Whatever they are doing they accomplish with orderliness and reliability. They have unshakable, well-thought-out ideas and are difficult to distract or discourage once they have embarked on what they believe to be the best course of action. Characteristically quiet and hardworking, ISTJs have great practical judgement and memory for details. They can cite accurate evidence to support their views and apply their past experiences to their present decisions. They value and use logic and impersonal analysis, are organizes and systematic in their approach to following things through and getting them done on time. They follow necessary systems and procedures and are impatient with those who do not. ISTJs are cautious and traditional. They listen well and like things to be factual and clearly states. They are said to Say what you mean and mean what you say. Private by nature, ISTJs appear calm even during times of crisis. They are duty bound and steadfast but beneath their calm faade, they may have strong yet rarely expressed reactions.

E) Cash management function

For cash management function we need a person whom we can trust.
ISTP is suitable for case management function ISTPs direct their energy toward the inner world of thoughts (and, maybe, emotions). They analyze situations and come up with explanations of how things work. They prefer dealing with tangible problems and proven experience - they often enjoy solving organizational problems that need to be thought through. People with ISTP personality types are intensely analytical. This is due, in part, to their natural attraction to learning how the world around them works. They can disassemble problems and puzzles, reconstructing them in their mind to produce practical solutions. Their penchant for logic and understanding blends seamlessly with an intuitive capacity for reasoning. ISTPs are especially effective when working alone. They are better able to process data, review circumstances, and form pragmatic solutions when they're working independently. What makes an ISTP tick? The Dominant function is the judging one of Thinking. Characteristics associated with this function include: Likes making decisions on the basis of logic, using objective considerations

Is concerned with truth, principles and justice Is analytical and critical, tending to see the flaws in situations Takes an objective approach

(15 marks)