Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering

and Special Projects Section

CHAPTER 4. ESTIMATING WALL FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the wall fire flame height. Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User. Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Fuel Selected. All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s). The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.

INPUT PARAMETERS
Fuel Spill Volume (V) Fuel Spill Area or Dike Area (Adike) Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m") Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (DHc,eff) Empirical Constant (kb) 2.00 9.00 0.039 46000 0.7
gallons ft2 kg/m2-sec kJ/kg m-1

Calculate
THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR
BURNING RATE DATA FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS Fuel Methanol Ethanol Butane Benzene Hexane Heptane Xylene Acetone Dioxane Diethy Ether Benzene Gasoline Kerosene Diesel JP-4 JP-5 Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon 561 Silicon Transformer Fluid Fuel Oil, Heavy Crude Oil Lube Oil User Specified Value Heat Release Rate Calculation
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-25.

Mass Burning Rate m" (kg/m2-sec) 0.017 0.015 0.078 0.085 0.074 0.101 0.09 0.041 0.018 0.085 0.048 0.055 0.039 0.045 0.051 0.054 0.039 0.005 0.035 0.034 0.039 Enter Value

Heat of Combustion DHc,eff (kJ/kg) 20,000 26,800 45,700 40,100 44,700 44,600 40,800 25,800 26,200 34,200 44,700 43,700 43,200 44,400 43,500 43,000 46,000 28,100 39,700 42,600 46,000 Enter Value

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, Page 3-26.

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Q = m"DHc,eff (1 - e-kb D) Adike Where Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW) m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m 2-sec) DHc,eff = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) Af = Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2) kb = empirical constant (m -1) D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m) (Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil require localized heating to achieve ignition) Pool Fire Diameter Calculation Adike = pD2/4 D = (4Adike/p) Where D= Adike = surface area of pool fire (m 2) D = pool fire diamter (m) 1.032 m

Heat Release Rate Calculation Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e-kb D) Adike Q= 771.52 kW 731.26 Btu/sec Heat Release Rate Per Unit Length of Fire Calculation Q' = Q/L Where Q' = heat release rate per unit length (kW/m) Q = fire heat release rate of the fire (kW) L = length of the fire source (m) Fire Source Length Calculation L x W = Adike 2 Lx W = 0.836 m L= Q' = Q/L Q' = 0.914 m

843.75 kW/m

ESTIMATING WALL FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

Reference: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19 th Edition, 2003, Page 3-134.

Hf(wall) = 0.034 Q'2/3 Hf(wall) = wall fire flame height (m) Q' = rate of heat release per unit length of the fire (kW/m) Hf(wall) = 0.034 Q'2/3 Where Hf(wall) = 3.04 m 9.96 ft

Answer

NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002, and NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th Edition, 2003. Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

should only be interpreted by an informed user. Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation, there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations. Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet, please send an email to nxi@[Link] or mxs3@[Link].

Prepared by: Checked by: Additional Information

Date Date

Organization Organization

Revision Log Description of Revision 1805.0 Original issue with final text.

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

ENU for the Fuel Selected. ecified in the input ntry in a cell(s).

3 0.0076 m 2 0.836 m

Empirical Constant kb (m-1) 100 100 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.9 5.4 0.7 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.1 3.6 1.6 0.7 100 1.7 2.8 0.7 Enter Value

Select Fuel Type

Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon

Scroll to desired fuel type then Click on selection

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

ircular pool is assumed) (m) lash point, like transformer to achieve ignition)

Answer

Handbook of Fire dbook, 19th Edition, 2003. ons. The results of s for a given situation, and

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

esults of hand calculation,

ror(s) in the spreadsheet,

Date January 2004

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

CHAPTER 4. ESTIMATING CORNER FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the corner fire flame height. Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User. Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Fuel Selected. All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s). The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.

INPUT PARAMETERS
Fuel Spill Volume (V) Fuel Spill Area or Dike Area (Adike) Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m") Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (DHc,eff) Empirical Constant (kb) 1.50 10.00 0.045 44400 2.1
gallons ft2 kg/m2-sec kJ/kg m-1

Calculate
THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR
BURNING RATE DATA FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS Mass Burning Rate Heat of Combustion Fuel Methanol Ethanol Butane Benzene Hexane Heptane Xylene Acetone Dioxane Diethy Ether Benzene Gasoline Kerosene Diesel JP-4 JP-5 Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon 561 Silicon Transformer Fluid Fuel Oil, Heavy Crude Oil Lube Oil User Specified Value Heat Release Rate Calculation
Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-25.

m" (kg/m2-sec) 0.017 0.015 0.078 0.085 0.074 0.101 0.09 0.041 0.018 0.085 0.048 0.055 0.039 0.045 0.051 0.054 0.039 0.005 0.035 0.034 0.039 Enter Value

DHc,eff (kJ/kg) 20,000 26,800 45,700 40,100 44,700 44,600 40,800 25,800 26,200 34,200 44,700 43,700 43,200 44,400 43,500 43,000 46,000 28,100 39,700 42,600 46,000 Enter Value

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, Page 3-26.

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Q = m"DHc,eff (1 - e-kb D) Af Where Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW) m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m 2-sec) DHc,eff = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) Af = Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2) kb = empirical constant (m -1) D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m) (Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil require localized heating to achieve ignition) Pool Fire Diameter Calculation Adike = pD2/4 D = (4Adike/p) Adike = surface area of pool fire (m 2) D = pool fire diamter (m) D= 1.088 m Heat Release Rate Calculation Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e-kb D) Adike Q= 1667.09 kW 1580.10 Btu/sec Where

ESTIMATING CORNER FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

Reference: Hesemi and Tokunaga, "Modeling of Turbulent Diffusion Flames and Fire Plumes for the Analysis of Fire Growth," Growth," Proceeding of the 21 th National Heat Transfer Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1983.

Hf(corner) = 0.075 Q3/5 Where Q = heat release rate of the fire (kW) Hf(corner) = 0.075 Q3/5 Hf(corner) = 6.43 m 21.10 ft

Answer

NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002 and Hesemi and Tokunage, 1983. Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and should only be interpreted by an informed user. Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation, there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations. Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet, please send an email to nxi@[Link] or mxs3@[Link].

10

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Prepared by: Checked by: Additional Information

Date Date

Organization Organization

Revision Log Description of Revision 1805.0 Original issue with final text.

11

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

MENU for the Fuel Selected. specified in the input entry in a cell(s).

3 0.0057 m 2 0.929 m

Empirical Constant kb (m-1) 100 100 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.9 5.4 0.7 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.1 3.6 1.6 0.7 100 1.7 2.8 0.7 Enter Value

Select Fuel Type

Diesel

Scroll to desired fuel type then Click on selection

12

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

circular pool is assumed) (m) lash point, like transformer to achieve ignition)

lumes for the Analysis of Fire Growth,"

of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1983.

Answer

Handbook of Fire

ations. The results of es for a given situation,

e results of hand calculation,

error(s) in the spreadsheet,

13

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Date January 2005

14

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

CHAPTER 4. ESTIMATING LINE FIRE FLAME HEIGHT AGAINST THE WALL

Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the line fire flame height against the wall. Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User. Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Fuel Selected. All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet and based on values specified in the input parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s). The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.

INPUT PARAMETERS
Fuel Spill Volume (V) Fuel Spill Area or Dike Area (Adike) Mass Burning Rate of Fuel (m") Effective Heat of Combustion of Fuel (DHc,eff) Empirical Constant (kb) 15.00 30.00 0.045 44400 2.1
gallons ft2 kg/m -sec kJ/kg m-1
2

0.0568 2.787

Calculate
THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR
BURNING RATE DATA FOR LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS Fuel Methanol Ethanol Butane Benzene Hexane Heptane Xylene Acetone Dioxane Diethy Ether Benzene Gasoline Kerosene Diesel JP-4 JP-5 Transformer Oil, Hydrocarbon 561 Silicon Transformer Fluid Fuel Oil, Heavy Crude Oil Lube Oil User Specified Value Heat Release Rate Calculation Mass Burning Rate m" (kg/m2-sec) 0.017 0.015 0.078 0.085 0.074 0.101 0.09 0.041 0.018 0.085 0.048 0.055 0.039 0.045 0.051 0.054 0.039 0.005 0.035 0.034 0.039 Enter Value Heat of Combustion DHc,eff (kJ/kg) 20,000 26,800 45,700 40,100 44,700 44,600 40,800 25,800 26,200 34,200 44,700 43,700 43,200 44,400 43,500 43,000 46,000 28,100 39,700 42,600 46,000 Enter Value Empirical Constant kb (m-1) 100 100 2.7 2.7 1.9 1.1 1.4 1.9 5.4 0.7 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.1 3.6 1.6 0.7 100 1.7 2.8 0.7 Enter Value

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, Page 3-26.

15

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Reference: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3 rd Edition, 2002, Page 3-25.

Q = m"DHc,eff (1 - e-kb D) Af Where Q = pool fire heat release rate (kW) m" = mass burning rate of fuel per unit surface area (kg/m 2-sec) DHc,eff = effective heat of combustion of fuel (kJ/kg) Af = Adike = surface area of pool fire (area involved in vaporization) (m 2) kb = empirical constant (m -1) D = diameter of pool fire (diameter involved in vaporization, circular pool is assumed) (m) (Liquids with relatively high flash point, like transformer oil require localized heating to achieve ignition) Pool Fire Diameter Calculation Adike = pD2/4 D = (4Adike/p) Where D= Adike = surface area of pool fire (m 2) D = pool fire diamter (m) 1.884 m

Heat Release Rate Calculation Q = m"DHc,eff (1-e-kb D) Adike Q= 5462.02 kW 5177.01 Btu/sec Heat Release Rate Per Unit Length of Fire Calculation Q' = Q/L Where Q' = heat release rate per unit length (kW/m) Q = fire heat release rate of the fire (kW) L = length of the fire source (m) Fire Source Length Calculation L x W = Adike 2 Lx W = 2.787 m L= Q' = Q/L Q' = 1.669 m

3271.73 kW/m

ESTIMATING LINE WALL FIRE FLAME HEIGHT

Reference: NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19 th Edition, 2003, Page 3-134.

Hf(wall line) = 0.017 Q' 2/3 Where Hf(wall line) = wall fire flame height (m) Q' = rate of heat release per unit length of the fire (kW/m) Hf(wall line) = 0.017 Q' 2/3 Hf(wall line) = 3.75 m 12.29 ft

Answer

NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition, 2002, and NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th Edition, 2003.

16

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given situation, and should only be interpreted by an informed user. Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation, there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations. Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheets, please send an email to nxi@[Link] or mxs3@[Link].

Prepared by: Checked by: Additional Information

Date Date

Organization Organization

Revision Log Description of Revision 1805.0 Original issue with final text.

17

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

18

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

HE WALL

Fuel Selected.

m3 m2

Select Fuel Type

Diesel

Scroll to desired fuel type then Click on selection

19

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

is assumed) (m)

20

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

situation, and

d calculation,

preadsheets,

Date January 2005

21

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Division of Systems Safety and Analysis Plant Systems Branch Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section

22