Water Injection Facilities

Typical Changes in Production Rates During the life time of a 100,000 bopd oil field

PRODUCED WATER TREATING SYSTEM

Particle size 50 150 m Particle size 10 20 m

Bulk Oil Removal

Produced Water from: FWKO Treaters Test Equipment Etc.

Large Oil droplet removal

Small Oil droplet removal

Primary Treatment

Secondary Treatment

Disposal

Equipment Types

Equipment Types

Equipment Types

Skim Tank Skim Vessel CPI Cross Flow SP Pack HydroCyclone

CPI Cross Flow Flotation SP Pack HydroCyclone

Disposal Pile Skim Pile SP Pile Reinjection Disposal Wells

Plate Coalescers
Parallel Plate Interceptors ( PPI) Corrugated Plate Interceptors (CPI) Cross Flow Separators Metoda diatas bekerja berdasarkan konsep pemisahan secara gravitasi, dimana butir butir minyak bergerak keatas sampai menyentuh plate bagian atas. Minyak yang menempel pada plate kemudian mengalami proses coalescence dan bergerak sepanjang plate dan terpisahkan dengan fasa air.

Plate

B OIL A

Oil Droplet

Plate

Water

Corrugated Plate Interceptor ( CPI )

How to Clean Produced Water

Gas
Oil + Emulsion Oil + Water

FWKO 1
Well Oily Water

Skimmer

Flotation Oil + Emulsion

3 2
Oily Water Clean Water

Mechanical IGF
Gas

Induced Gas Flotation

How to Clean Produced Water

Gas
Oil + Emulsion Oil + Water

FWKO 1
Well Oily Water

Skimmer

Flotation Oil + Emulsion

3 2
Oily Water Clean Water

Filter

Hydrocyclone

Gas

Water Injection System

OiLStorage Tank

Crude Oil

Sale Point

Gun Barrel Wells

FWKO
GAS FLOTATION

Surge Tank

O2 , CO2 , H2S
Deaeration
Water Tank

PUMP

Solid Filter
Hydrocyclone

CPI

Min 25% of the water volume to be injected

To Injection Wells

Vacuum Deaerator
Cold water can be deareated by reducing pressure until the water boils. Vacuum deareation is often used where a maximum axygen content of 0.3 ml/liter is permissible. Removal of Oxygen, CO2 dan H2S dapat meningkatkan PH, yang selanjutnya dapat mempermudah terjadinya carbonate scale formation.

Boiling Point of Water at Reduced Pressure

Temperature (F) 40
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 212

Pressure (psig) 0.123

0.256 0.507 0.950 1.690 2.890 4.740 7.510 11.530 14.700

Oil Gas Field Surface Facilities System

Prinsip prinsip Gas Flotation

OIL DROPLET OIL

vR

dm

h
GAS Water Water

tR

w 2 1.786 x 10- 6 ( o - w ) dm
h

Dissolved Gas Flotation Cell

SKIMMER

Clean Water

Oily Water

Oily Froth

Full Stream Pressurization

Gas

Flotation Cell

GAS

Oily Water

Split - Stream Pressurization

Gas

GAS
Oily Water

Flotation Cell

Induced Gas Flotation

( IGF )

Modern IGF

Gas Flotation Unit

Mechanical IGF

Mechanical IGF

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION

Autostable Floating Skimmer with Gas Seal

OIL OUTLET DESIGN

OIL

SCHEMATIC OF A HYDROCYCLONE FOR WATER OIL SEPARATION

Over Flow (Oil)

Liquid Inlet

Ls

Dc > Du > Do

Oil
Du Lu (Clean Water)

Under Flow

WASTE DISPOSAL BY INJECTION IN UNDERGROUND FORMATION

For many years, the petroleum industry has disposed of oilfield brines by injection into underground formation. A formation suitable for the injection of waste water obviously must be available. The formation selected should not allow the waste water to migrate to a fresh water stratum, thereby polluting the water in that stratum. Generally, if the selected formation contains salt water, it is reasonable to expect no future pollution of any fresh water stratum.

The primary purpose of treating injection water, both waste water and water used in secondary recovery, is to prevent plugging of the disposal wells.

Water Quality

The principal factors which define the water quality are:

(i) solids - dissolved or suspended (ii) dispersed oil

(iii) dissolved gasses

(iv) bacteria

The Common Sources of Water for A water Flood

1. Produced water 2. Brine or fresh water from other subsurface zones (supply wells) 3. Surface water from oceans, lakes, ponds, streams or rivers 4. Alluvial water wells which draw water from shallow aquifers which are connected to a surface water body.

Primary Constituents and Properties

Cations
Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Iron (Fe) Barium (Ba) Strontium (Sr)

Anions
Chloride (Cl) Carbonate (CO3) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Sulfate (SO4 )

Properties
pH, Suspended Solid (amount, size, shape, chemical composition) Turbidity, Temperature, SG, Dissolved oxygen, Dissolved CO2, Sulfide as H2S, Bacterial Population, Oil Content

The above constituents and properties are important from the standpoint of plugging or corrosion.

Common Water Analysis Determination for Injection Water

Alkalinity Calcium Carbonate Chloride Hydrogen Ion (pH) Iron Magnesium Silica Specific Gravity Specific Resistivity Sulfate Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Suspended Solids

Commonly Handling Problems in Water Flooding

Issue
Suspended solids
Suspended oil Dissolved Gases {O2 / CO2 / H2 S}

Effect
Plugging of Injection formation
Plugging of Injection formation / (particularly in presence of solids)

Treatment
Filtration
Hydrocyclones / Flotation / Filtration

Corrosion of well and facilities. Degasification Plugging of formation by corrosion Corrosion inhibitor products Injection

Formation of Solids {CaCO3 / Ba SO4 / CaSO4 / FeS}

Bacteria {Aerobic / Anaerobic (sulphate reducing)} Water incompatible with formation

Equipment and formation plugging Scale inhibitor by scale Injection

Formation plugging by bacterial residues or corrosion products Loss of permeability of injection formation Biocides

- Pre-treat formation (clay stabilizers) - Alter injection water chemistry

De-Oxygenation The presence of Oxygen in concentrations greater than 5 x 10-3 g/m3 (5 ppb) in water flood operations can cause severe corrosion and plugging of the formation by corrosion products.

Gas Stripping (Left) & Vacuum Deaerator to Deoxygenate Water

Gas Stripping
Removal of oxygen by gas stripping is based on lowering of the solubility of oxygen in water by reducing the oxygen partial vapour pressure. Henrys Law states that gass solubility is proportional to the vapour pressure of the gas over water. Oxygen from the water may be stripped by passing a (low oxygen content) stripping gas through the water in co-current or counter-current flow.

Vacuum De-aeration
The principle of vacuum de-aeration is to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen by boiling the water. At a temperature of 15C, water boils at a pressure of about 0.017 atm and the residual water oxygen content is reduced to 150 ppb.

Chemical Treatment With Oxygen Scavengers

Oxygen removal to the required 5 ppb level is rarely possible. Oxygen scavengers are used to achieve this very low value. Oxygen scavengers remove oxygen from water by chemical reaction. A large number of chemical compounds can be used for this purpose.

Water Injection System

Chlorination
Chlorination is a widely used, inexpensive, effective biocide. Chlorine hydrolyses to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid with water

By contrast, chemical incompatibility between injected sea water and formation water is the cause of the

deposition of sulfate mineral scales. This occurs

because sea water contains reasonable concentrations of Sulfate anions (up to 2,800 ppm) but is low in divalent cation {420 ppm Calcium (Ca++), trace Ba++ and Strontium (Sr++)}. By contrast, many formation waters contain significant concentrations of barium from tens of parts per million to thousands.

The solubility of Barium Sulfate (BaSO4 or Barite) is very

low, being only 4% of that of calcium carbonate. Barite is

precipitated by the reaction:

Ba++ + SO"4

Ba SO4

BaSO4 is one of the most insoluble of the scaling minerals. A similar problem is encountered with Strontium Sulfate (celestite or SrSO4) in some fields.

A less frequently encountered scale is Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4). This is due to the unusual solubility behaviour

of Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O), the most commonly

encountered form of calcium sulphate. Gypsum has a solubility maximum at 40C (i.e. it shows reduced solubility at both higher and lower temperatures). The issue is complicated by the fact that the equilibrium form

above 40C is Anhydrite (Ca SO4); which is even less

soluble. A further complication is that this transition temperature is itself dependent on the salinity.

Common Water Analysis Determination for Injection Water in Oil Field

Alkalinity Calcium Carbonate Chloride Hydrogen Ion (pH) Iron Magnesium Silica Specific Gravity Specific Resistivity Sulfate Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Suspended Solids

Common Water Analysis Determination for Potable Water

Alkalinity Calcium Carbonate Chloride Hydrogen Ion (pH) Iron Magnesium Silica Specific Gravity Specific Resistivity Sulfate Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Suspended Solids
Arsenic Bacteriologic Chromium Fluoride Lead

Manganese
Odor Oxygen Phenol Phosphate Selenium Turbidity Zinc

Suspended Solids
Solid concentration Particle Size Analysis Particle shapes Composition of Solids Turbidity

The main items to be considered in water source selection

Corrosion Scaling tendency Water compatibility Formation Sensitivity Water quality

Alkalinity and Acidity

For waters over pH 4.5, alkalinity may range to 1200 ppm, but it is generally less than 500. Acidity may range from zero to several

hundred ppm in mine waters.

Hardness
Hardness has usually been referred to as the soap consuming power of water. Most of this effect with soap is caused by magnesium and calcium in the water, but other alkaline earths give the same effect.
Calcium and magnesium hardness represent values calculated from the concentrations of these two ions.

Turbidity
Turbidity simply means that the water is not " clear " and that it contains undissolved matter such as suspended solids, dispersed oil or gas bubbles. It is a measure of the degree of "cloudiness" of the water. Turbidity indicates the possibility of formation plugging. Turbidity measurements are often used to monitor fiIter performance.

Temperature
The temperature of the water affects the scaling tendency, the pH and the solubility of gases in water. The specific gravity of water is also a function of temperature.

Chemical Composition of Suspended Solids Determination of the composition of suspended solids is extremely important. It makes it possible to ascertain their origin (corrosion products, scale particles formation sand, etc.) so that proper remedial action can be taken. Known edge of their chemical composition is also important from the standpoint of designing a cleanout procedure should plugging occur.

Specific Gravity of Water

The magnitude of the specific gravity is a direct indicator of the total amount of solids dissolved in the water.

Waterflood Inspection and system Analysis

Dissolved Iron (mg/l)

Waterflood Inspection and system Analysis

Turbidity ( JTU )

Waterflood Inspection and system Analysis

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

Waterflood Inspection and System Analysis

No
1 Iron

Item

Record
Increase decrease corrosion deposition

Indication

2 3 4

Calcium Bicarbonate Carbonate

decrease decrease decrease

Possibly scale formation Deposition unless the PH is being changed Deposition unless the PH is being changed

5 6
7

Sulfate Temperature
H2S

decrease

Deposition as Ca SO4 and or Ba SO4 Change in temperature affect scale formation

increase decrease

Sulfate reducing bacteria The presence of oxidizing agent in the system (air) Corrosion, scale formation, bacterial activity. deposition

Suspended Solid

increase decrease

No
9

Item
Turbidity

Record
Increase decrease

Indication
Increase plugging solid deposition

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Water quality Corrosion rate Oxygen Oil carryover Filter Operation Bacteria Count Visual inspection closed Increase indicate a oxygen entry Measurement Should be taken along the system Check all separation system Check upstream and downstream point Check all the time Very important , most reliable method

Water Analysis Results

Schematic of Coreflood Apparatus

Pressure Gauge Valve 2

Pressure Gauge Valve 1

OIL
Core Holder Measuring Cylinder Constant Rate Pump

Transfer Vessel

Sea Water Source for Water Injection

Water Quality Plot

100
Flow Rate (ml/sec)

Excellent

10 SLOPE

Poorest 1 10 20 30 40 Liquid Volume Injected

The wells can be plugged by :

Entrained solid, Oil and bottom settlings, Sulfur, Bacteria, Precipitation of salts after treatment.

While a few parts per million of plugging material do not appear to be very great amount, the large volume of water injected in some wells can accumulate these few parts per million into a considerable mass of material which can plug a well. When the water is disposed of by injection into a sand formation, the sand face acts as a filter.

Example: If 10,000 barrels of water containing 5 ppm ( parts per million ) of a plugging material are injected daily, 17.4 pounds of solids will collect each day on the surface of the sand, resulting in over 500 pounds per month and probable plugging of the

well. Well plugging is not caused by only solids

volume, but also due to particle size of the solids.

Injection Rate Decline due to impairment by one of Four Mechanisms

Well bore narrowing Invasion Perforation Plugging Well bore fill-up

An Injection System for water disposal

Gathering system of water waste, Collection center, Water treatment facilities, Injection well

Evaluating Suitability of Subsurface Disposal Project

Geology
1. The areal extent 2. Thickness 3. Lithological character,

Water Composition

Whenever possible, water samples representing all aquifers penetrated should be collected and analyzed. Samples of the disposal brine should also be analyzed. Compatibility tests should be made with waters that are to be mixed in the operation.

Well and Reservoir Data

A study of the performance records of existing production and disposal wells is helpful in predicting future requirements for disposal system. The disposal reservoir and its ability to handle waste water is vital to the success of the project.

Porosity

Porosity is used to determine the storage capacity of the reservoir. It is designated as absolute and effective porosity.
Absolute porosity is the percentage of pore volume in the rock, without regard for interconnection of pore spaces. Rock of high porosity may have low permeability, because there is no connection between pores.

Permeability The ability of reservoir rock to let fluid flow through its interconnected pore volume or its fluid conductivity is termed its permeability (K).

Injection Rate Darcy equation can be used to calculate the rate of brine or waste disposal into a subsurface formation containing fluid.

Components of a Subsurface Brine Disposal System

Gathering System for Waste Injection Water, Collection Center, Water Treatment Plant, Injection well, Pumps

Collection Center
A collection center is a tank or lined pond used to collect waste water from various heater treaters and separators in the field. From here, the water is pumped or gravity flowed to the treating plant.

Injection water containing oil will generally plug the injection formation. Since waste water from heater treater contains a small amount of oil which was not removed, or oil accumulated from leaks, it may be necessary to remove this oil before water is injected.

The collection center may also serve as an oil brine separator. The incoming water passes through a baffle system system which separates the oil by gravity, then a skimmer removes it.

Water Treatment Plant

There are two general type of disposal system: the open and the closed type.
Since surface Temperature and Pressure are different from those in the reservoir, the chemical equilibrium of the water may be changed. Dissolved carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and other gas will probably escape from the water. The gases above certainly will be removed on aeration, and oxygen will be dissolved in the water. Slightly soluble carbonate will precipitate due to the loss of carbon dioxide. These solids are removed by coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration.

The dissolved oxygen may cause the water to be very corrosive. However, oxygen corrosion can be minimized by using a de-aerator to remove the oxygen or using corrosion resistant flow line and injection tubing.

Closed System
Designed to exclude oxygen (trouble maker). Contains very small amount of oxygen. Requires very little chemical treatment. More difficult to exclude oxygen from the system (not economical to remove oxygen)

Open System
No attempt is made to exclude oxygen from the system. Oxygen-saturated surface water is used as a source water. A water is intentionally aerated to remove H2S and or CO2. Open system makes internal coating, lining or plastic pipe a necessity is most system to control corrosion, economically.

SURFACE WATERS

OPEN SYSTEM
Source Solid removal Water Storage Injection Pump Wells

CLOSED SYSTEM
Source Solid removal Oxygen Removal Water Storage Injection Pump

Wells

Skimmer, Gas Flotation Unit, Filter, Membrane

Heater, Vacuum, Sulfite Ion, Hydrazine

SUBSURFACE WATERS
OPEN SYSTEM Source Solid removal AERATION CLOSED SYSTEM Source Storage Injection Pump

Wells

Solid removal

Oxygen Removal

Storage

Injection Pump

Wells

1.5 micron 10 micron

Typical Disposable Filter Cartridges

Skimmer Tank

Water outlet Oily Water

Oil Outlet

To Remove Oil from Water

Untuk memisahkan padatan yang halus dan butiran minyak yang sangat kecil dari air

Clean Water

4 Stages Gas Flotation Cell

Oil

Sea water
( 1 ) Saturated with oxygen - very corrosive ( 2 ) Contains suspended solids and marine organisms. Amount

varies with location and depth. Normally must be filtered.

( 3 ) Contains aerobic bacteria and sul fate reducing bacteria.
( 4 ) Fouling must be prevented in the intake system.

( 5 ) Calcium carbonate scale is likely to form in the injection

wells and heat exchange equipment.

Produced Water ( a ) Usually contains dissolved H2S and/or C02, Corrosivity varies. ( b ) May contain suspended solids. ( c ) 0il carryover is a frequent problem. ( d ) Sulfate reducing bacteria are often present. ( e ) Scale formation is possible.

Subsurface Source Water

(a ) May or may not be corrosive, depending on composition. 0xygen Leakage into source well annulus i s a frequent problem. ( b ) May be scale forming. Normally scaling water would not be used unless absolutely necessary. ( c ) If sufficiently fresh, formation sensitivity must be considered. ( d ) Sulfate reducing bacteria can be a problem. ( e ) May contain suspended solids . Normally this is not a serious problem, and many source waters do not require filtration .

( f ) Watch for incompatibility with formation water. Possible scale problems

introducing wells after breakthrough.

Necessary to examine in detail the possibility of:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Corrosion Scale formation Water compatibility Formation sensitivity Removal of suspended solid Bacterial activity Oil carryover

Concerns in designing An Injection System

Possible water sources Open or close system Material selection, coating and lining Chemical addition, Possibility of dissolved gas removal Need for filtration Need for oil skimming tanks or flotation cells The use of split injection systems to avoid mixing incompatible waters Sampling points Monitoring devices