Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
This worked example on the calculation of alpha-cr demonstrates for a simple structure how the checks are performed. It shows whether second order effects have to be taken into account or may be neglected for the structural analysis.
IPE 400 HEB 200 HEB 200 IPE 400 3,50 3,50 HEB 200
IPE 400 HEB 200 HEB 200
IPE 400 HEB 200
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6,00
6,00
3,00
3,00
[m]
Layout a) Rigid column bases Layout b) Pinned column bases
Basic data
Check whether second order effects have to be taken into account or not.
Span length : Bay width : Slab depth : Partitions : Imposed load : Concrete density : Steel grade :
6,00 m 3,00 m 12 cm 1,50 kN/m2 5,00 kN/m2 (office building) 24 kN/m3 S235
Weight of the slab : 0,12 24 kN/m3 = 2,88 kN/m2
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
tf z
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Beams IPE 400 Steel grade S235 Depth Width Web thickness Flange thickness Fillet Mass Section area
h = 400 mm b = 180 mm tw = 8,6 mm tf = 13,5 mm r = 21 mm
Euronorm 19-57
tw
y h
66,3 kg/m
A = 84,46 cm2
z b
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 23130 cm4 Columns HE 200 B Steel grade S235
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Euronorm 53-62
Depth Width Web thickness Flange thickness Fillet Mass Section area
h = 200 mm b = 200 mm tw = 9,0 mm tf = 15,0 mm r = 18 mm
61,3 kg/m
A = 78,08 cm2
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 5696 cm4 Self weight of the beam : (66,3 9,81) 10-3 = 0,650 kN/m Permanent load :
G = 0,650 + (2,88 + 1,5) 3,00
3,50 w
1
= 13,79 kN/m Variable load (Imposed load) :
Q = 5,0 3,0 = 15,0 kN/m w1 = 2,03 kN/m w2 = 0,76 kN/m
6,00 6,00 w
2
3,50
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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ULS Combination (simple):
G G + Q Q = 1,35 13,79 + 1,50 15,0 = 38,9 kN/m
w1 = 1,35 2,03 = 2,75 kN/m w2 = 1,35 0,76 = 1,01 kN/m Yield strength
EN 1990 6.4.3.2 (6.10)
EN 1993-1-1 Table 3.1
2
Steel grade S235 The maximum thickness is 15,0 mm < 40 mm, so : fy = 235 N/mm
Note :
The National Annex may impose either the values of fy from the Table 3.1 or the values from the product standard. EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2
Global initial imperfections:
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= 0 m h
Where: 0
is the basic value: 0 = 1/200 is the reduction factor for height h applicable to columns:
h =
h
2 h
but
2 h 1, 0 3
is the height of the structure in meters is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:
m = 0,5 1 +
m
1 m
is the number of columns in a row including only those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not less than 50% of the average value of the column in the vertical plane considered
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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Average compression force for the column:
-98,6 -267,4 -100,7
1 N average = 38,9 12 2 = 311, 2 kN 3
N Ed > 0 , 5 N average = 155 , 6 kN
-198,8
-525,9
-208,9 [kN]
from computer calculation due to the internal force distribution (cp. computer calculation) three columns should be considered (m = 3)
m = 0,5 (1 +
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1 1 ) = 0,5 (1 + ) = 0,816 m 3
2 7
h = 7,00 m
h = =
2 h
= 0 , 756
1 1 0 , 756 0,816 = 200 324
Equivalent horizontal loads
H 1,d = H 2,d = g l = 1 38,9 12 = 1, 44 kN 324
Effects of deformed geometry of the structure Calculation of cr
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (3)
First order analysis may be used for the structure, if the increase of the relevant internal forces or moments or any other change of structural behaviour caused by deformations can be neglected. This condition may be assumed to be fulfilled, if the following criterion is satisfied:
cr = cr =
Fcr 10 (for elastic analysis) FEd Fcr 15 (for plastic analysis) FEd
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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where:
cr
Fcr
is the factor by which the design loading would have to be increased to cause elastic instability in a global mode is the elastic critical buckling load for global instability based on initial elastic stiffnesses is the design loading on the structure EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (4)B
mode
FEd
Alternative calculation of cr
Beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway mode failure with first order analysis if the criterion cr 10 (resp. cr 15) is satisfied for each storey. In these structures cr may be calculated using the following approximate formula, provided that the axial compression in the beams or rafters is not significant:
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cr = Ed V Ed
where: H Ed loads
V Ed
h H,Ed
is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey to the horizontal loads and fictitious horizontal is the total design vertical load on the structure on the of the storey is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey, to the bottom of the storey, when the frame is loaded horizontal loads (e.g. wind) and fictitious horizontal which are applied at each floor level is the storey height
bottom relative with loads
H,Ed
H,Ed
VEd h
HEd
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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a) Rigid column bases Calculation of cr
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (3)
The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to
38,9
cr =
Fcr = 27, 06 > 10 FEd
second order effects may be neglected
1,44 3,50 38,9 1,44 3,50 6,00 6,00
Alternative calculation of cr
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Deformed structure
1
1 = 0,69 mm 2 = 0,31 mm cr,1 = cr ,2 =
h = 3,50m
VEd = 466,8 kN HEd = 1,44 kN
1, 44 3500 = 28, 41 > 10 466,8 0, 69 0,31 1, 44 2 3500 = 34,83 > 10 466,8 2 0,31
second order effects may be neglected
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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b) pinned column bases Calculation of cr
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (3)
The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to
cr =
38,9
second order effects have to be taken into account
1,44 3,50 6,00 6,00
Alternative calculation of cr
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3,50
Fcr = 6, 79 < 10 FEd
38,9 1,44
Deformed structure
1
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 (4)B
1 = 1,79 mm 2 = 1,34 mm cr,1 = cr,2 =
h = 3,50 m
VEd = 466,8 kN HEd = 1,44 kN
1, 44 3500 = 23,99 > 10 466,8 1, 79 1,34 1, 44 2 3500 = 8, 06 < 10 466,8 2 1,34
second order effects have to be taken into account
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
CALCULATION SHEET
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr EN 1993-1-1 Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
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For multi-storey frames second order sway effects may be calculated by increasing the horizontal loads HEd (e.g. wind) and equivalent loads VEd due to imperfections according to first order theory by the factor:
EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2 (6)B
1 1
provided that: - cr > 3,0 - all storeys have a similar distribution of vertical loads horizontal loads frame stiffness with respect to the applied storey shear forces
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cr
here:
1 1 1
1 1 1 6, 79
= 1,172
cr
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
Example: Calculation of alpha-cr SX006a-EN-EU.doc
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
Company RWTH RWTH
Date 15/06/05 15/06/05
Matthias Oppe Christian Mller
G W Owens A Bureau A Olsson C Muller J Chica G W Owens
SCI CTICM SBI RWTH Labein SCI
7/7/05 17/8/05 8/8/05 10/8/05 12/8/05 21/05/06
4. Germany 5. Spain Resource approved by Technical Coordinator TRANSLATED DOCUMENT This Translation made and checked by: Translated resource approved by:
